Alcoholism is commonly known as drunkenness. Alcohol (ethanol) drinking a large number of alcoholic beverages at a time will first excite and then inhibit the central nervous system. Severe poisoning can cause respiratory and heartbeat inhibition and death. Alcoholism is caused by many factors such as heredity, physical condition, psychology, environment and society, but there are great differences among individuals, and heredity is considered as the key factor. 1, mild patients do not need treatment, and those who are agitated should be restrained when necessary. 2, * * * ataxia patients (such as gait instability), avoid activities, so as to avoid trauma. 3, coma patients should pay attention to whether to take other drugs at the same time. The key point is to maintain the function of important organs: (1) Keep the airway unobstructed, provide sufficient oxygen, and give artificial respiration and intubation if necessary. (2) Maintain circulatory function, pay attention to blood pressure and pulse, and inject 5% glucose saline intravenously. (3) ECG monitoring arrhythmia and myocardial damage. (4) Pay attention to keep warm and maintain normal body temperature. (5) Maintain water, electrolyte and acid-base balance, and supplement magnesium when blood magnesium is low. In order to treat Wernicke encephalopathy, Vit B 1 100mg can be injected intramuscularly. (6) In order to protect brain function, slow intravenous injection of 0.4-0.6mg of naloxone is helpful to shorten coma time, and repeated medication can be used if necessary. 4, severe acute poisoning can use hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis to promote alcohol excretion. The main causes of alcoholism [edit this paragraph] 1. Alcoholism caused by the relative difference of people's adaptability to ethanol II. High-dose alcohol intake (excessive drinking) leads to more alcohol in the blood than people can bear. 3. High concentration of ethanol intake leads to temporary anesthesia of the respiratory center and the nerve center that controls the heartbeat, resulting in death due to the inability to ingest oxygen or transport nutrients to the whole body. The influence of alcoholism on the fetus [Edit this paragraph] If pregnant women drink alcohol all the time during pregnancy, harmful components in alcohol can reach the fetus through the placenta, leading to fetal developmental disorders and abnormal growth and development after birth, such as central nervous system dysfunction and abnormal facial features, which is called "alcoholism syndrome". The extent to which alcohol harms the fetus depends on the amount of alcohol consumed by pregnant women. Recent studies have proved that it can not only lead to facial ugliness, but also lead to heart defects, hand and foot deformities and mental retardation. Acute alcoholism [edit this paragraph] 1. Stages and manifestations of acute alcoholism. People with acute alcoholism often have a clear drinking process before the onset, and both breathing and vomit smell of alcohol. The symptoms of poisoning can be roughly divided into three stages: red eyes (conjunctival congestion), flushed or pale face, mild dizziness, increased language, bluffing, eloquent, exultant, frivolous and rude, emotional, hitting people and smashing things, and moody. Most people admit that they were not drunk during this period and continued to raise their glasses without restraint. Others sleep peacefully. * * * ataxia, clumsy movements, stumbling gait, incoherent speech, vague pronunciation. Pale face, cold skin, purple lips, rapid heartbeat, slow breathing and snoring, dilated pupils. Severe cases include coma, convulsion, incontinence, respiratory failure and death. Some patients with alcoholism may also have symptoms such as high fever, shock, increased intracranial pressure and hypoglycemia. Second, the essence of "drunkenness" is not "excitement". Alcoholism, commonly known as drunkenness, is the inhibition of alcohol on the central nervous system, which may cause dysfunction of circulatory system, respiratory system and digestive system. When the cerebral cortex is suppressed, the subcortical center loses control of the cortex, and some out-of-control excited behaviors appear; When the subcortical center is also inhibited, this surface excitement will disappear. Therefore, whether it seems to be "excitement" or "inhibition", the essence of "drunkenness" is not excitement but inhibition. Third, several factors that determine "drunkenness", all kinds of wines drunk every day contain different amounts of alcohol, and the chemical name of alcohol is ethanol. The higher the ethanol content in wine, the faster it is absorbed and the more intoxicating it is. Beer contains 3% ~ 5% alcohol; Yellow rice wine contains alcohol16% ~ 20%; Fruit wine contains alcohol16% ~ 28%; Wine contains alcohol18% ~ 23%; Liquor contains 40% ~ 65% alcohol; Low-alcohol liquor also contains 24%~38% alcohol. After drinking alcohol, ethanol is absorbed into the blood in the digestive tract, and it is absorbed faster when drinking on an empty stomach. Alcohol in the blood is detoxified by the liver, which is first converted into acetaldehyde under the action of alcohol dehydrogenase, then into acetic acid under the action of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, and then further decomposed into water and carbon dioxide. The whole process takes about 2~4 hours. It has been reported that adult liver can decompose about 10 ml of ethanol per hour, and drinking too much alcohol will cause poisoning if it exceeds the detoxification limit of the body. There is a great difference between people who can drink and those who can't drink (that is, the amount of drinking), and the degree and symptoms of poisoning are also very different. Generally speaking, the toxic dose of ethanol to adults is 75 ~ 80ml/ time, the lethal dose is 250 ~ 500ml/ time, and 25ml/ time to children may also be fatal. Fourth, the scene rescue of acute alcoholism, for people with mild poisoning, we must first stop him from continuing to drink; Secondly, you can find some pears, horseshoes, watermelons and other fruits to sober him up; You can also stimulate your throat (such as using chopsticks). ) cause vomiting reflex, spit out the stomach contents such as wine as soon as possible (this method is not suitable for patients who have fallen asleep), then arrange him to stay in bed, pay attention to keep warm, and pay attention to avoid vomiting blocking the respiratory tract; Observe breathing and pulse. If there is nothing special, you can recover yourself as soon as you wake up. If after bed rest, there are still signs of rapid pulse, slow breathing, cold skin and irritability, you should be sent to the hospital immediately for treatment. Severe acute alcoholism can cause irritability, lethargy, dehydration, convulsion, shock, weak breathing and other symptoms, and should be sent to the hospital as soon as possible. 5. It is not advisable to sober up with coffee or strong tea. Drinking strong tea (including theophylline) and coffee can excite the nerve center and sober up. However, both coffee and theophylline have diuretic effects, which may aggravate the water loss of the body during acute alcoholism, and may cause ethanol to be discharged from the kidney before it is decomposed into acetaldehyde, thus having toxic effects on the kidney; In addition, coffee and theophylline can excite the heart and speed up the heart rate. When combined with alcohol, it will increase the burden on the heart. Coffee and theophylline may also aggravate the stimulation of alcohol on gastric mucosa. Therefore, it is not advisable to use coffee or strong tea to sober up. It is better to drink some juice and mung bean soup and eat some raw fruits such as pears, watermelons, water chestnuts and oranges to sober up. Sixth, whether to induce vomiting and gastric lavage before delivery, some people think that it is positive to induce vomiting and gastric lavage immediately, which can reduce the absorption of alcohol into the blood; Some people think that gastric lavage and emetic are dangerous and should not be used. After all, alcohol is no better than pesticides. If it is difficult for us to decide at the moment, let's leave it to the doctor. As for the "intermittent oxygen inhalation therapy", "hemodialysis therapy" (blood does not contain ethanol) and "naloxone therapy" for patients with acute alcoholism after admission (it can better relieve central depression symptoms such as respiratory depression, shorten the awakening time of patients with severe alcoholism and reduce the mortality rate).