Cultivation techniques and methods of papaya
I. Selection of Garden Site
According to the characteristics of papaya, which likes light, drought, waterlogging and acid soil, when building papaya gardens, sandy loam areas with good drainage should be chosen to avoid building gardens on plots with heavy soil.
Second, excellent tree species.
The self-pollination rate of the same variety of papaya is less than 30%, so pollinated trees should be planted properly in the same garden. Pollination trees should choose varieties with good quality, consistent flowering period and large pollen quantity as pollination trees.
The distance between the main varieties and pollination trees is not more than 50 meters, and the ratio is 5: 1.
Third, planting
(1) Time:
1) When planted in autumn, the roots of papaya trees can still grow from defoliation to soil freezing, and germinate early in the second year, with high survival rate.
2) After the soil is thawed in spring, plant it before germination, and plant it with the seeds.
(2) Fixed stem: it should be fixed in time after planting. If the results are applied to two gardens, the stem height is1.5-2.0m.. This kind of crown may be very high, but this kind of tree can meet the needs of garden use. If it is only the result, the height of the stem is about 80 cm.
After planting in papaya tree, in order to achieve high yield, stable yield and early effect, it is necessary to carry out two aspects of management, one is soil management; The second is tree management. We are just talking about soil management.
Fourth, soil management.
Soil management includes weeding, fertilization and irrigation, orchard intercropping, orchard covering with grass and plastic film. Weeding: This is very simple. Needless to say, everyone can do it. It's just a matter of willingness.
1, fertilization
The papaya garden should be fertilized three times a year. First, fertilize before flowering in spring. This time, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, ammonium bicarbonate, compound fertilizer, diammonium, etc. This kind of fertilization can promote the growth of trees, increase the flowering amount and improve the fruit setting rate. Second, topdressing in summer from June to July. P.K fertilizer is the main topdressing this time, and the application amount of N fertilizer should be controlled to prevent excessive growth. It can promote fruit growth, improve yield and fruit quality. 3. After fruit picking in autumn, from late September of 10 to early October of 10, combine with deep ploughing and improvement of soil, and apply organic fertilizer. Adding a proper amount of calcium superphosphate to organic fertilizer is beneficial to the decomposition and absorption of organic fertilizer, accounting for 60-90% of the annual fertilization. At this time, the soil temperature is suitable and the root absorption capacity is active, which is beneficial to root absorption after fertilization. It can promote the vegetative growth of trees. There will be more good quality flower buds and more fruit-setting in the coming year, and the annual output and fruit quality will be significantly improved.
2. Intercropping papaya garden
Rational planting of grain and oil crops or green manure in the open space between rows in papaya tree can not only improve the land utilization rate and increase the economic income of orchards, but also help to improve soil fertility, promote the growth of trees and increase the output of orchards. Grain and oil crops suitable for papaya orchard intercropping: sweet potato, peanut, mung bean, rape and so on. Intercropping wheat, corn and other tall crops and vegetables is not allowed, so as not to aggravate the conflict with papaya tree for fertilizer and water, which is not conducive to its growth and fruit. Green manure crops suitable for papaya orchard intercropping: sesbania, clover, clover and other green manure crops, in order to expand the source of fertilizer and accelerate the process of soil maturation.
The orchard is full of grass.
Straw mulching in papaya orchard is best carried out after wheat harvest and before rainy season. Materials that can be used for mulching include wheat bran, wheat straw, weeds in the field and broken straws of other crops. Each plant is covered with 5- 10 kg of grass, and a layer of garden soil is sprinkled on it to prevent wind and blow. When you plan the garden in winter, turn the straw into the soil. Covering the orchard with grass can keep water and soil, reduce the loss of water and nutrients in the soil, increase soil fertility, reduce soil moisture evaporation, and achieve the purpose of increasing production.
4. Cover the tree tray with plastic film
A polyethylene film with a thickness of about 0.07 mm is selected. Before covering, the whole tree is arranged in trays, after irrigation, 0.2-2kg of nitrogen fertilizer is applied to each tree, the tree tray is covered with film, and soil is pressed around the grass. The yield can be increased by 35-60% without weeding and fertilization within one year.
Control of Brown Rot of Papaya
Symptoms: Brown rot mainly harms fruits, but also flowers and tender shoots. The fruit is a small brown lesion at first, and then with the development of the disease, the lesion keeps expanding. When the conditions are suitable, the disease spots quickly spread to the whole surface of the fruit and gradually spread to the pulp. If it is serious, the whole fruit will rot. After losing water, the diseased fruit becomes brown and stiff and hangs on the branches for a long time. Pathogens on pedicels or fruits invade branches, forming brown ulcer spots, affecting the normal transportation of nutrients and water, inhibiting the growth and development of branches, and causing branches to die.
Second, the incidence law: the disease is fungal, and its asexual generation is Cladosporium of Hemiptera subfamily. Pathogens overwinter on hard fruits, and after overwintering, pathogens on diseased branches can also infect them. In the following spring, after the temperature rises, the germs on diseased fruits and branches produce conidia, which are spread by wind and rain. Around early May, when young fruits were formed, most of the germs invaded from the wounds of the fruits. Therefore, the heavier the pest, the more serious the brown rot caused by the pest. In years with early or more rainfall, the disease is early and heavy, the cultivated land is low, and it is vulnerable to waterlogging, and weak trees are also suitable for the disease. During the fruit expansion period, if there are natural disasters such as storms and hail, many wounds will appear on the fruit surface, which is also conducive to the invasion of germs.
Third, prevention and control methods
1, dealing with the sick and disabled. After harvesting papaya, combining pruning, cutting off diseased branches, removing diseased fruits and centralized incineration in winter can effectively reduce the source of overwintering bacteria.
2. Chemical control. In early spring, before papaya germinates, spray 1 times of 5-degree lime-sulfur mixture; From March to April, papaya can be sprayed with 500 times of 50% carbendazim or 800 times of 50% thiophanate methyl every 10- 15 days, and it can also treat leaf diseases.
3, insect injury. Peach fruit borer is an important pest that harms papaya fruit. In the middle and late June, during the fruit expansion period of papaya, female moths lay eggs in concave stalks and joint spaces. After the larvae hatch, they bite through the peel and eat the fruit. It not only eats pulp vertically and horizontally, but also causes insect damage, which is conducive to the invasion of germs. Control method: During the larval incubation period, spray 90% crystal trichlorfon 1000 times or chlorpyrifos emulsion 1500 times and 1 times every 7 days for 3 times continuously.
Tree management of papaya
Tree management includes: shaping and pruning, promoting flowers and keeping fruits, pest control, etc.
1, plastic trimming
Pruning is an important technical measure in papaya orchard management. Without pruning, the trunk of papaya tree forms slowly, bears fruit late, branches are messy, yields are low, fruit quality is poor, diseases and insect pests are serious, and production efficiency is low. Through shaping and pruning, the tree can form a solid tree skeleton, with good ventilation and light transmission, less pests and diseases, early fruiting, high and stable yield and prolonged fruiting life.
Plastic pruning period: summer pruning and winter pruning. Pruning mainly in summer, supplemented by pruning in winter. It is necessary to change the traditional practice of winter pruning and summer pruning as a supplement. Conduct annual pruning management.
Tree shape: Papaya has hard branches, strong germination and branching ability, and can bear fruit in long, medium and short branches, with short branches as the main branches and upright stems, which are suitable for close planting. At present, the commonly used trees in production are spindle shape, happy shape and cluster shape.
The method of shaping and pruning:
Sparse branches: too many branches overlap each other, avoid shade, bloom more, and set less fruit. In this case, cross branches, overlapping branches, upright branches, pest branches and twigs should be cut off from the base of branches to concentrate nutrients.
Shortcut: Cutting off part of annual branches is called a shortcut. It is mainly to stimulate the growth of buds under the cut, strip and expand the crown, but it is not conducive to nutrient accumulation and flowering and fruiting. The combination of short cutting and slow release makes the branches fully develop and produce more flowers and fruits.
Retraction: cutting off a part of branches that have been more than two years is called retraction. When the fruiting branches are slowly released, they can be properly retracted when it is difficult to bloom, the fruit setting rate is low, the growth is weak, and redundant fruiting branches are formed. Retraction can reduce ineffective consumption, concentrate nutrient supply, restore tree vigor and promote fruit quality.
Core-picking: In the growing season, remove the head and core from the new shoots to promote branching, from one branch to many branches, from long branches to short branches, to prevent the new shoots from growing white and improve the fruit-setting rate.
Bud smearing: The buds on the back of the main branch and the extra buds at the cutting place should be wiped off as soon as possible, and the buds should be smeared sooner rather than later, which not only saves nutrients, but also saves time and effort.
When pruning, we should flexibly use pruning methods according to the site conditions, growth and tree age of papaya garden. This is because trees are shaped by pruning branches.
2. Measures to promote flowers and protect fruits
(1) branch angle. It is better to stretch the branches in autumn, and it is not easy to sprout long branches above the back. When pulling branches in other seasons, stripes are easy to run on the back and should be wiped off in time.
(2) Picking the heart: Picking the heart many times in the growing season to promote flower bud differentiation.
(3) Fertilization promotes flowering in summer and autumn.
(4) Pruning reasonably to improve the fruit setting rate.
(5) Fertilization outside the roots: for example, spraying 0.5%- 1% urea before germination in early spring, and spraying 0.3% mixed solution of borax and urea before and after full flowering to improve the fruit setting rate.
(6) bee pollination or artificial pollination in flowering period.
(7) Flower thinning and fruit thinning: Leave the fruit spacing, with the large fruit spacing of about 20cm and the small fruit spacing of about 15cm.
(8) Strengthen fertilizer and water management.
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