Not only is this variety extremely late-maturing, but it also requires higher accumulated temperature in the planting area. One of the biggest weaknesses of this variety is its greedy branches. In autumn, a large section of epidermis is still green or dark yellow, even if it has turned brown, its phloem can not enter the natural dormancy state, and branches can only fully mature in areas with long growth period and high accumulated temperature, which is especially obvious in young age and early fruiting period. Therefore, the following climate indicators are proposed:
The first area (t 1): > annual active accumulated temperature 10 >:4000℃, frost-free period > 200 days;
Section 2 (T2): > annual active accumulated temperature 10 >:3800℃, frost-free period > 180 days;
The third zone (T3): > annual active accumulated temperature 10 >:3600℃, frost-free period > 160 days;
Fourth area (T4): > annual active accumulated temperature 10℃>:3400℃, frost-free period > 150 days.
Because the areas suitable for planting red globe varieties in China are basically in the northern continental climate zone, especially in the northwest, with less rainfall and large daily range, there is an obvious phenomenon of accumulated temperature appreciation. Thirdly, the fruit of fourth area Red Globe can reach physiological maturity, but the branches are usually not fully mature. In some years, the survival rate of cutting is less than 40%, mainly because the phloem turns black due to freezing and does not germinate when cutting; Another phenomenon is that spring germination is late, the germination rate is low, and the branches are dead or partially dead.
2. "Afraid of freezing"
The "fear of freezing" of red soil is mainly manifested in two aspects, one is "young tree-like frozen vines" and the other is "nursery land is afraid of frozen seedlings", which is mainly caused by the first frost. In addition to the above-mentioned "green greed" of branches, it is also related to the late dormancy of branches and vines near the surface. At the base of the vine, when the early frost comes, the leaves of the grapes are forced to fall until the grapes are buried in winter. When the vine is unearthed in the next spring, it will be found that the whole vine has frozen to death and the vine will soon dry up. Because the branches and vines of this variety are loose, it is easy to break slightly near the surface when buried underground for cold protection, which will not affect the growth of ordinary varieties in the second year. However, the Red Globe variety is extremely afraid of breaking, which leads to the death of the whole vine at the upper branches of the unearthed site, further aggravating its "fear of freezing" psychology. The overlap of the two increases the difficulty of building Red Earth Gardens in the third (T3) and fourth (T4) areas mentioned above.
Technical countermeasures:
(1) Strengthen the control of summer pruning and the management of poor fertilizer to prevent excessive growth and greed for fertilizer.
(2) Young trees and nurseries should be cut and buried.
(3) When burying the soil, the roots of branches and vines should be padded with "pillows" to prevent the vines from breaking, and the vines should be buried early and unearthed late.
The second aspect is "fear of frozen roots". Generally, the root frost resistance of this variety is slightly lower than that of European varieties. Generally, the root may be frozen around -4℃, and what is more prominent is that the root system of this variety is shallow and there are relatively many transverse roots on the surface, which further aggravates the root freezing phenomenon of this variety. The root system of this variety is vulnerable to freezing injury under clay conditions, and the growth of branches and vines is inhibited, which is related to its root growth characteristics. If this variety can't be planted with cold-resistant rootstocks and can be planted in T3 and T4 areas strictly, it will often destroy the garden.
The above situation shows that Red Globe varieties are not only poor in cold resistance, but also poor in wintering. In autumn, the branches and vines entered the natural dormancy period late, and the preparation for wintering was insufficient. The late entry of branches into suicide dormancy also brings two other related weaknesses of Red Globe varieties, namely, in the production season, when there are few secondary branches in summer buds, "fear of winter buds bursting". Under normal circumstances, there were secondary buds growing on the new branches that year, and the winter buds were in a "conditional dormancy state" that year. The winter buds of Red Globe varieties are easy to burst under the condition of secondary buds, which reflects the strict requirements of this dormancy condition. Another weakness is that branches are stored in the soil after pruning in winter. If the storage temperature is high in the early stage, the branches are "afraid of rooting". Although the root system has no obvious natural dormancy period, it is difficult to take root when the seed strip is in natural dormancy period, especially when the temperature drops in late autumn, the phenomenon that the buried seed strip of Red Earth is easy to take root still reflects that the natural dormancy state of this variety is not deep.
Technical countermeasures:
(1) attention should be paid to soil selection and soil improvement in garden construction.
(2) Grafting seedlings with cold-resistant rootstocks, and planting technology of "deep ditch and shallow burial" in the western region with little rain.
(3) Strengthen deep ploughing in autumn.
(4) When pruning in summer during the growing season, leave more auxiliary leaves.
(5) The soil moisture should be controlled during the storage of winter cut seed strips.
3. "Fear of burning in the sun"
Mainly occurs in the young fruit stage. It is related to light, especially direct light, but mainly the sudden high temperature weather in June. In the arid and semi-arid areas of western China, the temperature rises rapidly in spring, and the grape ears exposed to direct sunlight in June may be burned by the sun. For Red Globe varieties, almost all planting areas in northern China have recorded sunburn, which puts forward higher requirements for frame selection, summer pruning, fruit bag selection and bagging. Therefore, the severity of occurrence and daily burning is divided into three areas:
The first area (S 1): the first peak period of berry growth (usually June) is not easy to have high temperature weather above 30℃, and the main area is the northern coastal area which is greatly influenced by the marine climate, and the inland areas with high altitude are cooler in late spring and early summer.
The second area (S2): the first peak of berry growth often occurs in the area with high temperature of >: 32℃-35℃.
The third area (S3): The first peak of berry growth often appears in high temperature areas above >: 35℃, such as Xinjiang, China.
Technical countermeasures:
(1) Select scaffold type.
(2) The direction of the framework should consider the problem of west stem.
(3) Leave more branches and leaves at the ear, and pay attention to shade when the light is direct.
(4) When selecting fruit bags, the air permeability is >; 10.
(5) Try to delay bagging time, pay attention to the weather forecast when bagging, and avoid bagging in high temperature period.
(6) When bagging, open the bottom of the bag and put an umbrella on the bag with newspaper.
4. "I'm afraid of the dark"
The color of fruit is one of the important factors that determine the appearance quality of fruit. For general grape varieties, dark color is a good appearance feature of its kind, but for Red Globe varieties, too dark color has become an unacceptable color in China table grape market. Of course, the depth of color is related to light intensity, time, soil mineral elements, fertilizer types and soil types. As far as the big climate area is concerned, it is closely related to the temperature and daily range of berry ripening, and it is closely related to the hottest month. The high temperature in the hottest month will delay the formation of pigments such as anthocyanins. From the point of view that it is conducive to the realization of bright red with not too deep color, its climate index zoning is basically larger than the accumulated temperature of >: 10℃, but in the arid and semi-arid areas in the west, the daily range is larger, and the temperature drops rapidly in autumn, which will drop by 1 level in zoning.
1 zone (B 1): > active accumulated temperature 10℃ >: in the northern area of 4000℃, the color of red globe peel is easier to approach bright red, but it must be covered with fruit bags with low shading rate; Generally, the accumulated temperature in South China is >: 4000°C, but insufficient light and high temperature in July, August and September have become one of the obstacles to the development of Red Globe varieties, and it is very difficult to control diseases because of excessive rainfall there, which is not suitable for development (except for rain-proof cultivation). For southern Xinjiang, such as Turpan, there is little rainfall, and bagging has not played a role in preventing diseases. There is no example of whether fruit bagging can also receive nearly bright red fruits like southern California, and the possibility will become very small because of the rapid cooling in autumn.
Section II (B2): > Active accumulated temperature 10℃ >: In the area of 3800℃ in the north, fruit bags with low shading rate should be put on.
The third area (B3): the northern area with active accumulated temperature of >10℃ >: 3600℃
Fourth area (B4): > Active accumulated temperature 10℃ >: In the northern area of 3600℃ and the high altitude (2000m) dry area of Yunnan-Guichuan, the shading rate of fruit bags in this area must exceed 40%, otherwise the color of fruit bags will exceed the standard in the first half of harvest.
Technical countermeasures:
Choose a fruit bag with suitable spectrum and shading rate.
5. "Fear of disease"
Red globe varieties have poor disease resistance. Grape varieties in northern China are generally not infected with black pox in spring, but this variety is very susceptible to black pox and field diseases, such as gray mold and anthracnose, which poses a great threat to storage from germination to flowering. Besides temperature, the severity of the disease is mainly rainfall. Therefore, the climate index related to the severity of the disease is mainly precipitation, and the red globe varieties are divided into four planting areas:
1 area (P 1): arid area with annual precipitation less than 100 mm or more than 100 m.
Area 2 (P2): Annual precipitation
Area 3 (p3): Annual precipitation
Fourth area (p4): Annual precipitation.
Technical countermeasures:
(1) In semi-humid areas, attention should be paid to choosing sloping fields and mountainous areas with good ventilation and lighting conditions to build gardens.
(2) Improve the shelf surface, increase the row spacing, control the number of branches and leaves on the shelf surface, and improve the humidity conditions of the microclimate environment on the shelf surface.
(3) Enhance tree vigor and control fruit load.
(4) fruit bagging.
(5) Strengthen the comprehensive prevention and control of agricultural pests and diseases.
6. "Afraid of more autumn rain"
This is a fatal climate factor for the storage of red earth varieties. Bagging the ear before flowering will lead to the occurrence of gray mold and anthracnose in autumn bags, and it will also lead to the latent infection of the fruit stalk by downy mildew, which will cause the fruit stalk to dry up in the early stage of storage and become the main storage disease. It will create good humidity conditions for the breeding of various storage diseases. Autumn rain is more or less the main climatic factor for grape storage to appear "big and small years". Autumn rain mainly refers to the rainfall from mid-late August to early June 10, mainly in September. Some areas were cloudy with light rain in September. Although the rainfall is small, it is extremely harmful to the stored fruits. According to Liu Xiaoyi's investigation in Yin Nan, Ningxia, cloudy and light rain occurred in September of 20001year, and the total rainfall in September was 92% higher than that in the previous two years. Most of the rainfall in September in the previous two years was shower weather. In 200 1 year, almost all the eight cold storage houses storing red soil suffered heavy losses, and the main body of the losses was mold infection accompanied by chemical bleaching injury. According to the autumn rain, the Red Earth grape producing areas are divided into four grades:
(1) No moderate rain in autumn (A 1): Rainfall.
(2) There are many autumn rains in individual years (A2): rainfall
(3) Too much autumn rain (A3): rainfall >; 50 mm rainfall/September, autumn rain appears at more intervals.
(4) There are many areas with frequent autumn rains (A4): rainfall >; 80 mm rainfall/September
Technical countermeasures:
(1) timely harvest and timely sales to reduce the total storage of fruits in winter.
(2) Delaying harvesting to ensure that it will not rain for 7- 10 days before harvesting.
(3) Strengthen precooling and increase precooling time. If the pre-cooling temperature cannot be reached, it will not be bagged. The humidity in the dry stem is much better than that in the bag.
(4) increase the amount of preservatives or increase the number of holes.
(5) Shorten the storage period, strengthen observation and pay close attention to sales.
7. "Afraid of poor flower bud differentiation"
Red globe varieties belong to the type of large panicle and low fruiting branch rate. Some cultivators carry out dragon stem shaping, "ultra-short branches" and "short branches" pruning according to varieties that are easy to form flower buds, such as Kyoho and Rose Fragrant. If the pruning control is not strict in summer, the flower bud differentiation will be affected, thus mistakenly thinking that this variety is not easy to produce high yield. There are many factors that affect the formation of flower buds. However, from the perspective of regional division, light is the main factor and has a significant negative correlation with rainfall. Generally, poor flower bud differentiation is easy to occur in semi-humid areas (P3 and P4 areas) with a little more precipitation in the east of China. Of course, from the point of view of cultivation, the balance between tree potential and branch potential and fruit load are also very important factors, especially in P3 and P4 areas. In A4 area where there are many autumn rains, if young grapes stay for a long time, there will be few or no flower buds on the high nodes.
Technical countermeasures:
(1) Balance the tree potential and the branch potential, and implement the "twist, take and bow" of early coring and flourishing branches.
(2) Apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and control the watering amount.
(3) Improve the scenery conditions of the picture.
(4) The "double-branch regeneration method" should be adopted in winter pruning, and the bearing mother branches should be kept for a long time, and the pruning work should be done well in spring.
8. "I'm afraid this fruit is not delicious."
Red globe variety belongs to low-acid and low-sugar variety. In the long run, the properties of red soil will affect the recognition of this variety by domestic consumers. Strictly speaking, the key to solve the problem of "fruitless taste" of red soil is cultivation technology. Regionalized, arid and semi-arid areas (P 1, P2 area) have abundant sunshine and longer growth period. Warm and hot areas (T 1, T2 area) with 180 days usually have stronger fruit flavor.
"Weak fruit flavor" will weaken the buffer system of fruit juice, reduce the resistance of Red Globe grape to SO2 during storage, and increase the bleaching rate of fruit during storage.
Technical countermeasures:
(1) Control the yield and increase the leaf-fruit ratio.
(2) Increase the application of organic fertilizer, increase the application of P, K fertilizer and micro-fertilizer, apply less or no N fertilizer, and pay attention to soil moisture control.
(3) appropriately postpone the harvest period.