Under the new situation of the exhaustion of foreign plundering slaves and the development of social productive forces, it is difficult for aristocratic slave owners to continue to directly occupy the vast number of slaves, and the dependence of serfs on lords is growing.
In the mid-Qing Dynasty, the transformation from slave economy to feudal lords economy or the development of serf's feudal attachment to lords can be seen from three Yi title deeds circulating in Shuixi area during Jiaqing period. One of them said that the serf Agua rented a piece of land in Bonaitu, Tang 'an District, Yan Yi, which was a kind of landowner. He pays 520 taels of silver as the top, and rents two buckets of five liters of rice and a bucket of dry land every year. He also made it clear: "In the future, we will pay off the grain, be servants, send big factions and be available at any time, and Gubaz's grandson will always be in charge of the pipeline. In the future, the grain rent will not be clear, and the children of Agouba will be no different. " In addition, there are two land leases to serf A Mu, the main contents of which are basically the same. This is neither the direct coercion of slavery nor the simple economic exploitation. However, because the serfs rented the land of Lord Mutu, there were various economic compulsions, such as labor and currency distribution, in addition to paying the rent. If serfs can't fulfill this kind of economic exploitation and economic coercion, the land of the Lord will be recovered. This will closely combine the economic exploitation caused by land lease with feudal personal attachment.
Naturally, on the premise of maintaining Mutu's land ownership, Mutu still holds great power in political rule, and the transition from slavery to feudalism is by no means smooth. From the early to the middle of the Qing Dynasty, slavery was still very active in some parts of Shuixi, and serious remnants of slavery remained in some areas. For example, in the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong (1770), on the first day of March, Anshaba and Sun Anzhi, Yuefu, Dading Prefecture, Guizhou Province, leased a piece of Jiaowanzi to a man named Buxiu (Grandfather Ma), who did not repair it except for nineteen taels before and after paying the top silver, and wrote, "After ten thousand generations, each generation will take a pawn." When the housekeeper gives birth to a child, she will pay one or two pieces of silver and two jars of wine. In addition, my family will give the housekeeper 1208 yuan. "Combined with the investigation in Weining area of Guizhou after liberation, this relationship of" one for each generation is straight "means that the homeless (separated slaves) cultivate the land rented by others, and each generation has to pay someone to rent a piece. This is another manifestation of the long-term preservation of the remnants of slavery in Shuixi area.
The effective implementation of land reform and the development of feudal landlord economy. In some Yi areas in Qing Dynasty, except for the transition from slave economy to feudal landlord economy under the chieftain system, there was a direct transition from slave economy to feudal landlord economy in other Yi areas due to the effective implementation of land reform and land reform.
Yi people's areas were transformed into places in Qing Dynasty, including Toastmasters of Dongchuan, Wumeng and Zhenxiong Yi people ① Yu Hongmo: An analysis of Yi people's land in Shuixi in Qing Dynasty and Yi people's land contract, Guizhou Ethnic StudiesNo. 1 issue 1979. The purpose of soil is to change the flow as the representative. Before Yongzheng, there was a slave ownership system here. E Ertai, the governor of Yunnan Province, recorded the scene that Chen Youweining witnessed when he went to the site of Dongchuan Yi Toastmasters' Club in December of Yongzheng four years: "There are no people in 360 miles, and chickens and dogs are not born." "The field is full of Artemisia, and the ground is full of thorns. If you don't cultivate it, the fishing fire will be extinct." The development of social productive forces has been seriously hindered and destroyed. E Ertai's strategy in the above-mentioned Yi areas is to divide the internal unity of the chieftain first, and at the same time, dispatch troops in the border areas. Slave owners rioted in Wumeng Fucheng, and Liu Qiyuan, the Lord of Wumeng Town, and others were killed. As a result, E Ertai was forced to airlift tens of thousands of officers and men from Yunnan, Guizhou and other places, and carried out a large-scale crushing attack on the slave owners' armed forces in Dongchuan, Wumeng and Zhenxiong, which revived them and initiated the direct transition from slave economy to feudal landlord economy. The concrete measures are as follows: strengthen camping and flood control militarily to prevent Liangshan Yi slave owners from crossing the Jinsha River and making a comeback; Politically, we should carefully select capable talents, with Xu, who is "suitable for people and places", as the main commander of Zhaotong; Focusing on the economic recovery and development, we began to recruit people to reclaim land as early as the beginning of 1727, and then rewarded soldiers with fields that used to belong to the chieftain and are now unemployed. "measure the same amount of silver as cattle and persuade reclamation." 173 1 At the beginning of the year, after hundreds of villages such as Ludian Liangshan were completely razed, people who fled the chaos and were coerced, regardless of Miao Yi in the Han Dynasty, were almost ordered to be summoned and resettled, so tens of thousands of people were reunited. 173 1 At the end of the year, Gao Qichen, who succeeded E Ertai as the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, took further measures: First, he recruited 1000 farmers who were used to farming from Xundian States and arrived in Zhaotong within a time limit; Secondly, Zhaotong field is divided into four types: ripe water, raw water, ripe drought and raw dry land, which are awarded respectively; It is particularly important that "the land given to soldiers and the people of Yi Hu should be given at the beginning of distribution, that is, clear boundaries should be drawn to avoid future disputes and insinuations of kudzu vine. Its field collects their rice every year, and it is deducted according to the current price. After the deduction, they will be ordered to issue a license to their own field and become an industry forever. This not only recognizes the land ownership of workers, but also from the aspect of production funds.