Mogao Grottoes is the largest existing "world art treasure house", and 19871February was listed as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO. The artistic features of the Mogao Grottoes are manifested in the organic combination of architecture, statues and murals. Cave-shaped organizational system is divided into Zen Cave, Palace Cave, Tower Temple Cave, Dome Cave and Shadow Cave. Colored plastics are divided into round plastics, floating plastics, shadow plastics and good plastics. Murals are divided into different categories, such as statue paintings, historical paintings, architectural paintings, landscape paintings, sacrificial paintings, animal paintings and decorative paintings. They systematically reflected all aspects of cultural exchanges between the East and the West in more than ten dynasties, such as the Sixteen Kingdoms, Northern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Xixia and Yuan Dynasties, and became rare cultural treasures of mankind.
Since the discovery of more than 50,000 volumes of religious and secular documents in Buddhist scriptures in the Mogao Grottoes on May 26th, 900, Dunhuang art has shocked the whole world, and "Dunhuang Studies" has become a world-renowned school. Donated by Japan, Dunhuang Research Institute built the Dunhuang Art Exhibition Center at the foot of Sanxing Mountain opposite the Mogao Grottoes, and copied some original large grottoes, which made the viewing contents of tourists in the Mogao Grottoes more colorful.
During the Northern Dynasties, the main statue in the cave was generally Sakyamuni or Maitreya Buddha, and there were mostly two dangerous bodhisattvas or one Buddha and two disciples on both sides of the main statue. The back of the statue is mostly connected with murals. The top and walls of the cave are covered with murals. The upper part and the upper part are mostly Tiangong geisha music. The lower part is a witch or decorative pattern. In addition to thousands of Buddhas, the murals in Central China mainly draw stories of Buddhism, origin and karma. Among them, Bunsen's stories include cutting meat for pigeons, giving his life to feed tigers, and giving his life to save people by nine-color deer. The Sui and Tang Dynasties were the heyday of the Mogao Grottoes, and the style of the hundred caves in the Sui Dynasty was changed from the central tower in the Northern Dynasty to the central Buddhist altar, with the same image as before. A combination of one Buddha, two disciples, two heavenly kings or two strong men appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The statue has also returned from the early "skinny and slim" shape to the "rich and strong" appearance. Murals in grottoes are mainly large-scale paintings and simple change paintings. The largest statues in the Mogao Grottoes were made in the Tang Dynasty, and the giant Buddha in Cave 96 is the largest statue in the Mogao Grottoes. The murals in the Tang Dynasty are varied and varied, and the scale is extremely grand, showing a magnificent picture of the kingdom of heaven. Grottoes lost their vitality in the Five Dynasties and began to decline in the Song Dynasty.
The art of Mogao Grottoes is a comprehensive art integrating architecture, painted sculptures and murals. It is the largest and best-preserved treasure house of Buddhist art in China and even in the world.
Folding and music respect monks.
In the second year of Jianyuan in the former Qin Dynasty (AD 366), a monk with a legal name of Le Zun traveled here. Because he saw the golden light of Sanwei Mountain, which looked like a thousand buddhas, and realized that it was a Buddhist place, he cut the first Buddha hole on the cliff. After the construction of past dynasties, there are more than 700 caves from Beiliang to Yuan Dynasty, with 50 1 10 square meters of murals, more than 2,700 colored sculptures, 5 wooden buildings in Tang and Song Dynasties, and thousands of lotus columns and floor tiles. It is a profound comprehensive art hall composed of architecture, painting and sculpture, and it is the largest and best-preserved Buddhism in the world.
Folding Taoist king
1June 22, 900, Wang Daoshi, also known as Wang Daoshi, was in charge of the grottoes. When Yang, who was invited to write scriptures, inserted lanterns on the wall, he found that there was no one on the wall, so he found a secret room (now numbered CaveNo. 17, also known as the Tibetan Sutra Cave), which contained 4 to 1 1 century (Western Jin Dynasty). Most of them were later robbed by foreign treasure thieves to more than a dozen countries and regions.
The Mogao Grottoes are a treasure house of culture and art integrating architecture, painted sculptures and murals, involving art, history, economy, culture, religion, teaching and other fields in ancient society. With precious historical, artistic and scientific values, it is a historical treasure of the Chinese nation and an excellent cultural heritage of mankind. 196 1 is listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council, and 1987 is listed as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO.
Tang Dynasty statue in Cave 328 in Dunhuang. There is an original bodhisattva in the circled place in the picture, which was stolen by the British and is now in the Boston Museum. You can also see a round pit left on the ground.
The map of the emperor in Cave 103 (the prosperous Tang Dynasty) and the emperor who came to listen to the Dharma in Cave 103 (the prosperous Tang Dynasty) successfully portrayed the vivid form of Vimalakīrti, a layman of Buddhism.
The Mogao Grottoes is one of the largest art treasures in the world.
The folding Mogao grottoes were stolen.
In the 26th year of Guangxu (A.D. 1900), the Taoist King discovered the "Cave of Tibetan Scriptures", which contained more than 60,000 ancient China scriptures, documents, silk paintings, embroidery and bronze statues. Since then, the Mogao Grottoes have become more noticeable.
1907 and 19 14 years, Stan in Britain took away more than 10,000 suicide notes and cultural relics twice.
1908, the Frenchman Pelliot selected the best documents from the Tibetan Sutra Cave and took away about 5,000 pieces.
19 10 Most of the looted scriptures in the Tibetan Scripture Cave were transported to Beijing and handed over to Shi Jing Library for collection.
19 1 1 year, Japanese Zuichuan Lihua and Yoshikawa Koichiro took about 600 scrolls from the Taoist king.
19 14 Russian oldenburg took another batch of scriptures from Dunhuang, surveyed the grottoes, and stole the murals of Cave 263.
1924, American Warner uncovered and stole 26 murals of the Mogao Grottoes with a special chemical glue, and removed a Buddha statue.
travel notes
In order to protect the murals, you can only watch the Mogao Grottoes with a flashlight. Every tour guide carries a flashlight. If you want to watch them better, you can bring a flashlight with three batteries. In addition, please don't bring your camera in to take pictures. Please cooperate in order to protect the wisdom of the Chinese nation!
20 10 is the anniversary of the discovery of the Sutra Cave 1 10.
Fold and edit this section of Yungang Grottoes.
Introduction of folded heritage
● Heritage type: cultural heritage
● Selection criteria of heritage: According to the selection criteria of World Cultural Heritage C(I)(II)(III)(IV), Yungang Grottoes were selected into the World Heritage List.
Assessment by the World Heritage Committee:
Yungang Grottoes, located in Datong City, Shanxi Province, have 252 grottoes and more than 565,438+0,000 statues, representing the excellent Buddhist grottoes art in China from the 5th century to the 6th century. Among them, the Tan Yao Grottoes with strict and unified layout is the classic masterpiece of China's Buddhist art at its first peak.
General situation of folding grottoes
Yungang Grottoes are located at the southern foot of Wuzhou Mountain, which is 16 km west of Datong City, Shanxi Province, in northern China. The grottoes were dug in the second year of Xing 'an in the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 453), and most of them were completed before the Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang (AD 494), and the carving work continued until Zheng Guangnian (AD 520-525). The grottoes are carved on the mountain, stretching about 1 km from east to west, with magnificent momentum and rich content. There are 45 main caves, 252 caves and niches, and 565,438+0,000 stone carvings, the largest reaching 65,438+07 meters, and the smallest only a few centimeters. The images of Bodhisattva, Lux and Tian Fei in the grottoes are vivid, and the towers are beautifully carved. They inherit the essence of realistic art in the Qin and Han Dynasties (2265438 BC+0-220 AD), and open up the romantic color in the Sui and Tang Dynasties (5865438 AD+0-907 AD). They are also called "the Three Grottoes in China" with Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu and Longmen Grottoes in Henan. There are 45 main caves with more than 5 1 000 statues, which is one of the largest ancient caves in China. 196 1 was declared as a national key cultural relics protection unit by the State Council, and was listed as a world cultural heritage in 200 1.
Yungang Grottoes are magnificent and rich in content. It is the crown of stone carving art in China in the 5th century A.D., and is known as the treasure house of ancient carving art in China. According to the excavation time, it can be divided into three periods: early, middle and late, and the grotto sculpture styles in different periods also have their own characteristics. The early "Tan Yaodong" was magnificent and had a rich and simple western flavor. In the middle period, the grottoes were famous for their exquisite carvings and ornate decorations, showing the complex and magnificent artistic style of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Although the scale of the grottoes in the later period is small, the figures are slender and handsome, and the proportion is moderate. It is a model of grottoes art in northern China and the origin of "skinny and picturesque". In addition, the music, dance and acrobatic sculptures left in the grottoes also reflected the popularity of Buddhist thought at that time and the social life of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Yungang Grottoes vividly recorded the historical track of the development of Indian and Central Asian Buddhist art to China Buddhist art, and reflected the gradual secularization and nationalization of Buddhist statues in China. A variety of Buddhist sculpture styles have achieved unprecedented mastery in Yungang Grottoes, and the resulting "Yungang Model" has become a turning point in the development of Buddhist art in China. The statues of the Northern Wei Dynasty in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes were influenced by Yungang Grottoes to varying degrees.
Yungang Grottoes are the beginning of the "China-ization" of Grottoes. The Chinese palace architectural style carvings in Yungang Grottoes in the middle period and the Chinese-style Buddhist niches developed on this basis have been widely used in the construction of later grottoes. The layout and decoration of the grottoes in Yungang's later period showed a strong architectural and decorative style in China, which reflected the deepening of "China" of Buddhist art.
The history of folding grottoes
According to documents, in the peaceful period of the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 460-47 1 year), the famous monk Yao Tan dug five grottoes in Wuzhousai, a western suburb of Beijing, and now they are numbered 16 to 20 grottoes, which was the earliest so-called "Tan Yao Cave 5" dug at that time. Most of the other major caves were completed before Emperor Xiaowen moved to Luoyang in the 18th year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 494), with a history of 1500 years.
Yungang Grottoes, with a long history, large scale, rich content and exquisite carving, are known as the miracle in the history of China fine arts. There are buddhas, bodhisattvas, disciples, protectors and other lifelike figures in the cave group. There are imitation wood buildings with simple style and diverse shapes; There are Buddhist reliefs with outstanding themes and skillful knife skills; There are rich and complicated compositions and exquisite decorative patterns; There are also ancient musical instrument sculptures in China, such as Zou, Paixiao, Zan and Pipa, which are colorful and dazzling.
In terms of carving techniques, he inherited and developed the excellent tradition of carving art in Qin and Han Dynasties in China, absorbed and integrated beneficial elements of Kendra art, and created works of art with unique style, which left an important page in the history of sculpture in China. Yungang Grottoes are not only important video materials for understanding and studying China's ancient history, sculpture, architecture, music and religious beliefs, but also physical evidence for tracing the ancient cultural exchanges between China and the West and friendly exchanges between the people.
/kloc-for 0/500 years, Yungang Grottoes have been severely damaged by weathering, water erosion and earthquakes, and were also damaged by man-made before liberation. According to incomplete statistics, 1400-odd Buddha statues were stolen overseas, and the traces of axes and chisels still exist.
Since the founding of New China, with the care of the Party and the government, Yungang Grottoes have been maintained on a large scale for many times, which has properly protected this ancient art treasure house.
Nowadays, Yungang Grottoes have become an important place for people from all walks of life to visit in China, and it is also a tourist attraction that international friends envy and yearn for.
Brief introduction of folding grottoes
The first and second caves are double caves, located at the eastern end of Yungang Grottoes. The two-story square tower is carved in the center of the cave, and the back wall stands like Maitreya. Most of the four-walled Buddha statues are weathered and denuded, with Vimo and Manjusri carved on both sides of the cave entrance on the south wall, and the relief of the original story of the Buddha statue on the lower part of the east wall is well preserved. There is a square three-story tower column in the center of the second cave, with three pavilions carved on all sides of each floor and five small towers carved on the inner wall of the cave, which is the image data for studying the architecture of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
The third grotto is the largest grotto in Yungang, and there is a broken wall about 25 meters high in front of it, which is called Yao Tan Translation Tower. The grottoes are divided into a front room and a back room. A Maitreya grottoes is carved in the middle of the upper part of the front room, and a pair of three-story square towers are carved on the left and right. There are three statues carved on the south and west side of the back room, which are round in appearance, full of muscles, fine in corolla and smooth in clothing lines. The height of the Buddha sitting on this statue is about 10 meter, and the height of the two bodhisattvas is 6.2 meters each. Judging from the styles and carving techniques of these three statues, they may have been carved in the early Tang Dynasty (7th century AD).
In the fourth cave, there is a rectangular column carved in the center of the cave, with six Buddha statues carved on the north and south sides and three Buddha statues carved on the east and west sides. Above the cave gate in the south wall is the inscription of Zheng Guangnian in the Northern Wei Dynasty (520-525 AD), which is the latest inscription of Yungang Grottoes.
The fifth cave, located in the middle of Yungang Grottoes, is a group of double caves with the sixth cave. The cave is divided into two rooms, the front and back. The north wall of the back room is the third Buddha, and the central sitting statue is 17 meters high, which is the largest Buddha statue in Yungang Grottoes. The cave walls are covered with carved niches and Buddha statues. On both sides of the archway, there are two Buddha statues sitting on the top of bodhi trees, which are embossed and fly beautifully. There are five four-story pavilions in front of the two caves, and the existing buildings were rebuilt in the eighth year of Shunzhi in the early Qing Dynasty (AD 165 1).
The sixth cave, the plane of the cave is nearly square, and the center is a two-story square tower column connecting the top of the cave, which is about 15 meters high. Below the tower is a large niche, with a Buddha statue carved in the south, a Buddha statue carved in the west, a sitting statue of Ying Duobao carved in the north and a Maitreya statue carved in the east. On the two sides of the pagoda, east, south, two or three sides of the cave wall and two sides of the open window, 33 reliefs depicting the Buddhist story of Sakyamuni from birth to enlightenment were carved. This cave is the most representative one in Yungang Grottoes. It is magnificent in scale, rich in sculpture and exquisite in technology.
The seventh hole has three layers of wooden eaves in front of it, and the hole is divided into two rooms. The upper layer of the main wall of the back room is carved with a bodhisattva sitting on a Leo. There are statues of shrines on the east, west and south walls, and the six bodhisattvas on the arch of the south wall are beautiful and lifelike. The reliefs on the top of the cave are flying in the sky, lively and vivid, each with lotus as the center, dancing in circles and moving.
In the eighth cave, there are pigeons Luo Tian riding a peacock with five heads and six arms on both sides, and Luo Tian riding a cow with three heads and eight arms on the east side, which is extremely rare in Yungang.
The ninth cave is divided into two rooms, the front gate archway is octagonal, and the walls of the rooms are engraved with shrines, musicians and maidens, which are vivid and dynamic.
Cave 10 excavated at the same time as Cave 9 is divided into two rooms. There is flying in the front room, with beautiful posture and coordinated proportion. In the upper part of the open window, the composition of the stone carving is complex, exquisite and eye-catching.
In Cave 11, there is a tower reaching the top of the cave, and there are Buddha statues carved on all sides. On the front, the Buddha statue is well preserved. There are statues and small Buddha statues in the niches on the walls around the cave.
In Cave 12, a geisha is carved on the top of the main wall, holding stringed instruments and percussion instruments, with different expressions and vivid images. The classical musical instruments in their hands, such as flute and piano, are very precious and are important materials for studying China's music.
Cave 13, there is a Maitreya statue in the center of the cave, which is more than 2 meters high/kloc-0. There is a statue of an arm bearer carved between the left arm and the leg, which is the only example in Yungang Grottoes. The statue of seven buddha on the upper part of the South Gate Arch is exquisitely carved and elegant.
Cave 14 has a variety of statues, with square Buddha columns on the west wall and some remaining statues on the east.
In Cave 15, there are more than 10,000 small carved Buddha statues, which are called the Ten Thousand Buddha Cave.
Cave 16 and Cave 16 to Cave 20 are the earliest five caves in Yungang Grottoes, commonly known as "Cave 5 of Tan Yao". The sixteen caves are flat and oval. In the middle of the main statue, the statue of Sakyamuni is 13.5 meters high, standing on the lotus pedestal, and there are thousands of Buddha halls carved on the surrounding walls.
Cave 17, with the main statue of Buddha III and the seated statue of Maitreya in the middle, is15.6m high. There are niches on the east and west walls, sitting statues on the east and standing statues on the west. The Buddhist shrine in the 13th year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 489) on the east side of the Ming window was later carved.
The neutral statue in Cave 18 is as high as 15 meters, with its right arm exposed and wearing a thousand Buddhist robes, which is exquisite and vivid and touching.
The main statue in Cave 19 is the III statue, and the sitting statue of Sakyamuni in the cave is16.8m high, making it the second largest statue in Yungang Grottoes. Two ear holes are cut out of the hole, and each is carved with an 8-meter sitting statue.
The 20 caves in front of the cave collapsed about Liao Dynasty, and the statue was completely open. The statue is a sitting statue of Sakyamuni in the middle, with a height of 13.7 meters. This statue has a full face, broad shoulders, magnificent shape and vigorous spirit. It is a masterpiece of carving art in Yungang Grottoes.
Folding summary
Look at the Buddha statues again. In this 1000-meter-long stone carving group, the statues are as big as 10 meters and as small as a few centimeters, and there are huge stones and stone carvings everywhere, which is a great sight. Their shapes are charming. Some sit in the middle, lifelike, or drum or bell, or holding piccolo or singing and dancing, or holding pipa, facing tourists. These Buddha statues flying in the sky support people's faces, bodies and clothes, leaving behind the wisdom and hardships of the ancient Han working people. These Buddha statues and musicians' statues also clearly show Persian colors. This is a historical witness to the friendly exchanges between the ancient people of China and other countries. Yungang Grottoes, based on China's traditional sculpture art, absorbed and integrated the essence of Indian Gandhara art and Persian art, which is the crystallization of creative labor. ..
Fold and edit this part of Longmen Grottoes.
Introduction of folded heritage
● Heritage type: cultural heritage
● Criteria for heritage selection: Longmen Grottoes were selected into the World Heritage List according to the Criteria for Selection of World Cultural Heritage C(I)(II)(III).
Assessment by the World Heritage Committee:
The grottoes and temples in Longmen area show the largest and best plastic arts in China from the late Northern Wei Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty (AD 493-907). These works of art describe the religious themes in Buddhism in detail and represent the highest peak of stone carving art in China.
General situation of folding grottoes
Longmen Grottoes, located at12km south of Luoyang City, is one of the four largest grottoes in China, with the same name as Maijishan Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes in Datong and Thousand Buddha Cave Grottoes in Dunhuang.
Longmen is a place with beautiful scenery. The two green hills face each other, and Yishui slowly flows northward. Seen from a distance, it looks like a natural gate, so it was called "A Que" in ancient times. Now "One Que" has become the first landscape of Youlong Gate since ancient times. Bai Juyi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once said: "The scenery in the suburbs of Luoyang wins, and Longmen is the first."
Longmen Grottoes were dug around the time when Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved to Luoyang (AD 494), with a history of 1500 years. Later, after the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties, the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui and Tang Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, it was continuously built on a large scale for more than 400 years. Densely distributed on the cliffs of the east and west mountains of Yishui, with a length of 1000 meters from north to south. There are more than 0/300 grottoes/kloc-,2,345 Buddhist caves and niches, more than 50 pagodas and more than 65,438+10,000 Buddha statues. The largest Buddha statue is as high as 17. 14 meter, and the smallest is only 2 cm. In addition, more than 3,600 statues and inscriptions in the past dynasties all reflect the high artistic attainments of the Han working people in ancient China. Binyang Cave, Fengxian Temple and Guyang Cave are the most representative.
Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province, located in the southeast of Luoyang, are distributed on the cliffs on both sides of Yishui River, with a length of 1km from north to south. Longmen Grottoes have been excavated since the Northern Wei Dynasty and have a history of more than 400 years. There are more than 2,300 grottoes and 65,438+10,000 statues, which is a model of ancient sculpture art in China.
Wei Dong-In 495 AD, Qiu Huicheng, the imperial clan of Wei State, began to dig Guyang Cave in Longmen Mountain. From 500 to 523, Emperor Wu and Emperor Di successively dug three large caves in the north, south and south of Binyang Cave. The construction of Shiyang Cave and Binyang Cave cost more than 800,000 people, and the Fangzi Cave and Lianhua Cave dug during the Eastern Wei Dynasty were also dug. Grottoes in the Northern Dynasties were all located in Longmen Mountain, and Guyang Cave was built for more than 50 years from the Hui Dynasty to the end of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, showing many China art forms, and the posture of the giant Buddha changed from the majestic Yungang Grottoes to the gentle and amiable Longmen Grottoes. The Buddha statue represented by the main Buddha in Binyang Middle Cave is smiling. Longmen Grottoes show more China art Buddha statues than Yungang Grottoes.
Tang grottoes-the most prosperous period is the Tang Dynasty, accounting for more than 60% of the total number of grottoes. During the reign of Wu Zetian, most of the grottoes in the Tang Dynasty were excavated, which was related to her long-term presence in Luoyang. Fengxian Temple is the most representative Tang grottoes, with two bodhisattvas 70 feet high, and Ye Jia, Ananda, King Kong and God King each 50 feet high (the length of Tang Dynasty). The scale is the first in Longmen Grottoes. It took four years, and Wu Zetian paid 20,000 yuan herself.
Longmen 20 series products are precious calligraphy works of Wei Bei. Representing the stele style of Wei Dynasty, it is tall and straight, generous and powerful, and it is the font in the transition from official script to regular script, Guyangdong 19.
There are three caves in Binyang Cave, and the middle cave in Binyang is the masterpiece of Northern Wei Dynasty (386 ~ 5 12). It took 24 years before and after the cave was built, which was the longest excavation. There is 1 1 Buddha in the cave. The main statue of Sakyamuni is carved on the main wall of the cave, with disciples and bodhisattvas standing on the left and right sides. The faces of Buddha and Bodhisattva are thin, with large eyes and flat necks, and the brocade texture is exquisitely carved, which has obvious artistic traces of the western regions. The ceiling is carved with flying sky, which is quite healthy and elegant. It is said that there is also a relief "The Empress Dowager Cixi's Buddha Ceremony" on the two walls of the cave, which is unique in shape and exquisite in composition. Later, it was stolen and chiseled, and now it is placed in the new york Museum. The inscription of Chu Suiliang, the prime minister calligrapher of Tang Dynasty in Dongkou is worth reading.
Wanfo Cave is located in the south of Binyang Cave. There are many carved statues in the cave. The north and south stone walls are covered with small Buddha statues, many of which are only one inch or a few centimeters high, and there are more than 15000 statues. The Buddha statue on the main wall sits on the octagonal lotus seat, waist. Four lux at the waist and lotus on the shoulder. There are 54 lotus flowers carved on the back wall, with a bodhisattva or benefactor sitting on each lotus, and musicians embossed on the top of the wall, all of which are elegant and lifelike. There is also a statue of Guanyin Bodhisattva on the south wall along the mouth, with a clean bottle and a dusty tail, which is round and plump, graceful and vivid.
Fengxian Temple is the largest grotto in Longmen in Tang Dynasty. According to the inscription, this grotto was dug in the period of Wu Zetian in Tang Dynasty, which lasted for three years. The Buddha statue in the cave clearly embodies the artistic characteristics of the Buddha statue in the Tang Dynasty, with a plump face and drooping ears, and a perfect, peaceful, warm and kind shape, which is extremely moving. The statue of Rushenafo in the middle of the grottoes is the largest Buddha statue in Longmen Grottoes, with a height of 17. 14m, a head height of 4m and an ear length of1.9m. It is full in shape, magnificent in momentum, smooth in dress lines and extremely artistic in appeal. There are two disciples Ye Jia and Ananda on both sides of the Buddha statue in Lushena. They are docile and pious, and the two bodhisattvas are kind and cheerful. The heavenly king looks strong with a pagoda in his hand.
The statue of King Kong Luxe is more moving than the statue of Luxe next to the Buddha statue in Lushena. It is a treasure in Longmen Grottoes. 1953 it was found near the south cave when cleaning up the accumulated soil in the cave. It was stolen and left behind. I saw that King Kong Lux's eyes suddenly exploded and glared at the front, making a second-hand fist, and the muscles in his chest, hands and legs bulged high. The whole statue is bold and unconstrained, powerful and magnificent.
Guyang Cave is the earliest and richest cave in Longmen Grottoes and another representative cave in the Northern Wei Dynasty. There are many statues of the Buddha's niche in Guyangdong, most of which have inscriptions, which record the names of the sculptors at that time, the age and reasons of the statues. These are precious materials for studying calligraphy and sculpture in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Most of the landmark works in the history of China's calligraphy, Longmen Twenty, are concentrated here. "Longmen Twenty Products" stands for Wei Bei, with correct and generous fonts and vigorous momentum. It is the essence of calligraphy art in Longmen Grottoes, and has always been respected by the world.
Mount McKee cave
geographical position
Maijishan Grottoes is located on a lonely peak in the west Qinling Mountains, 50 kilometers southeast of Maijishan Township, Tianshui City, Gansu Province. It is named after its shape like a wheat pile. Maijishan Grottoes were founded in sixteen countries at the end of Qin Dynasty (384-4 17), and have been renovated and expanded many times. It was basically completed in the Sui Dynasty at the end of the 6th century A.D., and it is still intact.
Maijishan Scenic Area covers an area of 2 15 square kilometers, including Maijishan, Xianrenya, Shimen, Quxi and Jieting ancient town. Maijishan Grottoes is a national key cultural relics protection unit, a national demonstration site of civilized scenic spots and a world-famous artistic treasure, and is called the Oriental Sculpture Museum. On June 22nd, 20 14, Maijishan successfully applied for the World Heritage.
General situation of grottoes
The scenery around Maiji Mountain is beautiful, and the mountain is covered with cypress, pine and wild flowers. Climbing to the top of the mountain, you can see lush green hills around you. I can only see Qian Shan with mountains and valleys, pines like the sea, and misty clouds. The distant scenery is intertwined, forming a beautiful picture scroll, known as the "wheat accumulation and misty rain" at the head of the eight scenic spots in Tianshui. Among the famous grottoes in China, Mackey is the best natural scenery.
Maijishan Grottoes was founded in 384 AD. After more than ten dynasties' continuous excavation and reconstruction, it has become one of the famous large grottoes in China and a world-famous art treasure house. There are 194 existing caves, including more than 7,200 clay sculptures from the 4th century to19th century, and murals 1300 square meters. A remarkable feature of Maijishan Grottoes is that the caves are located in extremely thrilling positions, most of which are dug on cliffs, and the caves are accessible by aerial plank roads erected on the cliffs. Visitors can't help but be thrilling when climbing these winding aerial plank roads. The ancients once praised these projects: "Between the cliffs, there are thousands of caves carved into buddhas. Broken by manpower, doubt is magical. " There are also proverbs circulating nearby, such as "South Mountain cuts firewood and builds Mackey Cliff" and "There are thousands of sticks of firewood in front of Mackey Cliff". It can be seen that the construction of caves and plank roads at that time was arduous and grand.
The art of Maijishan Grottoes is famous at home and abroad for its exquisite clay sculptures. Historian Fan Wenlan once praised Maijishan as a "big exhibition hall for displaying statues". If Dunhuang is a big mural museum, Maijishan is a big sculpture museum. The statues here are as high as 15 meters and as small as 20 centimeters, which embodies the characteristics of statues in various eras in the Millennium and systematically reflects the development and evolution of clay sculpture art in China. Clay sculptures here can be roughly divided into four categories: high relief sculptures protruding from the wall, circular sculptures completely leaving the wall, molded shadow sculptures and wall sculptures close to the wall. Among them, thousands of life-size circular sculptures are very interesting in life and are regarded as treasures.
Maijishan statue has two obvious characteristics: strong national consciousness and secularization trend. In addition to the early works, judging from the statues of the Northern Wei Dynasty, almost all the Buddha statues bow down and have amiable faces. Although they are gods in the sky, they are like secular people and become the embodiment of people's good wishes. Judging from the figures and costumes of the statue, it is gradually getting rid of the influence of foreign art and embodies the characteristics of the Han nationality.
Many caves in McKee have been built into unique "cliff pavilions". Seven buddha Pavilion, located at the height of15m above the head of the East Cliff Clay Sculpture Buddha, is a typical Chinese cliff pavilion building in China. It was built on a cliff more than 50 meters above the ground and excavated in the middle of the 6th century. Although Maijishan Grottoes are mainly clay sculptures, there are also a certain number of stone carvings and murals. Maijishan Grottoes are listed as national key cultural relics protection units, and the1.300m aerial plank road has been newly built and repaired, enabling tourists to board all grottoes smoothly. The highest statue in Maijishan Grottoes is 16 meters, and the smallest is only 10 cm. Among them, the statue in Cave 44 is called "Venus of the East" by the Japanese. The statues of Western Qin in Cave 78 and Cave 128 are carefully painted with patterns. The statue on the 70-meter-high seven buddha Pavilion is handsome, and the remaining murals on the top of the corridor are exquisite. Among them, the map of chariots and horses at the top of the western end is different from any angle, which is a classic of China mural composition.
△ Transportation: There are 34 shuttle buses to Maiji Mountain every day in front of the railway station in Maiji District, with a journey of about 1 hour, which runs every half hour.
△ Tickets: Tickets for McKee Scenic Area 70 yuan, including scenic spots and grottoes. People over 60 years old, PLA, students, half price. Remember to bring your old ID card, ID card, soldier ID card and student ID card.
△ Opening hours: 8: 00 ~ 17: 00.
Special reminder: it is forbidden to bring bags and cameras when visiting grottoes. There is a storage room at the foot of the mountain. As Maijishan is a cultural landscape, it is recommended to ask a tour guide to explain it.
Fold topography
Mackey is a typical Danxia landform, and its rocks are all purple-brown water rocks. Its mountains suddenly rose from a single mountain, and there were many natural caves at first. Its altitude is1742m, and the top of the mountain is142m from the ground. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Maijishan had become the summer palace of Tianshui's famous Xiao Wei. Here, pine trees are gloomy, clouds are flying around, clouds are lingering, and water is flowing. "Half a piece of blue clouds, between the cliffs, carved stone into Buddha, thousands of stone niches" brings together statues of more than ten dynasties, including the late Qin Dynasty, the Western Qin Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. All caves and niches are dug on the cliffs, distributed on the east and west cliffs. Cave 54 in Dongya, Cave 0/40 in Xiya/Kloc. * * * There are more than 7,200 clay sculptures, stone tires and clay sculptures, and murals 1300 square meters. Among the existing statues, most of the statues of the Northern Dynasties (referring to the northern regime during the Southern and Northern Dynasties) are original.
Like Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Datong Yungang Grottoes and Luoyang Longmen Grottoes, it has precious artistic treasures. In terms of artistic features, Dunhuang is dominated by gorgeous murals, Yungang and Longmen are famous for their magnificent stone carvings, and Maijishan is famous for its exquisite statues. As China sculptor Liu Kaiqu praised: Maijishan is "the sculpture hall of China in past dynasties".