1. Land
Soil is the foundation for the growth of flowers and trees. It is not only a support for fixing the growth and development of plant roots, but also provides necessary nutrients, water and air for plant growth.
(1) Soil quality requirements
Fertile, harmless, loose, breathable, water-retaining and fertilizer-retaining.
(2) Pot soil materials
Pot soil materials of family flowers are not only commonly used soil, but also some minerals and biological materials, so the meaning of pot soil is not limited to soil. Therefore, the materials on which these plants depend are usually collectively referred to as cultivation substrates or culture media. Commonly used substrates are: garden soil, mountain mud, pond mud, sand, earthworm dung, coal cinder, vermiculite, perlite, ceramsite, brick particles and chaff.
(3) Soil acidity
The pH of soil affects the growth and development of flowers, and most flowers are suitable for slightly acidic soil with pH value of 6.0-7.0 (soil pH7 is neutral soil). Camellia, azaleas, orchids, pineapples and other flowers need a more acidic soil environment. Generally, the pH value is required to reach about 5-6. Therefore, these flowers need to be cultivated with humus-rich mountain mud (blue mud) to grow well. Carnation, Dali flower, cactus, Raman, pomegranate, grape and kiwifruit have wide adaptability to soil acidity and can grow in pH 6-8.
For more alkaline soil, sulfur powder, ferrous sulfate and aluminum sulfate can be added for adjustment. Usually, the application amount of sulfur powder is 0. 1-0.2% of the total soil. Lime powder can be used to adjust the soil with excessive acidity, and the application amount per square meter of land is 35-70 grams.
(4) Soil improvement
When planting flowers in the courtyard, all kinds of construction waste within 40 cm of the soil surface must be removed, and the acupuncture points for planting trees should be replaced with new soil, and the depth of the acupuncture points is 60-80 cm. For the green land with heavy soil, it is necessary to thicken sand and organic matter with more fiber to facilitate drainage and increase the permeability and organic matter content of the soil layer.
Potted soil should be prepared according to the requirements of planting plants, paying attention to soil permeability, fertility and suitable soil acidity. Usually, the culture medium is made of fertile pastoral soil (hot soil) and chaff ash at the ratio of 2-3: 1. However, urban flower cultivation is limited by conditions, and it is not easy to obtain high-quality cultivation soil. Therefore, fallen leaves, sawdust, peanut shells, bean shells, eggshells, bagasse, poultry feathers, fish bones, shrimp shells and other municipal solid waste can be collected and chopped. Add rice washing water, put it in an old jar or plastic bag, ferment and decompose it for a long time, then dry it, sieve it, and mix it with some raw mud (soil dug from roads and infrastructure) to make potted nutrient soil. Overnight soil replaced by turning over pots can also be mixed with domestic garbage and reused after turning over.
Strict potted soil needs disinfection, and simple sunlight disinfection method can be used to raise flowers at home, that is, laying the soil on a cement board in summer, covering it with plastic film and irradiating it with strong light can kill a large number of pathogenic spores, hyphae, eggs and nematodes in the soil. In addition, heating disinfection and drug disinfection can also be used if conditions permit.
fertilize the soil or land
Fertilizer is the source of nutrients needed for flower growth, which directly affects the growth and development of flowers. For different plants, at different growth stages, timely and appropriate application of required nutrients can make flowers flourish and flourish.
16 nutrient elements needed for flower growth
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (obtained from air and water)
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium and magnesium
Iron, boron, zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum and chlorine.
(1) fertilizer type
Organic fertilizer refers to the fertilizer formed by processing, fermentation and decomposition of animal and plant residues or excreta. Organic fertilizer contains all the nutrients needed by flowers, and the nutrients are gradually decomposed after being applied to soil. Although the effect is slow, but the fertilizer effect is long, it can also improve the soil, which is conducive to the development of roots and the activities of beneficial bacteria in the soil. Commonly used organic fertilizers include: livestock manure, fish meal, bone meal, plant ash, various cake fertilizers, sesame oil residue, etc.
Inorganic fertilizer (chemical fertilizer) is a fertilizer made by chemical methods or natural mineral processing. It has the advantages of high nutrient content, quick response, convenient use, cleanliness and sanitation, but the nutrient content is single, which is easy to harden the soil after long-term use. Commonly used are: urea, ammonium sulfate, nitrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium nitrate and so on. And the compounded compound fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
(2) Preparation of organic fertilizer for family flower cultivation
Courtyard compost uses the internal corner of the courtyard to control the pit bottom, and accumulates vegetable stems and leaves, bean shells, claw skins, dregs, eggshells, shrimp and crab shells, poultry feathers, fish scales, fish viscera, weeds and fallen leaves. It can be covered with soil or plastic film to prevent odor from overflowing.
Household bottles are made of small waste plastic bottles such as coke bottles and blended oil bottles, and are filled with animal scraps such as fish scales, fish offal, eels and shrimp shells, which are fermented and decomposed into high-quality liquid quick-acting fertilizers. You can also soak and rette rotten soybeans. In the process of preparing organic fertilizer from bottles, we should pay attention to the following points: ① The injection amount of fish waste is about 1/2-2/3 of the bottle capacity. Add water to the bottle mouth (leave a certain gap).
(1) In order to reduce the odor of fertilizer fermentation, some oranges can be added at the same time. Generally, 3-4 orange peels can be put in a 2.5-liter mixed oil bottle. Orange peel can be torn or chopped and put down. You can use fresh orange peel or air-dried old orange peel.
(3) After preparation, the bottle cap must have 2-3 tooth backs, leaving an air gap, otherwise it is easy to rush out of the bottle cap due to fermentation and gas expansion in the bottle, resulting in the unbearable consequences of odor overflowing.
(4) It takes 4- 15 months for bottle-made organic fertilizer to ferment in summer. It usually takes about a year to decompose, and its solution can be diluted with water and used to water flowers.
Utilization of broad bean shells-Cocoon is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which is easy to collect and clean in cities. When it is prepared, the pods can be dried, ground and stored for later use, or they can be mixed when making potted plants, or turned over in potted flowers to be used as base fertilizer when planting.
(3) Rational fertilization
① base fertilizer, topdressing and foliar fertilizer
The base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, which has slow decomposition and long fertilizer effect. It can be used to grow flowers all year round. Garden flowers, in winter or early spring, are buried deep around ditches or holes where flowers and trees are mainly planted, or the soil is plowed at the same time before planting. Potted flowers, used to prepare culture soil, or applied to the bottom of flowerpots before planting. Commonly used base fertilizers include compost made of animal and plant residues, dried livestock manure, decomposed cake fertilizer scraps, etc. The city can use the oil residue from small sesame oil, which has good fertilizer effect. Fried or cooked soybeans can also be injected into the middle and lower layers of potted flowers as supplementary base fertilizer.
Topdressing has quick effect and can be quickly absorbed and utilized by flowers, or at all stages of flower growth and development, the leaching solution after organic fertilizer fermentation is added if necessary. Commonly used are urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
Foliage fertilizer, also known as topdressing outside the roots, is a chemical fertilizer that dissolves water and sprays it on the plants, so that nutrients can penetrate into the plants on the back of the leaves, which has the characteristics of convenient operation and quick effect. Attention should be paid when applying: the concentration of chemical fertilizer should be controlled at 0. 1-0.2%, too high concentration will cause harm to plants; Flowers planted on balconies and in the open air should be sprayed in the evening to prevent exposure to the hot sun after fertilization and increase fertilizer concentration to cause fertilizer damage. Pay attention to the position of the back of the leaves when spraying.
② Principles and methods of fertilization
Appropriate flowers, timely, suitable, appropriate, thin and fat, diligent application.
The foliage plants suitable for flowers contain more nitrogen, and the plants suitable for fruit ornamental contain more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.
Timely pumping branches and leaves, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, flower buds differentiate into buds, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are mainly used before flowering.
Appropriate situation-"four more, four less and four noes"
Apply more yellow and thin, before germination, before pregnancy and after flowering. Fertilize less meat, apply less at germination, apply less at flowering, and apply less in rainy season. Don't plant new crops, they grow in vain, are sick and weak, and don't plant them in midsummer.
Appropriate amount of lean fertilizer: organic fertilizer 7-8 parts of water and 2-3 parts of fertilizer, and chemical fertilizer 0. 1-0.3%.
Regular application: once every 7- 10 days in the growing season.
Three taboos of fertilization-avoid thick fertilizer, which causes cell fluid to extravasate and die.
Avoid hot fertilizer, the soil temperature is high at noon in summer, and topdressing hurts the roots.
Avoid sitting on fertilizer. After applying base fertilizer to the bottom of the flowerpot, cover it with a thin layer of soil first.
Then plant flowers. Avoid roots sitting directly on fertilizer.
water
Watering is the main management work of family flower cultivation. Water is an important part of plants and an indispensable main substance for physiological activities.
(1) yard watering
Water must be replenished in dry season to keep the soil moist, and drainage must be paid attention to in rainy season to prevent the roots from suffocating and dying due to stagnant water and lack of oxygen.
Water temperature and soil temperature shall not exceed 5℃ when watering. Water in the morning and evening in summer and around noon in winter.
(2) Water potted flowers
(1) The principle of watering is to dry it and wet it. If it is dry, don't water it, water it when it is dry, and water it thoroughly when it is wet.
Dry, wet and wet means to make the soil dry and wet. It not only ensures the water supply of flowers and trees, but also makes the pot soil breathable and protects the root system development.
The standard of dryness is that the upper layer of the basin soil is dry, the bottom soil still has moisture, plants grow normally or the leaves wilt briefly at noon.
The water shortage of flowering plants is first manifested as the wilting of petals. When leaves and flowers are found to be dehydrated, they must be replenished immediately. To restore life.
The principle of thorough watering is that water seeps from the bottom of the basin, and the half-waist water wet on the basin soil and dry on the bottom of the basin is a big taboo in the management of potted flowers, which will cover up the essence of water shortage with the wetting phenomenon on the surface of the basin soil, causing the root to die of water shortage. Plants without water can hardly be revived by watering again.
(3) More or less watering.
Herbs are watered more and woody plants are watered less; Water the flowers more during the tide and less during the drought;
The leaves are big and soft, watered more, waxy and watered less;
There is more water in the vigorous growth period and less water in the dormant period;
Small pot seedlings are watered more, but small pot seedlings are watered less;
The balcony is watered more and the courtyard is watered less; Water more in summer and less in winter; Sunny, dry, with water; Water less on cloudy days;
Water the pregnant buds more and the flowers less.
(4) Rescue of drought, dehydration and waterlogging and rotten roots
Due to long-term drought and dehydration, the stems and leaves of woody plants have withered, but the stems are still alive. It should be placed in the shade first to reduce the evaporation of water from plants. And spray water to keep the humidity of the environment above the ground. After watering the roots, it is not advisable to replenish water continuously to prevent the roots from lack of oxygen. According to the principle of alternating dry and wet, keep the soil breathable, promote new roots and restore vitality. Plants with serious water loss should be pruned appropriately according to the growth state of the upper part of the base, which is conducive to re-sprouting leaves.
After a long period of rainfall, the soil in the basin accumulated water, the plants were flooded, the branches and leaves withered, and they lost their minds. Therefore, plants should be moved out of the pot with the soil and placed in a cool and ventilated place to release the soil moisture at the roots. After 3-5 days, they should resume growth and then go to the basin. If it rains continuously, outdoor potted plants can turn sideways. Avoid stagnant water. If it rains for a long time, it will suddenly clear up and the sun will be strong. If plants are exposed to the sun, they will die because of damaged root growth and excessive transpiration of branches and leaves, resulting in serious water loss. Therefore, we should pay attention to strict water control, relocation and re-shading.
(5) Different watering methods
Potted flowers should be watered, and most of them should avoid showering their heads. Flowers and leaves of Erythrina macrophylla and African violet. It will rot when it gets wet with water. The pineapple flower needs to be watered in the head, so that the leaf tube can be stored to meet the growth needs. Orchids and arrowheads should be properly watered to improve the air humidity in the cultivation environment.
Indoor foliage plants have different demands for water according to their different growth characteristics. Araceae plants such as Dendrocalamus giganteus, Spring Feather, Calla lily, Pteridophyte, Eclipta prostrata, etc. It belongs to wet flowers, so water it "rather wet than dry", but don't accumulate water. Succulent plants such as Sansevieria, Aloe Vera, Sedum, etc. Cactus is a xerophyte, so when watering it, you should master "rather dry than wet". Prevent excessive water from corroding the roots. Most other plants, such as asparagus, cycads, begonia, etc. It belongs to mesophyte flowers, and the soil moisture is too dry or too wet, which has adverse reactions. Spitter master the principle of "wet and dry".