"Zhou Li? Celestial officer? Doctor: "Nourish the disease with five kinds of grains and five medicines." Zheng Xuan's note: "Five grains, hemp, millet, millet, wheat and beans." "Mencius? On Teng Wengong: "The tree is full of grains, and the grains are ripe and the people are educated." Zhao Qi's Note: "The five grains are rice, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice." "Chu ci? Big move ":"Six crops. " Wang Yi's note: "Five grains, rice, millet, wheat, beans and hemp." "Su Wen? On the time of storing qi: "Five grains are the nourishment." Bing Wang's Note: "It refers to japonica rice, adzuki bean, wheat, soybean and millet. As the Suzhou Classic says, "The five grains are barley, diced wheat, rice, soybeans and flax." After that, the word "five grains" is not necessarily limited to five kinds. According to the introduction in the grain
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan's grain injection was called wheat.
Question 2: What was the name of wheat in the Tang Dynasty? The Tang Dynasty was called Mai.
Wheat unearthed in China was first discovered more than 3,000 years ago, that is, around the middle and late Shang Dynasty, but it was not very common. The popularization of wheat did not begin until after the Han Dynasty. The key point is that the stone turntable invented in the Warring States period was popularized in the Han Dynasty (the material came from the Encyclopedia of China Agricultural Volume), so that wheat could be ground into flour. Wheat is mainly planted in the north, and the development of planting in the south is still due to the large number of northerners moving south during the Southern Song Dynasty, and the demand for wheat in the south has increased greatly. By the Ming Dynasty, wheat cultivation had spread all over the country, but the distribution was very uneven. "Tying Wu Kai" records that in the north, "Qi, Lu, Yan, Qin and Jin people ate half of the wheat, while in the south, Fujian, Zhejiang, Wu and Chu planted one twentieth of the wheat.
Wheat cultivation history
Wheat is one of the important food crops in China. Wheat originated in Transcaucasia and its vicinity. It was introduced to China earlier. According to archaeological excavations, carbonized wheat unearthed from Neolithic sites in Peacock River Basin in Xinjiang is more than 4,000 years ago. Other places, such as Gansu Minle, Yunnan Jianchuan and Anhui Boxian, also found 3,000 to 4,000 years of carbonized wheat.
Historically, wheat planting was mainly distributed in the Huanghuai Valley. Due to the invention of pasta, wheat planting developed most rapidly in the Han Dynasty. Although wheat is cultivated in the south, it is not common. It's just that since the end of the Han Dynasty, the Central Plains has been defeated repeatedly, and a large number of northerners have moved south, and the demand for wheat in the south of the Yangtze River has increased greatly, which has hindered the development of wheat production in the south and formed the double cropping system of rice and wheat. Among them, the turn of the Song Dynasty is the most striking. According to the Southern Song Dynasty Village, "After the suggestion (1127-1130), there were more people from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Hunan, Fujian and Guangxi. At the beginning of Shaoxing (1131-kloc-0/62), farmers gained twice the profit from planting rice, while tenants only lost the rent for autumn classes, and the profit from planting wheat was exclusively enjoyed by customers. So I planted spring seeds, and my eyes did not decrease Huaibei. " By the Ming dynasty, wheat was planted almost all over the country, and its grain output was second only to that of rice, but its main producing area was still in the north. As Tiangong Wu Kai said, in the north, "Yan, Qin, Yu, Qi and Lu all know the way, the people take food, and wheat takes half", while in the south, only "20 into one" China's wheat cultivation technology was first developed in the north.
Han dynasty is an important period for the formation of wheat farming technology in the north, and its technical core is moisture conservation and drought resistance. The book of victory summed up the wheat cultivation techniques at that time. In terms of land preparation, the book puts forward that "all wheat fields are often ploughed in May, ploughed again in June, and not ploughed in July, and are willing to level the seeds. Plough in May, one for three; June plough, once again; Plowing in July, five is not one. " Emphasize early tillage, because early tillage is beneficial to soil water storage and improve soil fertility. In the aspect of seed treatment, the method of "dilute waterlogged wheat seeds in the middle of the night" and sowing at dawn is put forward, and it is considered that "waterlogged wheat is drought-resistant and silkworm medium is cold-resistant." This is also the beginning of using seed fertilizer. In terms of sowing, the book made specific provisions on the suitable sowing date of winter wheat, saying that "there is no shortage of wheat when sowing, and it can be sown from summer to seventy days later." Early planting leads to insect knots, and late planting leads to small panicles and few fruits, emphasizing timely sowing. Later, the "Four-person Monthly Order" thought that the sowing time should be different according to the soil fertility. It is put forward that "whoever plants barley, white deer should plant thin fields, middle fields in autumn equinox and fertile fields in ten days", and it is advocated that thin fields should be sown early and fertile fields should be sown late. Regarding the suppression of sowing density and covering soil, the book puts forward: "Where wheat is planted in one area, it is advisable to plant 52 plants every two inches, with 93,550 plants per mu." "Where an acre of land is planted, the soil cover is two inches thick, so that you can practice, plant soil and let the wheat take root." There are five hoes in intertillage: one is "the wheat is yellow, it hurts too much, and the thick hoe is thin"; The other is "hoeing wheat roots and stabbing firewood in autumn"; The third hoe "beginning of spring is frozen, and thorns and firewood suddenly break its dead leaves"; And the fourth hoe "the wheat should be born, and then hoe it again." Irrigation, snow irrigation in autumn. "Autumn drought, watering when mulberry falls." He also pointed out: "In winter, rain and snow should be stopped by things. Cover the snow and don't let it fly away with the wind. If this happens again after the snow, the wheat will be drought-resistant and stronger. " Qi's Yao Min Shu also has the same record. At the end of Ming Dynasty, The Complete Book of Agricultural Administration explained that "irrigation should be done in autumn and winter to protect ze". Irrigation with winter water can not only resist drought, but also make wheat seedlings cold-resistant and overwinter safely. In the aspect of seed storage, plant selection and pest control measures were put forward. "Take the wheat, such as ripe can take. Choose a big and strong ear, cut it off at the position of the beam and expose it to extremely dry conditions. There is no white fish, it needs to be cured. Dry folium Artemisiae Argyi, and hiding; A stone of wheat, a handful of moxa; Hide it with clay and bamboo and plant it in time, and you will reap twice as much. "
After the Han dynasty, barley in the north >>
Question 3: What made wheat into flour in ancient times? In fact, some places also eat whole barley as coix seed, but the taste is not good, and it is hard, time-consuming and laborious. Rice cakes and rice noodles in the south of the Yangtze River are all made from rice ground into flour, while wheat ground into flour is mainly because rice grains with different uses are easy to mature and flour is easy to process. ...
Question 4: What was the significance of wheat in ancient China? Hehe, it should be the millet of China, not wheat. In ancient times, it was the god of the valley. I hope the following information will help you.
Interpretation ① An ancient food crop. Some people say it refers to millet, while others say it refers to millet. As a god of the valley, the ancients also used "country" to refer to the country.
Explain 1, the land god and valley god sacrificed by the ancient emperors.
Source: Zuo Zhuan? Si Niangong: "Your kindness to our country is a disgrace to your widowhood. "Lv Hou? Gaudi Xia Ji: "It is also beneficial to those who contribute to the king, making the country a country. "
In the past, it was also used as a representative of the country.
Source: "Han Feizi? Difficult one: "I am in danger of Jinyang, and my country is in danger." "Historical records? Chronicle of Lv Hou: "Husband is in the whole country. After Liu took office, you are not as good as a minister. "
In ancient times, society refers to the god of the land, named according to its orientation: blue soil in the east, red soil in the south, white soil in the west, black soil in the north and loess in the middle. Five-color soil covers the altar surface, which is called five-color soil and actually symbolizes the country. The place, date and ceremony of offering sacrifices to the land in ancient times were also called clubs.
Xiaomi refers to the god of five grains, especially the Yuan God, that is, the land god who can grow five grains. This is the god of agriculture. According to etymology, the worker's son, Julong, invented the cue. * * * The clan of workers is the water of generations. When there was a flood, Julong let people live on the highland mound. If there were no highlands, they would dig mounds. The scale of the mound is 25 households per mound, which is called "society". After the death of the dragon, it was regarded as a land god, also known as a social god. In memory of him, he specially built a house for sacrifice. Shanshi Lie's son Zhu is the official in charge of agriculture. After his death, he was regarded as the god of agriculture, also known as the god of grain. "
"Country" reflects the social nature of China's ancient country based on agriculture. The two were originally unrelated. The word "she", like the word "earth" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, is made into "▽", like female genitalia. In other words, she originated from the reproductive worship in primitive times. In the Spring and Autumn Period, you can also see the charm of this primitive worship. Society, like "earth", was later added next to "water" and became the name of the land god. The altar of social sacrifice is also called "society". From the emperor to the vassal, anyone who owns the land can set up an association, and even villagers can set up an association to worship the land god. Social Day becomes a day for good neighbors to get together, and there are various celebrations, such as "social drama" and "social fire". The word "society" in modern life is also related to social activities. Ji Yuan was the ancestor of Hou Ji in Zhou Dynasty. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Ji Yuan was honored as the head of the five grains and sacrificed with the society, which was collectively called "the country". According to "Zhou Li? In Kau Gong Ji, the social altar is located on the right side of the palace, opposite to the ancestral temple on the left side of the palace. The former represents land and the latter represents blood, both of which are symbols of the country. Book of Rites? " "Under the Quli": "Jun died in the country. "This means the survival of the monarch and the country.
"Country" literally means the God of Land Valley. In order to pray for national peace, ancient monarchs went to the suburbs to worship the land and grain gods every year. The country also became a symbol of the country, and later people used "country" to represent the country. "Worried about the country", "afflicted country", "endangered country" and "self-recommendation" all refer to the country's worries, hidden dangers and security. This kind of article, which represents the general modern vernacular, is rarely used.
Question 5: What's the name of wheat? Wheat is also called wheat.
Common wheat is an important cultivated grain of Gramineae. Annual or perennial herbs; The stem has 4 ~ 7 nodes, and the effective tiller number is related to the soil and fertilizer environment. Leaf blade is long and linear; The spike is upright, and the spike axis continues without breaking; Spikelets are solitary, containing 3 ~ 5 (~ 9) flowers, and the upper flowers are sterile; Glumes, ovoid to oblong, with 5 ~ 9 veins; The back is ridged; The lemma is boat-shaped and has no bottom plate, and its shape, color, fluff and awn length vary with varieties. Dianthus caryophyllus is large, rectangular, hairy at the top, and has a deep longitudinal groove on the abdominal mask, which does not adhere to barnyard grass and is easy to fall off.
Wheat is rich in starch, protein, fat, minerals, calcium, iron, thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and vitamin A, etc. Due to different varieties and environmental conditions, the nutritional components vary greatly. Judging from the content of protein, the wheat planted in continental arid climate area is hard and transparent, with protein content as high as 14 ~ 20%, and gluten is firm and elastic, suitable for baking bread; Wheat grains born under wet conditions contain protein 8 ~ 10%, which is soft and poor in gluten. It can be seen that the influence of geographical climate on the product formation process is very important. Except for human consumption, only a small amount of flour is used to produce starch, alcohol, gluten and so on. The by-products after processing are all high-quality feed for livestock.
There are about 25 kinds of wheat, mainly distributed in western Asia and southern Europe. Wheat is usually divided into three strains: ① a primitive wheat, 2n= 14 diploid plant, with AA chromosome and spikelets containing 1 grain, and flour is used to make cereals. (2) two grains of wheat, spikelets containing two grains, and flour to make cakes. Chromosome is AABB group, 2n=28 tetraploid plant. A hybrid of one wheat and two wheat is sterile. ③ Common wheat is cultivated, with spikelets containing 3 ~ 5 (~ 9) grains, which can produce bread flour. It is a hybrid of Aegilops, Agropyron generalis and Triticum, and its genome is AABBDD, 2n=42. Originated in the Euphrates River valley in West Asia, it was the main wheat producing area in 7000 BC.
Wheat is a temperate plant with long sunshine and wide adaptability, ranging from north latitude 18 ~ 50, from plain to 4000m above sea level (such as China * * *). According to the density of wheat ear, the structure of spikelet, glume, lemma, awn and the characters, color and plush of grain, seeds are divided into many subspecies, varieties, forms and varieties. According to the different temperature requirements, there are two physiological types of winter wheat and spring wheat, and different types are planted in different regions. Spring wheat is planted in Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and Northwest China, sown in March-April, matured in July-August, and has a short growth period of about 100 day. Winter wheat is planted in Liaodong, North China, South Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Yangtze River provinces and South China. Sow in August ~ 65438+February in autumn, mature in May ~ July the following year, and the growth period is about 300 days.
The world output and planting area of wheat rank first among cultivated grains, and common wheat is the most widely planted, accounting for more than 90% of the total wheat area in the world. The sown area of durum wheat accounts for about 6 ~ 7% of the total area. The countries that produce the most wheat are the Soviet Union, the United States, Canada and Argentina.
For mature wheat, it can also be used as medicine to treat night sweats. Treating beriberi with wheat bran.
Question 6: What was the name of the ancient grain? What is the name of rice? ? In Huangdi Neijing, the five grains are considered as "japonica rice, adzuki bean, wheat, soybean and millet", while in Mencius Teng Wengong, the five grains are called "rice, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice" and in Buddhist sacrifices, they are also called "barley, wheat, rice, adzuki bean and flax". At present, the general "whole grain" refers to rice, wheat, sorghum, soybeans and corn, while grains other than rice and flour are customarily called "whole grain", so "whole grain" refers to food crops.
Question 7: What kind of flour is wheat? It is used to make steamed bread. Spaghetti
Question 8: What was the main food of ancient people? Although rice cultivation in ancient times seemed underdeveloped, China was the first country to grow rice in the world. 1995, four yellow rice grains were found in Yuchanyan site, Dao County, Hunan Province, China, which can be traced back to 10000 BC, and it is the earliest known rice in the world. In addition, rice seed residues of about 7000 years ago were also unearthed in Hemudu in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Rice siliceous body cultivated artificially about 10 thousand years ago unearthed in Yingde, Guangdong Province. Some ancient rice in China was even replanted by scientists and added to hybrid rice varieties. The ancients in China ate rice 10,000 years ago, and the origin of corn was Mexico or Central America. 1492, Columbus discovered corn in Cuba, and it didn't reach China until the Ming Dynasty.
Agriculture in China originated in the Neolithic Age (about eight or nine thousand years ago, when people were able to make more exquisite stone tools), and the first crops cultivated were grains.
Millet (Millet) is native to China. The common green bristlegrass is its wild species, which can be found everywhere in China. Millet grains and shells dating from 6000 to 7000 years ago have been found in Neolithic sites such as Jingcun in Wanquan County, banpo village in xi 'an, Miaodigou in Shanxian County, Henan Province, which shows that millet has existed in China since the beginning of farming.
Xiaomi is also native to China. 193 1 year, the ears and shells of millet were found in the Neolithic site in Jingcun, Wanquan County, Shanxi Province, which has been 6000 to 7000 years, indicating that millet was also planted in the primitive agricultural era in China.
Wheat is a general term for barley and wheat, but it is usually referred to as wheat for short. There are different opinions about the origin of barley and wheat. In the oldest literature in China, it is just commonly known as wheat, and then the term barley appeared. It was not until the late Western Han Dynasty that the term wheat appeared in the book of victory. Therefore, some Japanese scholars believe that the wheat in ancient books in China before the early Western Han Dynasty completely refers to barley, and wheat was introduced from the west after Zhang Qian arrived in the Western Regions (2nd century BC). This statement is incorrect. 1955, many wheat seeds were found in the site of the Western Zhou Dynasty (1 1 century to 770 BC) in Diaoyutai, Bobo County, Anhui Province, which strongly proved that wheat was cultivated in China a long time ago.
Rice is also native to China, and there are wild species of rice in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Taiwan Province and other provinces. Recently, a considerable number of rice grains and straw were unearthed from Hemudu Neolithic site in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province, about 7000 years ago. In addition, there are Xishan Park in Wuxi, Jiangsu, Caoxie Mountain in Wuxian, Shuitianfan in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Qianshanyang in Xing Wu, Dachendun in Feidong, Anhui, Qujialing in Jingshan, Shijiahe in Tianmen, Yingtai in Hongshan, Wuchang, Yingpanli in Qingjiang, Dong Zhang in Fuqing, Fujian, Maba in Shi Xia, Qujiang in Guangdong and Xigaoya in Luoyang, Henan. It shows that the vast area south of the Yangtze River in China has developed to the stage of widespread rice cultivation as early as four or five thousand years to six or seven thousand years ago, and rice cultivation has also been carried out in the north.
Soybean is a special product of China, and wild soybeans are distributed in the north and south of China. At present, soybeans planted all over the world are directly or indirectly imported from China. Soybean nouns in Russian, English, German, French and other western languages are transliteration of the word "rudder". Soybean is not easy to preserve underground. Although it was not unearthed as early as millet and rice, it is certain that it was cultivated in the Neolithic Age.
Question 9: There was rice or wheat in ancient China. China believes that rice originated in China, but India and Thailand are disputed. According to historical data, China has a history of nearly ten thousand years. Wheat came to China from West Asia (generally considered Iranian) along the Silk Road. Some people say it is 4000 years old, others say it is 5000 years old.
Question 10: Which country did wheat originate from and how did it come to China? Wheat is not native to China. If wheat is introduced, will the nationalities in the western regions do the same?
The wheat in ancient China mainly refers to wheat, which is not native to China, but introduced by western nations. The western nationalities raised cattle and sheep and planted wheat, which formed an agricultural culture different from that of the Central Plains. After a long period of development, the wheat they introduced finally replaced the inherent position of millet in the Yellow River basin and became the staple food of China Guangding residents. At present, the wheat planting area in China has reached 400 million mu, which is the second largest grain crop after rice.
Plant genetics and archaeological studies show that cultivated wheat originated in West Asia. Although there is a distribution of wheatgrass, a relative plant of wheat, in the Yellow River valley, no wild two-grain wheat has been found so far. No wheat remains were found in thousands of Neolithic sites in the Central Plains. Among the gramineous crops in China, only the word "wheat" comes from "lai"; He Mai also said that wheat was not included. All these indicate that wheat is an imported crop.
So far, the earliest wheat remains in China have been found in the Gugugou cemetery by the Peacock River in Xinjiang, about 3800 years ago. Wheat is often buried in a straw basket next to the tomb owner's head, wearing a felt hat, woolen cloth or blanket, sheepskin boots on his feet, cowhide on wooden burial tools, and horns of cattle and sheep buried with him. This shows that local residents are mainly engaged in animal husbandry and have begun to grow wheat. Wheat remains were found in Peacock Valley, and large wheat mills were also unearthed. The Biography of Mu in the Warring States Period records that when Zhou Muwang went to the Western Ocean, most tribes along the way offered wheat and brought it back to the Central Plains for planting.
Qiang people have been active in western China since ancient times, and had close ties with the Central Plains in Shang Dynasty, which was further strengthened in Zhou Dynasty. The biography of Han Zhao Chongguo said that wheat is the main food crop of Qiang people, while others "have wheat but no valley". The long-standing wheat culture is one of the characteristics of western national culture.
The processing of wheat and the development of pasta are also closely related to the western nationalities. Nan, jiaozi, wonton and various pasta snacks made of wheat and wheat flour from the Jin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty were unearthed in Gaochang, Turpan. Brothers from the Western Regions introduced the technology of making cakes by grinding *4 into the Central Plains, which enriched China's diet. Today, wheat is still the main food of many ethnic groups in Xinjiang, and making cakes is their specialty.