Planting techniques of potted apples ⅰ. Variety selection of potted apples
1. Main varieties
Hanxiang: a new strain selected from many introduced apple varieties, suitable for potted plant movement and temperature control. The fruit is beautiful in appearance and uniform in size, with an average single fruit weight of 200g and a maximum of 400g g. The peel is red, red when it is nearly ripe, and dark red when it is fully mature. Bright, tender and smooth, sweet and sour, and rich in flavor. Because of its cold tolerance, it is tentatively named? Is there (cold) incense in it? . This strain has thick trees, dark green leaves and soft branches, which are suitable for winding, pulling and twisting, which is beneficial to modeling; Not only can it bear fruit normally in the environment of unstable temperature and high humidity in greenhouses and greenhouses in early spring, but it can also be flowered and fruitful in the hot and rainy season in summer. It is the first choice for potted apples to promote early and late.
Hanfu: a new variety with extremely cold tolerance, high yield, large fruit shape and high quality. The weight of potted single fruit is over 250g, and the yield of 666.7m2 is over 5000kg. There is a certain yield in the second year after planting, and it is high in the third year. The peel is red, the fruit shape is straight and beautiful, the flesh is yellowish, and the acid content and sugar content are more than? Red Fuji? Sweet and sour, good flavor, high hardness and storage and transportation resistance. Potted plants will never bear fruit if they are not picked.
2. Pollinated varieties
K9 (also known as "fresh in July"): extremely precocious, mature in May-June, cold-resistant, high yield, early fruiting, bright and beautiful skin, yellowish flesh, sweet and sour taste, rich flavor and good quality. Potted plants promote early planting about 20 days earlier than the main varieties.
Second, the selection and treatment of flower pots
1 year choose flowerpots with a diameter of 26 ~ 33 cm. Make six or seven holes in the bottom of the basin to facilitate ventilation. Soak in 50% carbendazim 800 times solution for 24 hours, and then put it in nutrient soil to plant seedlings. Results after one or two years, the cauldron was changed, and the specification was 40 ~ 60 cm. Pay attention to root pruning when changing soil, every other year 1 time.
Third, the preparation of nutrient soil
Formula 1: 1 serving of sand, black soil, horse manure and a small amount of decomposed chicken manure noodles 100 ~ 150g.
Formula 2: 2 parts of topsoil, decomposed firewood 1 part, perlite 1 part, and cattle and horse manure 1 part.
Formula 3: 2 parts of aged rice husk, garden soil 1 part and manure 1 part.
Four, water and fertilizer management
1. water
Water and fertilizer management of potted apples is very important, which is the main factor to determine the yield and quality, and also the key to the level of benefits. Must have someone to take care of, careful management, timely watering. If you find the leaves wilting, it is already a serious water shortage, and it is too late to water them. However, you can't water it every day, depending on the weather changes until it is dry and wet. Don't irrigate with big water or repeatedly, so as not to wash away the nutrients in the basin. The leaves are thick and green, indicating that the fertilizer and water are moderate; Yellow heart leaves indicate that there are too many watering times and should be adjusted in time. In case of heavy rain after watering, put down the flowerpot and lift it up after it is clear.
fertilize the soil or land
Fertilization depends on fruits and leaves. Small leaves should be applied more, and vice versa. In line with the principle of less application and diligent application, choose high-quality decomposed farm manure, such as chicken manure, pig manure and sheep manure. The amount of fertilizer applied is determined by the size of the pot. For pots of 26 ~ 33 cm, it is appropriate to apply 4~5g urea per pot, and the amount of compound fertilizer is slightly increased. Farmhouse manure 150~250g ~ 250g, doubled in large pots. Water in time after fertilization. Top dressing five or six times a year, 1 time before and after flowering, two or three times during fruit development, and 1 time after fruit picking. Nitrogen fertilizer should be the main fertilizer in the early stage, and more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied in the later stage. Spraying foliar fertilizer in the growing season, spraying 0.2% ~ 0.3% urea in the early stage, and spraying 0.2% ~ 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate three or four times in the later stage of fruit coloring, with an interval of 10d. It is best to spray fertilizer on cloudy days or in the evening.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) modeling
1. Decoration and sculpture
30 ~ 40 cm after planting. The lateral branch length from the pot 10cm is 15cm, and 8 ~ 10 leaves are reserved for coring. Leave 2 ~ 3 leaves for the new shoots after coring, and 8 ~ 10 leaves for the new shoots after coring, and coring several times a year. However, topping was stopped in mid-July, so as to avoid the new shoots issued in autumn from maturing in that year. Shapes are triangle, semicircle, upright multi-branch, pagoda, fan, random and so on. In addition to maintaining a beautiful tree shape, we should try our best to improve fruit yield and quality.
2. Forming for the purpose of production
80 ~ 100 cm after planting. Refer to the apple trees produced in the open field, and it is best to have five main layers or spindles. The lateral branches are 30 ~ 40 cm long, and the second and third branches can be cored at 20 ~ 30 ~ 40 cm. In the growing period, the over-dense branches, competitive branches, parallel branches and long branches should be thinned out. Thinning branches should be done sooner rather than later, and should be done before lignification of branches. Pruning the fruiting tree should be carried out after the tree is dormant, keeping the fruiting branches at 1/2 or 1/3, cutting off the dense branches, expanding the crown year by year, and trying to strengthen the main branch load. It is necessary to balance the tree potential, make its fruiting branches full of space, and make the tree strong and beautiful.
Sixth, twist the tip and fold the tip.
The beautiful tree shape of potted apples is the foundation. It is the key to bear more good fruits. In order to produce more and better apples, the new shoots of fruit trees should grow to L0 ~ 13 cm every year. When semi-lignified, twigs need to be twisted and broken. Twisting the semi-lignified part of the middle and upper part of the branch is called twisting tip; It's broken. It's always called broken tip. Twisting branches can hinder nutrient transport, weaken tree vigor, and be beneficial to flower bud formation and fruit branch maturity. The fruits produced by twisted tips are generally large and of high quality, especially the fruits produced by the top flower buds are very large, and some of them exceed 500g g, so pay attention to staying more when thinning the fruits.
Seven, flower thinning, fruit thinning and bagging
Thinning fruits and flowers should be done sooner rather than later. Before the flower buds germinate, cut off the redundant axillary buds and excessive branches. Excess flowers on the branches can also be thinned out when they bloom. When thinning flowers, each inflorescence should leave the middle flowers and the first side flowers. Try to protect the top flower buds on the short branches. When soybean grain is large, it should be 1 thinning fruit; The second time is when the fruit hawthorn is big, which is the fruit-setting period. Bagging immediately after fruit setting. Bagging can improve the appearance of fruit, make the peel smooth, beautiful and colorful, reduce the application times, prevent pollution and increase the proportion of high-quality fruit.
Eight, potted apple temperature and light adjustment
1. Promote early culture
According to the different cold requirements of different varieties, from late May to early August every year, potted apples cultivated in the open field were promoted to differentiate flower buds through intermittent fertilization, water stress, eye injury, branch pulling and PBO. From mid-August, potted apples with a certain number of flower buds were moved into the cold storage, and the temperature and light were adjusted at 0 ~-3℃ under the conditions of avoiding light and no light, so as to force defoliation, stop growth and enter dormancy; After 45 ~ 80 days, it reached1100 ~1900 h, meeting the cooling requirements of different varieties. From 10 to 1 10, we moved out of the cold storage and into the greenhouse to regulate and manage the light and heat. The early temperature should not exceed 20℃ during the day, about 10℃ at night, and the lowest temperature should not be lower than 5℃. The fruit can ripen from April to May of the following year.
2. Delayed culture
From the first ten days of March to the first ten days of April of that year, the potted apples cultivated in the open field were trimmed, moved into the cold storage, and cultivated at a suitable temperature (0 ~ 3℃) in a dark environment, forcing the trees to sleep and prolonging the dormancy period; From late June to early July, potted apples in the cold storage gradually warmed up and were irradiated by scattered light. After 10d days of temperature and light exercise, move from cold storage to greenhouse for temperature and light adaptive exercise. Therefore, it is a high temperature season, and potted apples are forced to hibernate at low temperature in the cold storage, and then grow and develop normally in the open field, which requires a slow adaptation process; Lighting in the cold storage, heating up, shading in the greenhouse, spraying water on the ground and other methods to reduce the temperature, so that potted apples can be harvested from germination, shoot growth, flowering, pollination, fruit setting to fruit maturity; The fruit ripens from February 65438 to the following year 10.
Nine, the prevention and control of major pests and diseases
Apple rot: It mainly harms the cortex of trunk and branches, and the symptom is bark rot, which turns from brown to red and smells of distiller's grains. Prevention and control methods: prevention first, prevent trees from freezing injury, prevent nutrient soil from sticking and watering too much. Chemical control: the diseased spots are found before the trees germinate, and the diseased tissues are scraped off with a knife. The diseased scars are smeared with Putuo Diqing and Yubiqing, 15d 1 time, * * * twice.
Apple ring rot: damage to branches and fruits. The fruit is relatively heavy in the near ripe stage, with brown spots in the early stage, and reddish-brown halo around the small diseased spots, which gradually expands and is annular. Prevention and control methods: strengthen production management and apply fertilizer reasonably. Chemical control, spraying 50% carbendazim 700 times or Fuxing 800 times in the young fruit stage. Fruit is stored at low temperature immediately after picking, generally at 65438 0℃, and the incidence rate is low.
Aphids: foliar spraying 10% imidacloprid is 2500 ~ 5000 times, and spraying 1 ~ 2 times at the initial stage of fruit setting. Through long-term observation, Xinshao.com found that aphids can spray 3% acetamiprid for 2000 ~ 3000 times and 40% acetamiprid 1000 times.
Starscream: 3 ~ 5 sprays before germination? It's a mixture of stone and sulfur. Spraying 5% nisolone for 2000 times or 20% acaricide for 2500 times after fruit setting and long-term high temperature of new shoots. To spray the liquid medicine on the back of leaves, all leaves are required to be coated with medicine.
In case of other pests and diseases, it can be controlled by the method of open field production.
Cultivation and management of apple bonsai In spring and autumn, apples have bright leaves and simple and elegant branches. After dwarfing culture and proper modeling, it can be cultivated into apple bonsai, which is used to beautify the environment and cultivate sentiment, and has high ornamental value. Apple bonsai can not only be viewed, but also provide a certain number of fruits, which is a clever combination of artistic beauty and harvest beauty, and is more and more loved by people. After several years, the author explored a set of practical apple bonsai cultivation techniques, and now the main links are introduced as follows:
Basin selection
Generally, the pots used for apple bonsai are vegetarian brazier, purple sand basin, porcelain basin, plastic basin and wooden basin. Plain burning pots and wooden pots have strong air permeability and good ventilation, which is beneficial to the growth of seedlings. Porcelain pots, purple sand pots and plastic pots have poor air permeability and permeability, which is not conducive to the growth of seedlings, but their appearance is beautiful and generous, which can enhance the appreciation. Flower pots have many shapes, such as square, rectangle, circle, octagon, diamond, fan and so on. However, the round basin is mainly round, which is beneficial to the uniform spread of roots around. The specifications of the basin are generally 20 ~ 50 cm in diameter and 20 ~ 60 cm in height. The depth of the basin depends on the condition of the tree. Dynamic bonsai should be deep and static bonsai should be shallow. The general rule of using pots is that pots with more scenes are bigger and pots with less scenes are smaller. In a word, the collocation of basin and landscape should be appropriate in size, coordinated in color and commensurate in form.
Preparation of nutrient soil
Preparing cultivation soil is an important part of apple bonsai cultivation technology. The cultivated soil should have good physical and chemical properties, be rich in humus, maintain fertilizer, have strong water storage capacity, be well ventilated and have appropriate pH value. When preparing, it is best to use decomposed garden soil, river sand and plant ash, fully and evenly mix them according to the ratio of 5: 3:1,and grind and sieve them. If the permeability of the basin is poor, 10% ~ 20% slag can be added to the culture soil to increase its permeability. Before use, the cultivated soil should be cooked, baked or disinfected by drugs, and the pH value of the soil should be measured and adjusted. The optimum pH value of apple is 5.7~6.7.
Selection of rootstocks and varieties
Rootstock selection
Dwarf rootstocks, such as M9, M26, M27, Laoshan Hippo Chef, etc. Apple bonsai should choose varieties with good dwarfing and early fruiting. M27 is the strongest dwarf; After M9 and M26 are grafted, the rootstock grows fast and the scion grows slowly, forming? Bigfoot? Phenomenon, easy to get beautiful, compact trees, with a certain ornamental value; The trunk root of Laoshan hippopotamus chef is obviously thick, which can be shaped by lifting the root. In addition, semi-dwarf rootstocks such as M2, M4, M7, MM 106 can also be used as rootstocks, but weak growth varieties and short-branched varieties should be grafted. When Qiao Hua rootstock is used as bonsai rootstock, on the one hand, it should be matched with short-branch varieties or short intermediate rootstock with grafting length of about 12 cm, and the effect of being too short and dwarfing is not ideal, and the shape and appreciation are affected by being too long and too high. On the other hand, dwarf technology should be adopted. No matter what type of rootstock is used, it is required to have strong affinity with the selected variety.
Selection of varieties
It is best to choose mid-late maturing varieties with bright colors, early flowering and fruiting, high fruit setting rate, long fruiting time, strong disease resistance and strong adaptability to the environment, especially short-branched varieties. According to our cultivation observation, the varieties with better performance are Xiao Guoguang, Marshal Short Branch, Red Fuji, B Female, Winter Red Fruit, Ballet Apple, Golden Crown, Cocktail Crown, Qin Crown and so on.
Grafting and potted plants
Grafting is generally carried out in spring when the terminal bud has just germinated and the new branches have not yet grown. At this time, the juice in the branches has begun to flow, the joints are easy to heal, and the grafting survival rate is high. Before grafting, the rootstock selected for bonsai should be pruned, and the backbone branches and nutrient branches should be selected according to the needs of bonsai modeling creation to determine the grafting position. The scion used can be selected from 1 annual branch, flower bud branch and large scion. The quality of scions directly affects the artistic modeling and rapid flowering and fruiting of bonsai. To make bonsai take shape quickly, 2-3-year-old scions with 2-6 branches are generally used, which can form a beautiful bonsai posture in a short time. Generally planted in pots before germination in spring or after defoliation in autumn. When planting, first lay a few pieces of broken tiles on the bottom of the basin, then lay 2-3cm thick slag as a drainage layer, then put 1/3 culture soil, and then put seedlings to stretch the roots, while filling the soil, slightly shake the seedlings to make the roots closely connected with the soil. When the root is large, gently insert a wooden stick into the soil around the root to prevent the formation of a large gap. Finally, the surface of the basin soil should be more than 5 cm away from the basin edge, which is convenient for watering. After the basin is put away, water it in time, and the mouth of the basin should be covered with plastic film. After 2 ~ 3 years, when the nutrients in the basin soil are seriously deficient, the basin soil should be emptied in time to replenish new soil. In order to increase the ornamental value of apple bonsai, you can also turn the pot once a year after the leaves fall, so that Ge Nian can move upward and be exposed. The specific method is to dump the apple trees in the pot, gradually remove the topsoil, uproot 1/3 old soil, cut off the net root mat, then fill in the new nutrient soil for planting and compaction, and pour enough water.
Fertilizer and water management
Fertilize soil or land
Should the fertilization of apple bonsai be mastered? Thin and fat, diligent application, nutrition collocation? The principle of. Apply 0.2% available nitrogen fertilizer 1 time before and after germination to promote germination and orderly flowering; After flowering, topdressing liquid fertilizer 1 time every 10~ 15 d, with 0.5% solution organic cake fertilizer as the main fertilizer, topdressing outside the roots, spraying 0.2% urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and other inorganic liquid fertilizers for 2~3 times to promote the expansion of young fruits and accelerate the growth of new shoots; During flower bud differentiation, dilute fertilizer water (such as soaking bean cake fertilizer water, sesame sauce residue water or human feces, etc.). ) it can be applied once every 10 d for 2~3 times continuously, which can promote flower bud differentiation and improve fruit setting rate; Spraying 2.067% potassium dihydrogen phosphate every 15 d during fruit expansion to promote fruit expansion and fruit coloring; When the fruit is close to maturity, topdressing with 0.2% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer 1 times of 0.5% organic liquid fertilizer every half month; After defoliation, apply decomposed manure as base fertilizer.
water
The frequency of watering varies with the season. Water once every 1 week in spring; In summer, the temperature is high and the transpiration is large, so water can be poured once every 1~2 d, and foliar spraying is needed in high temperature season; Water should be controlled in autumn to prevent white growth; Generally, if you don't water in winter, the soil in the basin will not be too dry. No matter what season you water, generally avoid watering the basin with cold tap water (or well water) in the scorching sun, and water it in the morning or at night. The soil of potted apples should be thoroughly dried and watered, and water should be replenished in time during germination, flowering and fruit expansion. In June, in order to promote flower bud differentiation, water should be properly controlled. Porcelain pots, teapot and plastic pots should be watered less, while vegetarian pots and wooden pots should be watered more.
Do plastic surgery
The tree shape of apple bonsai should not only be beneficial to the results, but also have aesthetic effects. According to the specific situation of seedlings, they can be cultivated into natural round heads, towers, small spindles, folding fans, happy hearts and? y？ Shape and so on. The cultivation of bonsai modeling can be accomplished by measures such as root lifting, plastic airing and crown pruning. Rooting is generally carried out every time you plant or change pots. The top layer of the basal soil is removed and the fibrous roots in this part are cut off. When planting, raise the roots properly to expose the thick roots at the base of the trunk. After 2~3 times of rooting, the plant can have high feet and vicissitudes. The trunk can be shaped by twisting, tying, bending, cutting and sawing branches.
decrease
Apple bonsai generally adopts short branch pruning method. When pruning in winter, leave 1~2 or 2~3 dead buds at the base of the branches that need to be cultivated. When cutting in summer, leave 2~3 or 3~4 short leaves at the base of sprouting new buds to promote the formation of short secondary buds. If long branches are formed, 3~4 short leaves can be left at the base. Repeatedly, you can get short branches, dwarf the tree and bear fruit early. In addition, according to the variety and shape of apple bonsai, various measures can be taken to create the basic form of bonsai, such as branch pulling, core removal, tip twisting, girdling, branch thinning, shrinkage, plant growth regulator and so on.
Guo Hua management
Flowers and fruits are an important part of apple bonsai, and the uniqueness of apple bonsai lies in its fruit, shape and shape. According to the shape of apple bonsai, determine the number and layout of fruits, sparse flowers and fruits, timely artificial pollination, bagging and picking, and fully color the fruits by picking leaves and rotating pots. In order to improve the ornamental value of apple bonsai, the technology of sticking words on the fruit can be adopted. Generally, after 5: 00 pm, 10 am puts words on the bag and puts words on the sunny side of the fruit. Fu? 、? Shou? 、? Lucky? Words or patterns, etc. The best viewing period of apple bonsai is after the fruit is colored. As the fruit matures, a large amount of ethylene will be formed, and the fruit will fall off in layers between the fruit stalk and the fruit surface. In order to prolong the ornamental period, 1 30-50 mg/kg NAA can be sprayed 25-30 d before the fruit ripens.
Pest control and overwintering
Because the management of apple bonsai is very fine, there are fewer pests and diseases. Once pests and diseases occur, it is necessary to remove diseased branches, diseased leaves and diseased fruits in time and artificially catch pests. When the pests and diseases are serious, the control measures can be carried out with reference to the field. After defoliation, wrap the flowerpot with straw rope, sacks, etc. In order to prevent the cold, the pot should be dug and buried in the ground for the winter, or placed in the cellar, corridor and other places. Or move the pot to an idle room for the winter. During the winter, pay attention to replenish water to people who lose more water.
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