After World War II, the Japanese Mikado system was once faced with extinction, but it was miraculously preserved. Although the time has changed, it is quite different from its interest, but the Mikado system still has certain influence in Japan and abroad. Emperor Akihito ascended the pole in January 1989, and received invitations to visit almost all major countries. The Japanese authorities are planning to develop more active royal diplomacy and use the east wind of the Japanese royal family to seek the status of a political power faster.
Why does the Japanese royal family still seem to have great vitality as a remnant of feudal society in today's rapidly changing era of science and technology? Why do so many Japanese believe in Mikado? Why does the Japanese ruling class still attach great importance to the political use of the Mikado system? Why are there so many mysterious mists on the Japanese emperor?
I will give some simple answers to these questions. I hope my answers will be beneficial to everyone.
first, the historical evolution of the Mikado system
Although the Mikado is the title of the Japanese emperor, the Japanese emperor did not exist in Japan at the beginning, and its emergence and development experienced a complicated historical evolution.
There are many myths and legends about the historical evolution of the Mikado system in Japan, and then it went through three stages: ancient, modern and post-war Mikado system.
(1) Myths and legends about the Mikado system
All kinds of legends about the Mikado system are embodied in the earliest historical documents in Japan, Ancient Records and Records of Japan. The Secretary of Japan is the earliest existing history book in Japan. It was written by Prince Scheeren, Tai 'an Wanlv, etc. in Chinese, with 3 volumes. It was written in 72 A.D., describing the myths, legends and historical events during the reign of Japan's emperor (about 69-697).
1. About the myth that Japan is a kingdom of God
The Book of Ancient Stories begins with the clear meaning that "heaven and earth began to divide", saying that in Gaotianyuan, where the universe was chaotic and heaven and earth began to open, three gods first appeared: the Lord God was the Lord of the center of the universe, representing the foundation of the universe; The god of high fertility is the god of fertility, representing the generative power of the universe. These two gods are the instruments of Yin and Yang, and the God who gives birth to the nest is the only god, and they are invisible gods.
Later, the legendary creator gods appeared, that is, the brothers and sisters of Iyenaqi and Iyenamei, and these two creators gave birth to the Japanese islands. The myth and legend that the God of Creation gave birth to the Japanese islands does have the naive side of Japanese mythology, but the Japanese rulers afterwards tried their best to publicize that since Japan was born by the ancestors of the Emperor, it should be ruled by the descendants of the Emperor from generation to generation, and it should be promoted that Japan is a kingdom of God for a long time, and even intensified, trying to be superior to foreign countries, dominating the world and invading other countries, and went astray.
2. Myth about the Emperor as a God and the God who shines in the sky
The two creation gods "reborn as gods when they were born". Among them, the most famous are the God of Heaven, the Life of Harle, and the Life of Sudoku. The celestial god rules the kingdom of heaven, Harle commands the rule of the sea, and Er Shen is the god of the sun and the moon, and Su Su commands the man to be the god of the storm, ruling the world (the world) and being a hero in humanistic mythology.
Among the three gods, Tianzhao God is the beautiful goddess of the sun and the supreme commander-in-chief. She rules the kingdom of heaven, brings light to the world, and manages Gaotianyuan with outstanding skills, which makes the beautiful and fertile Gaotianyuan develop production, increase population and have plenty of food and clothing.
The Yamato nationality is chosen by God, and they are all descendants of the God of Heaven, while the Emperor is the descendant of the God who created Japan's territory. He should be the modern god who rules Japan and be the center of everything in the country, and his rights are given by God, thus boosting the theory of "divine right of monarchy".
3. Myth about Three Artifacts
Eight-foot Gouyu, Magic Mirror and Grass Shaving Sword, three artifacts, became the three treasures that emperors flaunted orthodoxy.
(II) The historical evolution of the Mikado system
The Mikado was originally one of the san huang in China myths and legends. In the third century AD, Emperor Rende changed his name to King, and Japan began to formally use the title of Emperor. In 67 AD, Emperor Tuigu sent Sister Ono as an envoy to China, and the credentials submitted to the Sui Dynasty in China were initially called "Emperor Dong Jing Bai Xi", which was the first official use of the name of the emperor in Japanese history.
the period from 593 to 1192 was the establishment and development period of the Mikado system in ancient Japan.
in 645 ad, the reformists headed by the eldest brother, Prince Zhong, staged a coup, and after seizing it, they made great innovations and established a centralized system centered on the emperor, marking the establishment of the imperial system in ancient Japan.
In 668 AD, Emperor Tianzhi ascended the throne, moved the capital to the near river and issued the Order of Near River. Later, Emperor Tianwu ascended the throne, moved the capital to the Imperial Palace of the Flying Birds, issued another decree on the Imperial Palace of the Flying Birds, and formulated eight surnames, thus making the era of Tianzhi and Tianwu Dynasties more stable, further establishing the autocratic authority of the Emperor, and stabilizing the ancient imperial system.
In 77 AD, Emperor Yuan Ming ascended the throne, moved the capital to Pingchengjing, and promulgated the Dabao Order and the Pension Order. Japan entered the Nara era, and the ancient emperor system entered its heyday.
after p>1192, the imperial system in ancient times declined day by day, and the state power gradually fell into the hands of shogunate generals. In the era of Kamakura shogunate and Muromachi shogunate, dual politics appeared in Japan, and the emperor's political, economic and military status became weaker day by day, but he was still the supreme ruler of Japan in form, and national decrees were finally implemented by the emperor's decree. However, in the Edo shogunate era, all rights belonged to the Tokugawa shogunate, and General Tokugawa became the supreme ruler of Japan. The emperor could only decide the year number according to the previous regulations. The autocratic monarchy with the shogun as the core was implemented, and the shogun ruled the world with the help of the emperor.
On January 3rd, 1868, the clique of the rebels staged a coup, published the imperial edict, and returned all power to the emperor. Later, it was issued, and the capital was moved to Tokyo, and the imperial rule centered on the emperor was established, which started the period of modern emperor system.
With the rapid development of Japanese capitalism, Japan gradually embarked on the road of militarism, and the Japanese emperor system became the fascist militaristic emperor system, and launched a series of wars of aggression. Until the final unconditional surrender. After World War II, the autocratic Mikado system was changed into a symbolic Mikado system, and the constitutional legal system of parliamentary monarchy was stipulated.
Second, royal politics
Japanese royal politics has a distinct Japanese color, and its appearance is shrouded in a mysterious coat. The political power of the royal family has experienced several ups and downs, and its role in Japanese political life has changed greatly.
in Japanese history, according to time and political system, the Mikado system can be divided into ancient Mikado system, modern Mikado system and symbolic Mikado system, that is, the Mikado system in slave society and feudal society, bourgeois Mikado system and postwar Mikado system. In each period, the political system and the power of the emperor were very different.
(1) Ancient Mikado System
The ancient Mikado system in Japan included two periods: slave society and feudal society. It lasted more than 1,2 years from the promotion of the Mikado system to the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Because the Japanese slave society had a short time, it entered the modern emperor system, that is, the Japanese feudal autocratic emperor system. This period began with Dahua innovation and ended with Meiji Restoration. Among them, the emperor's authoritarian time was only over 2 years, and he was ruled by nobles and shogunate generals for a long time, and the emperor was in a subordinate position.
Dahua innovation is the symbol of Japan's transition from slave society to feudal society. Dahua is the title of Emperor Kotoku. This innovation took place in 645 AD, and it was announced that "there are no two days in heaven and no two masters in earth", which made the emperor above the law and became the supreme ruler of Japan. According to the official system reform principle of "changing old posts, setting up new officials, ranking by rank, and describing by rank", they successively formulated "Dabao Law" and "Pension Law", and established a brand-new royal bureaucratic system, including rank system. In this way, the emperor became a feudal monarch based on laws and regulations.
(II) Modern constitutional monarchy emperor system
From the Meiji Restoration in 1868 to the surrender of Japan in 1945, the modern emperor system developed into a constitutional monarchy emperor system in the past 8 years.
After the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the Russo-Japanese War, Japan became a major political issue of fierce imperialism. The United States kept the Japanese imperial system for the sake of pursuing its Far East policy and Cold War strategy. However, out of consideration of international demands for the trial of Emperor Hirohito and the abolition of Japanese royal public opinion, according to the Constitution of Japan, which was implemented in 1947, the autocratic emperor system of modern constitutional monarchy was changed into a symbolic emperor system, and the emperor became a symbol of the integration of Japan and Japanese nationals.
Third, the royal economy
Abundant royal property is the economic basis to ensure the royal family has supreme authority and great rights, the material basis for the survival of the Mikado system, and the magic weapon for the emperor to intervene and influence the political situation. Understanding and studying Japanese royal property can deepen the understanding of the royal family and Japan's political and military system.
Japan's royal economic history can be counted from the promulgation of Article 17 of the ancient constitution by Shoto Kutaishi, the regent of the ancient emperor (empress), in 64 AD, to 1388 years in 1992.
The economic history of Japanese imperial history in 1386 can be roughly divided into four periods: the period of ancient imperial system and the period of Meiji, Taisho, Showa and Heisei of modern imperial system.
1. Royal economy in the period of ancient emperor system (64-1868)
In 64 AD, Shoto Kutaishi promulgated Article 17 of the ancient constitution, declaring that "the country is not two monarchs, and the people have no two masters, taking the lead in trillion people, and the king is the mainstay", and initially established the ancient emperor system, stipulating that the emperor can enjoy everything. In 645 AD, the reformists, headed by the eldest brother, Prince Zhong, staged a coup to promote "great innovation" and made the ancient emperors complete. Their "Innovation Letters" declared: "The emperor is the monarch between heaven and earth and dominates all peoples." It is stipulated that the emperor is the master of all land and slaves in Japan, the land in Japan is the common land of the emperor, and all the people are the subjects of the emperor.
2. the royal economy in meiji period (1868-1912)
meiji period was the founding period of the royal economy, especially after the meiji 192s (1888), the royal property expanded rapidly, laying a solid foundation for the royal property.
The royal property in Meiji period came from the following sources:
Incorporating state-owned (official-owned) property
Grabbing war reparations from China
Transferring a large number of land and mountains
3. The royal economy in Taisho period (1912-1926)
The period of Taisho was a period when the royal property continued to expand, and the consumption sources of royal property ended completely. The main ways to expand the royal property at this stage are:
further adjusting the royal land
vigorously operating forestry
issuing securities
4. The royal economy in the early Showa period (1926-1945)
In the early Showa period, Emperor Hirohito registered and surrendered unconditionally to Japan. This period is a period in which Japan constantly experienced economic crises, and finally launched the war of aggression against China and the Pacific War, until it finally failed completely.
During this period, the Japanese royal family's property accumulation and recurrent expenditure increased greatly due to the war of aggression, and the income of the royal family's fixed assets also increased.
rationalization of the royal management
making war money to expand the income of the royal forest
accepting a large number of securities is the reason for the increase in income
5. The royal economy in the late Showa period (1945-1991)
Showa period is a new period for the royal family after World War II, which is a period of disintegration of the old royal property and enjoying new generous treatment.
IV. Royal Military
Japanese royal military is a unique military system in the world, and the relationship between the emperor and military leaders is extremely complicated.
In Yamato, a slave country formed in the middle of the 3rd century A.D., the supreme leader of the army was the Emperor's cronies, Da Companion and Wu Bu, who enjoyed hereditary rights, thus becoming a powerful noble family.
after the reform of Dahua in 645 ad, the emperor was called "Ming Yu Shen" and "Modern Man Shen", and he came down as a mortal with extremely high authority. As a repressive machine of the centralized feudal country with the emperor as the center, the Ministry of War was established under the Taizheng official directly under the emperor.
from the kamakura shogunate, military leaders claimed to be foreign generals, established a military regime "shogunate", monopolized state power, and drove the emperor empty. In order to maintain feudal rule, a hierarchical samurai system was established, making Japan a feudal samurai country with the emperor as its head of state.
during the meiji restoration in p>1868, the military system in feudal society was reformed, the hereditary wealth privilege of samurai was abolished, and 31, samurai were given different amounts of monetary bonds according to their ranks, which led to the collapse of the samurai ranks. At the same time, the "Conscription Order" was promulgated to establish the emperor's army, the "Imperial Army".
in order to get rid of the economic crisis and political crisis from 1929 to 1933, the fascist forces in the military department, with the support of Emperor Hirohito, seized the power of the cabinet and brazenly embarked on the road of launching a large-scale war of aggression. They launched the "September 18th Incident" in 1931 and invaded the three northeastern provinces of China. Then in 1937, the "July 7th Incident" was launched, which set off a full-scale war of aggression against China. Then the Pacific War was launched in 1941, which finally led to unconditional surrender in 1945.
after the United States occupied Japan in the name of the allied forces, according to the Potsdam Proclamation and the provisions of the new postwar constitution, all 7.2 million "imperial troops" were dissolved. However, after the American invasion of Korea in June 195, Japan was first asked to establish a police reserve of 75, people, and on this basis, it developed into an army with 244, people and modern advanced equipment. In 1986, the military expenditure was about.
unlike before the war, the emperor lost his position as the supreme commander of the Japanese army and only existed as a "symbol of Japan". The supreme commander of the army was the Prime Minister of the Cabinet.
Wu Youzi, the first household chieftain, Park Yu, closed the arc, and Lou Peiping, the police, prayed for longevity.