First, the cultivation of yellow pear in late autumn
Planting time: The best planting time of yellow pear in late autumn is from mid-March to mid-April. We can buy seedlings from the market or nursery.
Planting density: Due to the characteristics of small crown and easy flowering in late autumn, close planting can be used in production. Generally, the row spacing is 3m, and the plant spacing is 2m, which has good north-south orientation and can make full use of light. The diameter and depth of the planting pit are about 50 cm. After the pit is dug, apply base fertilizer. Generally, decomposed manure 15 kg can be applied to each point for colonization.
Yellow pear in late autumn has the characteristics of self-pollination, so it is generally unnecessary to plant pollination trees when planting.
Second, the management of young yellow pear trees in late autumn
The so-called young tree management refers to the management from young tree planting to fruiting period.
1, culture tree.
Cultivating tree shape is an important task of young tree management, and yellow pear should also adopt tree shape suitable for close planting in late autumn. Generally, small crowns can be used for evacuation in layered and spindle shapes, and farmers can choose according to their own needs. The following are examples of spindle-shaped trees.
Spindle-shaped trees are 2.5~3 meters high, with thick and upright trunk in the middle, 60~80 cm high, no side branches and no stratification. 8~ 10 main branches are evenly and directly planted on the middle trunk, with a big bottom and a small top, and the included angle between the main branches and the middle trunk is 70~90? . Spindle-shaped trees are characterized by simple pruning, small pruning of young trees, early fruiting and suitable for close planting. Disadvantages are poor ventilation and light transmission, and short plant life. The cultivation process of spindle tree is as follows:
(1) dingan
Seedlings should be dried in time after planting, and the drying height should be about 60~80 cm. When fixing the stem, pay attention to leaving 5~6 full buds under the incision to ensure that enough new buds can be germinated for shaping and pruning. After drying, paint the scissors in time to prevent the seedlings from drying up and losing water.
In the spring of the first year after planting in late autumn, the buds under the fixed-stem scissors have sprouted branches. We take the branches sprouting from the top fixed-stem scissors as the central trunk for culture, and then select four branches sprouting from the trunk as the main branches, and cut off the central trunk and other branches at a distance of 70cm from the scissors.
In the spring of the following year, 2-3 branches sprouting from the central trunk of Huangli pear in late autumn were selected to grow healthily, and the branches with staggered angles from the main branches retained in the first year continued to cultivate the 6th-7th main branches, while the branches sprouting from the top cutting tips continued to cultivate the central trunk. At this time, the main branches at all levels were not shortened to cultivate the lateral branches. Instead, the method of pulling branches for a long time is used to directly cultivate fruiting branches. On the main branch, leave 1 fruiting branches or fruiting branches every 15~20 cm. The fruiting branch group, also called branch group or unit branch, is the basic unit of growth and fruiting. It is planted on the main branch or auxiliary branch and consists of more than two fruiting branches and vegetative branches. Generally, the main branch is pulled in late summer and early autumn, and the pulling angle is 70~90? .
In the spring of the third year, branches with 2~3 angles were selected as the 8th ~10th main branch within 70cm of the short section of the central trunk in the second year. When the main branch grows to 50cm ~ 60cm, we will continue to pull branches and cultivate small fruit branches. At this point, if the main branches are properly equipped, the trunk will be lengthened, otherwise it will continue to be shortened to equip with reasonable main branches. In this way, after pruning in the third spring, a spindle-shaped late autumn yellow pear tree with a height of 2.5~3 meters, a main branch of 8~ 10 and an included angle of 70~90 degrees was basically formed.
(2) Control aphids
In late autumn, yellow pears are vulnerable to aphids. Most fruit farmers took control measures after they found aphids, but it was too late. For aphids, we should focus on the incubation period of aphid overwintering eggs, that is, from early April to the early stage of flower bud development. At this time, 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 1500~2000 times solution and 1.8% avermectin EC 3000~4000 times solution should be sprayed for control, with 65438+ every 7 days.
(3) timely topdressing
In order to promote the growth of young trees and accelerate the formation of crown, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 15: 15: 15 ternary compound fertilizer 1 time. Generally, 0.25 kg urea is applied to each tree, and it is best to choose a different place for each fertilization. In the second and third years, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 15: 15: 15, respectively, and it is 0.5~0.5 kg/plant each time in March before flowering and September in autumn.
Third, the management of late autumn pear fruiting period
The budding period of spring is when the tree comes back to life. In March, the buds on the branches of yellow pears in late autumn are clearly visible. At this time, the buds of fruit trees should be thinned.
1, management before germination
Before the germination of yellow pear in late autumn, the main management work includes two tasks: thinning fruit tree buds and opening garden drugs:
Bud thinning of fruit trees: Bud thinning refers to thinning those flower buds that are too fine, too dense and damaged by pests and diseases, and it is enough to leave 1~2 plumpest buds for each fruiting branch group. Garden-opening medicine: Before the flower buds germinate, spray them all over the garden once, and generally use 3~5 baumeishi sulfur mixture, which can reduce the occurrence of pear black heart disease, rot, aphids and other pests and diseases. 2. Management of yellow pear blossom period in late autumn
With the arrival of flowering period, there are three main management tasks: thinning flowers, spraying boron fertilizer and pest control.
(1) Flower thinning of fruit trees
In early April, white and elegant pears appeared in the pear garden. Although they are beautiful, they consume too much nutrition from pear trees. Therefore, for fruit farmers, there is another management work that needs to be completed, that is, thinning flowers. When thinning yellow pears in late autumn, leave an inflorescence every 20~30 cm, and all the rest will be thinned out. Be careful not to hurt the branches and leaves, and gently pick the flowers.
(2) spraying boron fertilizer
In order to better improve the quality of flowers and fruits, we should spray 1 times of 0.3% borax solution on yellow pears within two days after thinning flowers in late autumn. Spraying boron fertilizer at flowering stage can improve fruit setting rate, single fruit weight and yield, and improve fruit quality. Spraying time should be selected before 10 in the morning or after 4 pm.
(3) Pest control
Pear psylla is one of the common pests in yellow pear in late autumn. They suck the buds, leaves and branches of pear trees, which affects their growth. Generally, it is around the end of April and the beginning of May, which is the concentrated incubation period of the first generation of nymphs and the key period for control. According to the investigation of insect situation, if nymphs are found, spray them in time. Spraying 25% deltamethrin EC 5000 times, 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 1500~2000 times, or 3.2% avermectin EC 5000~8000 times. Generally, spraying once every 7 days and continuously spraying for 2~3 times can achieve good control effect.
3. Management of pear fruit period in late autumn.
With the withering of pears, the first fruit will enter the management of fruit period after setting.
(1) fruit thinning
Generally, the fruit should be thinned in time about two weeks after flowering, and when the young fruit of yellow pear begins to swell obviously in late autumn. When thinning fruit, it is necessary to promptly remove abnormal fruits, pests and diseases and leave good fruits, and remove small fruits and leave big fruits; While following the above requirements, it is also necessary to leave more strong branch fruits, less weak branch fruits, more fruits outside the crown and less fruits inside the crown. Generally, each fruiting branch group leaves 1~2 fruits. In addition, the fruit thinning scissors should use scissors, not by hand, so as not to damage the branches and leaves.
If you want to grow good fruit, you must be determined to thin the fruit, which is an important means to ensure the reasonable load of the tree and improve the quality of the fruit. Generally speaking, in late autumn, there are about 200 fruits left in the first fruit tree and about 300 fruits left in the second fruit tree. Fruit farmers should not be soft-hearted when thinning fruit. They must operate in a scientific way, and only by giving up can they get what they want.
After the yellow pear fruit is thinned in late autumn, we need to spray the mixture of pesticides and fungicides on the whole garden again, mainly to prevent the occurrence of ring rot and aphids. Generally, the bactericide is 800 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder or 800 times of 80% mancozeb wettable powder, and the pesticide used together can be 10% imidacloprid. If there is 3000 times of solution or 25% diflubenzuron suspension 1500~2000 times of solution, it should be sprayed evenly. Pay attention to the fruit surface of pear.
(2) fruit bagging
Bagging usually starts in the middle and late May and ends in about 10 day when late autumn yellow pears are cultivated in northern China. Bagging can choose paper bags or plastic film bags. Taking the plastic film bag as an example, the selection specification is 30? 15cm plastic bag, be careful not to touch pears when bagging. After bagging, tie the bag tightly.
(3) Summer pruning
In summer, many new branches will sprout in late autumn. These branches grow vigorously or compete with fruits for nutrients, which easily affects the light. Therefore, it is necessary to prune in time, mainly by cutting off long branches, back branches and inner branches. This pruning can control the excessive growth of trees, improve ventilation and light transmission conditions and reduce unnecessary nutrient consumption.
(4) Top dressing at fruit expansion stage
In order to make the late autumn yellow pear big and good, it is necessary to topdress the fruit trees in time during the fruit expansion period. Topdressing time is usually carried out at the end of June. For the first fruit tree, 300-500g of NPK compound fertilizer with total effective content ≥45% should be applied to each young tree, and15:15:1500g should be applied to each fruit tree. This topdressing can effectively promote fruit expansion.
In addition, during June-July, foliar spraying should be supplemented. Foliage fertilizer can quickly absorb nutrients into plants through leaves and supply fruits in time. Foliar spraying can use 0.3%~0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and add 0.3% urea once every 15 days, usually 3~4 times.
(5) controlling pear fruit borer
During the fruit expansion period of Huangli pear in late autumn, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of pear moth. Pear moth is a common pest in pear trees. It feeds on the fruit with larvae, and eliminates a large number of insect droppings to pollute the fruit. The damaged fruit often rots and falls off.
Generally, the pear fruit borer can produce four generations a year. The first and second generations mostly harmed the new shoots on peaches and apples, and the third and fourth generations moved to pear trees to harm the fruits. Some fruit farmers think that bagging will not cause harm to pears, and they will manage them later, but they don't know that the third generation adults of pear fruit moth may damage the fruit bags when laying eggs on the fruit bags, and the eggs will take the opportunity to get into the fruits after hatching, so they should be harmed in time.
Generally, after June, the occurrence of adults can be detected by traps. When more than 65,438+0,50 adults are trapped every day, it is the peak of adults, and it is the peak of spawning and the initial stage of larval hatching after 2~3 days. The spraying effect is the best at this time. 2.5% deltamethrin EC can be used to prepare 2500 times solution, or 1.8% avermectin EC can be used to prepare 3000 ~ 4000 times solution for spraying, which can effectively control adults and larvae that have not yet drilled into the fruit.
(6) Top dressing for the second time in the fruiting period
Generally around mid-August, the pear head of late autumn yellow pear has basically grown, and mid-August to late September is an important period to improve the fruit quality of late autumn yellow pear. Compared with other early-maturing varieties, it has been picked since August and September. At this time, the late autumn yellow pear is still growing and accumulating fruit nutrition, which is also the secret of the good taste of the late autumn yellow pear. In view of this feature of late autumn yellow pear, we will carry out another topdressing at fruit stage around mid-August.
This kind of fertilization is different from the fertilizer used in the fruit expansion period. The first fertilization was mainly nitrogen fertilizer, mainly to promote fruit expansion, and this time it was mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, mainly to improve fruit quality. 50 grams of urea, 200 grams of calcium superphosphate and 75 grams of potassium sulfate are applied to the first fruit tree; Only urea100g, calcium superphosphate 300g and potassium sulfate100g can be applied to each fruit tree.
In addition to root topdressing, we also need a certain amount of foliar spraying. The types and dosage of fertilizer spraying are basically similar to those in the fruit expansion period, and generally spraying twice is enough.
4. Post-harvest management of yellow pear in late autumn
In the golden autumn of 65438+ 10 every year, most varieties of pears have been harvested for sale, but at this time, the yellow pears in late autumn began to mature one after another, which staggered the harvesting time and avoided being harvested together with other fruits. But some post-harvest management work is essential.
Apply base fertilizer in autumn: apply base fertilizer in autumn after harvest. Generally, the first crop of fruit trees is about 3000 kg of organic fertilizer, and the second crop of fruit trees is about 5000 kg of organic fertilizer. This can supplement the nutrient consumption of trees and lay a good foundation for the overwintering and high yield of fruit trees in the coming year. Fertilization should not be too late, usually after harvest and before defoliation. Spray-sealed garden medicine: in late autumn, after applying base fertilizer, the whole garden should be sprayed with medicine, and this kind of application becomes spray-sealed garden medicine. It is mainly aimed at preventing and controlling the insect sources and diseases such as pear psylla, fruit eater and black heart disease remaining in trees. It can be sprayed with a mixture of sulfur and stone with a concentration of 5 Baume. Frozen water: frozen water is also called winter irrigation, that is, when the temperature drops, a thin layer of ice is formed at night and can be melted during the day. This is the best time to pour frozen water. 5. Winter management
In order to maintain the tree shape, maintain a reasonable tree structure and strengthen the tree potential, some auxiliary management work is needed.
Thinning: Generally, the pear trees are pruned in winter after defoliation and before germination in the second year. Sparse some branches, improve the ventilation and light transmittance inside the crown, further improve the tree structure and ensure the yield in the coming year. Scraping: After the leaves fall in late autumn and before germination, the old warped skin on the trunk and main branches of the pear tree should be scraped to eliminate pathogenic bacteria and eggs hidden in the cracks in the bark, and the scraped bark should be treated centrally. Finally, applying 50 times of 40% thiram wettable powder to the scratched skin can prevent the wound from rotting. Clearing the garden: After the whole pear orchard is pruned, the fruit growers should clear the garden in time, clean up the fallen leaves and sundries in the garden, and remove the branches cut during pruning for centralized treatment. This can effectively reduce the breeding of pests and diseases. In late autumn, yellow pear has good quality, high yield, late market time and good storage and transportation resistance. When planting, fruit farmers should not only master scientific cultivation management techniques, but also understand the local market situation and strive for better economic benefits.