First, shaping and pruning
1. Pruning time: Pruning can be completed in areas that are not cold in winter, 2 weeks after defoliation and before rain in February of the following year. Pruning is best carried out in areas prone to freezing injury after severe cold, and areas that need to be planted in winter can be pruned after defoliation, so as to get off the shelves in time for cold protection. Weibei area of our province should be pruned from February to 1 month in 65438, and Guanzhong area should be pruned from February to the end of February of the following year. If it is too late, it should cause bleeding, affect the tree's potential, and even cause the whole plant to die. In northern Shaanxi, pre-cutting can be carried out before covering the soil to prevent cold, and more branches and vines can be left appropriately, and then cut when unearthed and put on shelves the next year.
2. Pruning method: According to the growth of vines in this area, we should adhere to the principle of keeping more strong branches and less weak branches, too dense, sparse and sparse. The cutting length depends on the number of buds left on the fruiting mother vine. Cutting length is generally divided into three types: short branch cutting, leaving 2-3 buds, middle branch cutting, leaving 4-7 buds, and long branch cutting, leaving 7- 1 1 bud. There are also very short cuttings here, only 1-2 buds are left, which is very long.
2. Clear the garden in time: in combination with winter pruning, collect dead leaves in the garden and scattered diseased fruits, diseased ears, diseased leaves, diseased branches and tendrils discarded in the garden after picking, bury them outside the garden or burn them, so as to reduce the overwintering base of pests and diseases and reduce the harm of pests and diseases in the coming year.
Third, spraying protection: when all the rattan leaves fall platinum, clean the garden in time, spray 1-2 times, and choose 40% DuPont Fuxing 6000 times solution +90% DuPont wanling 2500 times+synergist 1500 times to clean it twice. Or 2 1% peracetic acid 9281-150 times +90% DuPont valine 2500 times+synergist 1500 times, or 5-6 Baume sulfur mixture +90% DuPont valine 2500 times. When spraying cloth, it is required to be meticulous and thoughtful, and evenly spray cloth on trees and the ground. It is best to choose sunny or cloudy morning for spraying time. This time, the drug has a good effect on the prevention and treatment of black pox, felting disease, white rot and Lepidoptera.
4. Dig deep into the garden soil: due to the wet and rainy weather this autumn, weeds are nailed and the soil permeability is poor. In addition, after years of hard work, the soil is solid, especially when picking fruits in rainy days. It is required to carry out a deep intertillage immediately, which can not only loosen the soil and conserve moisture, but also increase the permeability of the soil and promote the growth of new roots. Generally, the depth is 25-30 cm, and it should be shallow between plants and deep between rows, or it can be carried out at the same time as applying base fertilizer, and it is better to spray it without deep ploughing if conditions permit. It can discharge energy, irrigate, plough deeply and have a smooth surface, creating a good growth environment for high quality and high yield of grapes.
Question 2: Planting and management video of hedgerow vines At present, the design weight of grape trellis is in the range of 12000kg-30000kg, and the grape trellis uses light and high-strength materials to reduce the weight;
By using the methods of optimization design and finite element analysis, the mechanical model closest to the actual stress is obtained, and the variable cross-section design is carried out, which saves materials and reduces costs. Improve the design of high-strength bolt connection components to find a better and more reliable connection mode; The lower end of the suspender is further improved by connecting the main keel or the lifting point beam through the connecting plate bolt, and high-strength parts formed at one time are adopted to reduce the number of parts, which is convenient to install, beautiful in appearance and reliable in use;
Material cost accounts for a large proportion in the cost of grape trellis, and reducing material consumption can improve the profit rate of grape trellis. In addition, the materials used in the grape trellis are purchased nearby to reduce transportation costs; Although the processing cost accounts for a small proportion, it can also be reduced if standard parts are used.
Question 3: How to grow grapes? Grape cultivation 1. scaffold
Grape is a perennial vine fruit tree, which needs to be shed to maintain a certain space and fruit shape and obtain a higher yield. Put it up in the first year, and you can't climb it smoothly. There are several common postures.
1. Hedge frame: The surface of the frame is vertical to the ground and looks like a fence wall. At present, the single-wall hedge frame is mostly used, and the frame height is more than 2 meters. Suitable for large-scale planting.
2. Inclined scaffolding: it is suitable for large-scale cultivation and can be divided into two types.
Large scaffolding: the row spacing is more than 6 meters, the horizontal column spacing is about 2 meters, and there are generally 4-5 rows of columns in the horizontal direction.
Small scaffolding: the row spacing is less than 6 meters, and the construction method is the same as that of large scaffolding.
3. Large horizontal scaffolding
Suitable for garden cultivation. Planting grapes in the garden can increase income, green and beautify the environment. Second, plastic surgery
The purpose of shaping is to make the branches and spikes distribute reasonably on the frame surface, make full use of space and improve the photosynthetic performance of leaves.
1. Multi-vine natural fan. Suitable for all kinds of scaffolding.
Many main vines are naturally fan-shaped There are 3-4 main vines in a hole (6-7 in the yard at most), and then the main vines are divided into lateral vines, and the distance between the vines on the same side is about 2 meters. Each main vine is equipped with 14- 16 lateral vines, which are fan-shaped and distributed on the shelf. In the early stage (1-5 years), the pruning is mainly long, and after molding, it is mainly medium and short.
2. Natural fan shape. Suitable for hedgerow cultivation. Generally, there are 3-5 main vines, which are fan-shaped and distributed on the shelf surface. Evenly arrange side vines on the main vines, properly select the fruiting mother vines on the main vines and side vines, and carry out long, medium and short mixed pruning.
3. Dulong trunk and Shuanglong trunk are extremely short and slightly plastic.
3. Gan Long is simple in shaping, easy to master, stable in yield, neat in ear and grain, and suitable for various racks. It is characterized in that there are no lateral vines, and the fruit vines are directly planted on the main vines. The main vine spacing is 50 cm, resulting in vine spacing 15-20 cm.
4. Multi-main rattan fan. It is different from the natural fan with many main vines in that there is no auxiliary vine. The main vine spacing is 50 cm, resulting in the mother branch spacing 15-20 cm. The mother vine bears 7- 10 per meter, and grows 14-20 per meter. Use long, medium and short mixed pruning. Suitable for small scaffolding. Third, pruning
Grape pruning can be divided into winter pruning and summer pruning. Pruning in winter is completed from the first ten days of 165438+ 10 to the last ten days of 165438+ 10, and pruning in summer refers to pruning in the growing period.
1. Winter scissors. The purpose is to cut off pests and diseases, immature vines and renew weak vines, adjust plant load, improve fruit quality and prolong economic life. There are three methods of pruning in winter, namely thinning, short cutting and regeneration, which are generally carried out simultaneously on the same plant.
(1) refinement. Removing vines with different bases can inhibit the former, promote the latter, improve landscape conditions and improve fruit quality. Be careful not to remove the opposite tendrils at the same time, and don't let the wound get too close, so as not to hinder the transport of nutrients and cause the decline of yield and quality.
(2) Take shortcuts. According to the pruning length, it is divided into long, medium and short (extremely short) pruning. Cut the long section into 8- 12, the middle section into 4-7, and the short section into 1-3. Because of the different fruiting habits of different varieties, the methods adopted are also different. Longan has good fruiting branches at nodes 5-9, and new vines growing from basal buds often have no ear, so pruning is mainly long (middle). Most of the new vines germinate from the bud eyes of different parts of Rose fragrance and Kyoho, and have fruit ears. They are often pruned with long, medium and short pruning, or short and extremely short pruning.
Longer pruning is easy to choose the best bud fruit; The cutting length is beneficial to the expansion of the frame surface, and the output can be obtained in advance; The main vine is slender, which is conducive to burying the soil to prevent cold. But if the management level is not improved, the load will be too heavy, which will affect the quality. Short pruning is beneficial to nutrient concentration, good fruit quality, easy to update and easy to master technology. But it is difficult to bury branches in thick soil to keep out the cold, and it is also difficult to update big branches.
Therefore, winter pruning should be based on variety characteristics, site conditions and management level to decide which method to adopt.
(3) Updating and pruning the mother vine. In order to prevent the load-bearing part from rising, resulting in baldness at the lower part, the mother vine should be constantly updated. The method is that after the fruiting mother vines germinate in spring, the new ones with good lower parts are selected as the fruiting mother vines for cultivation in the next year, and they are taken back during cutting in winter. However, due to the influence of the top advantage, the lower vines are weak and difficult to renew. The solutions are as follows: firstly, properly prune the newly updated vines in winter, and secondly, keep the newly updated vines and leave less fruits in summer that year.
(4) Residual amount of fruiting mother vines in winter. According to 1 fruiting vine, two fruiting vines were produced, with each fruiting vine bearing 1 ear, with an average of 0.7 kg per ear. If you produce 7 kilograms of fruit per square meter, there will be 5 fruiting vines per square meter.
Another method is to calculate new cents per square meter 14-20 ... >; & gt
Question 4: How to manage grape seedlings in the first year? Dulong dry planting method is one of the most suitable rapid and high-yield techniques for grape planting in the north. The planting method of Dulonggan is generally 2.5-3 meters in row spacing and 0.5-0.6 meters in plant spacing, all of which adopt unidirectional growth or bidirectional growth. Generally, in order to ensure the coloring effect of grapes, it is all in the east-west direction. That is, the grapes climb the branches to the south. The specific pruning method, Dulonggan, is most suitable for grape growers who have just planted grapes. This method is easy to learn, simple and beautiful. Generally, one branch is controlled at 30-40 cm, and branches are reserved according to varieties. Trimming 2-3 teeth is slightly shorter, and generally trimming 4-6 teeth is slightly longer. The pruning methods of my Xinlong grape seedlings are summarized as follows;
First, the first year pruning method
1. After the seedlings are planted, one vigorous new shoot is left as the main vine of Dulong, and the rest are all smoothed.
2. When the new shoots grow to 180 cm, the secondary branches are slightly left with 10- 12 pieces for coring, and the terminal branches and secondary branches are left with 4-5 pieces for coring. All the secondary branches below 750px near the ground are removed, and the upper secondary branches above 750px above the ground are removed with "3-2- 1".
3. When cutting in winter, the incision thickness should be above 20px, and the cutting length should be1-1.5m. If the cutting thickness is less than 20px, try to cut to the lower part to make the cutting thickness reach 20px.
4. All the secondary branches below 1500px on the main vine are cut from the base; For the secondary tip above 1500px to the first coring position. According to the thickness of the secondary branch, if the thickness is above 15px, cut off 2-3 buds to promote the secondary branch to bear fruit; If the thickness is below 15px, leave the basal buds on the main vine and use the winter buds on the main vine to bear fruit. In the southern region, branches grow strongly, and generally secondary branches can achieve the effect of fruiting. When pruning, the distance between the left and right sides should be about 40 cm to keep the new branches. Ensure high yield in the second year, general management is in place, there is no downy mildew, and the early deciduous branches are not thick enough. In the second year, it is no problem to yield 3000 Jin per mu, because there are 400 grape seedlings per mu, with an average of about 6 bunches of fruit per plant. Xinlong grape seedlings find this effect easy to achieve.
Question 5: I just bought a grape sapling and planted it in the north. Soak the roots in water for a while to make them absorb water, and then dig a hole to plant them. The soil should be buried tightly. Roots are in close contact with soil, and water is permeable. Then cover the roots with plastic sheets to keep warm and moist. The branches are covered with plastic bags, and it is windy in the north to prevent the wind from draining the water. That's enough.
Question 6: How to cut the grapes? 1, plastic bag cutting and plastic film covering method. When the soil temperature is 10 ~ 15℃ in spring, chicken manure, sawdust, river sand and garden soil are mixed and put into small plastic bags with holes at the bottom to make the culture soil about 15cm high. Then soak the grape branches with three buds in clear water for one night, insert them into the culture soil gently, and leave a bud outside the plastic bag at the upper end. Plastic bags are buried in the ground, and when the world is filled with water, they are covered with film until they become seedlings. Compared with open-air cutting, this method has the following advantages: early seedling formation, nearly one month earlier than open-air cutting; The survival rate is high, reaching more than 95%, while the open-air cutting is generally only about 80%, which saves the labor of watering; Covers less land.
2. Green branch cutting. In June, 2-3 semi-lignified branches were cut from the new shoots or secondary branches of that year for green branch cutting. Cutting and management are the same as hardwood cutting, except that 1 green leaves are left at the top of the cutting (half of the leaves can be cut off), and 1 petiole is left at other nodes.
3. Water drives the roots. In June, cut off annual vines (one to two-year vines at the lower end); Insert it into a jar filled with half a bottle of water, cut kraft paper or plastic film into a circle the size of the bottle mouth, and cut it to the center of the circle, then put the vine in the middle of the cut, and then stick it with tape or something; It takes about 15 days to remove the bottles with vines in a warmer room or kitchen, and then move them into fertile and loose soil. Generally, the root can be urged 2-3 times a year, each time about 15 days, and 8- 10 seedlings can be inserted into a jar. With the shelf, a room can cultivate 2000-3000 bottles and 1.6-20000 seedlings.
4. Cutting seedling in the same year and layering seedling in the same year. This is a new technology to improve the propagation coefficient of grape. Strengthen fertilizer and water management after cutting, so that seedlings can fertilize Miao Zhuang. When the seedlings grow to 50 cm, pick the core to strengthen the seedlings and promote the growth of secondary buds, leaving 3-5 secondary buds per plant. In mid-July, when the length of the secondary shoot is about 10 cm, the branch is pressed, and the main shoot is pressed into the soil by 5- 10 cm, and the secondary shoot grows upright on the ground. After the "white dew" and before the "autumn equinox", pick the secondary branches and concentrate nutrients to raise seedlings, so that a secondary branch will grow into a robust grape seedling. That is to say, 3-5 grape seedlings with developed roots, full branches and full buds can be cultivated in one cutting year, and the propagation coefficient is 4-5 times higher than that of ordinary seedling raising methods.
Question 7: Grape cultivation and matters needing attention. Method for planting grapevine
Grape cultivation techniques firstly select varieties:
There are many excellent varieties of grapes, among which Kyoho, Fujiminori, Jingxiu, Meirenzhi, Ruby and Honey Juice are suitable for cultivation in Northeast China.
Grapes are planted in fertile plots with good ventilation, sunshine and drainage. Grapes are planted on the trellis at the spacing of 1.5-3m and the row spacing of 3-6m, with 37- 148 grapes per mu. In the early modern high-yield garden, the shed was used, and the row spacing of grape plants was 1- 1.5m× 3m, and about 200 plants were planted per mu. The row spacing of grape plants cultivated in hedge frame is 1.5-2 m× 1.5-3 m, and 1 1-296 plants are planted per mu. Before planting, dig 80 square planting holes or 80 strip planting ditches with a width of 80 and a depth of 80, apply 5000- 10000 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer per mu, mix soil in layers and backfill to plant seedlings. Spring sowing is mostly used in northern China, and it can be planted in the field in the middle and late April. Before planting, clean the dressing on the outside of the grafting interface with a sharp knife (after the grafted seedlings survive, the rootstock sprouted on the rootstock at the lower part of the grafting interface should be erased in time to ensure the purity and growth of the varieties), bury the planted seedlings in the soil so that the root neck can get enough water for planting, and then bury them in a small mound with fine soil to keep moisture and prevent drying, so as to make them germinate early.
Grape cultivation techniques-① Cutting selection: Grape has strong growth potential and good flower bud differentiation. Branches with upright leaves, dark green leaves and high photosynthetic efficiency can be cultivated by cutting or grafting. The lower end (buried end) of cuttings should be dipped in 800 times of new high-fat film, which can prevent wound rot and virus infection, restore plant physiological vitality and promote plant growth.
Grape cultivation techniques —— ② Miao Di finishing: Young tree management frame adopts "T-shaped frame with height, width and vertical", which is also suitable for trellis cultivation. Before planting, dig ditches and apply sufficient base fertilizer. Arrange row spacing and planting, after planting, pour root water thoroughly and cover it with plastic film.
Grape cultivation techniques —— ③ Seedling management: first fix the buds, then erase the double buds, multi-head buds and over-weak buds after germination. After the new shoots are formed, tie iron wires on both sides, fix the new shoots at the interval of 15 ~ 20 cm and spray them in time, which can effectively control the growth of new shoots, promote more flower branches and promote flower bud differentiation. It can effectively balance the size of the ear and save the trouble of thinning flowers and fruits. According to the growth stage, timely topdressing, that is, flower and fruit fertilizer, fruit swelling fertilizer, coloring fertilizer and post-harvest growth promoting fertilizer. Special attention should be paid to the reasonable collocation of NPK and other fertilizers to ensure the balanced supply of nutrients.
Grape cultivation techniques —— ④ Strong flowers and strong fruits: Spraying Zhuangguodiling in time before budding, once every 15-20 days, for three times in succession, can effectively thicken fruit (flower) stems, improve nutrient transport, improve fertilization quality, strengthen flowers and strengthen fruits, prevent fruit drop, stiff fruit and abnormal fruit, and spray new high-fat fruits during fruit expansion.
Grape cultivation techniques-⑤ pest control: According to the occurrence of pests and diseases in each growth and development stage of grapes, timely control and early prevention should be carried out. According to the requirements of plant protection, spray targeted chemicals and new high-fat film regularly to prevent and control pests and diseases in time. Before the grapes are taken off the shelf, spray 500 times of general soothing liquid to disinfect the whole garden. After being taken off the shelf, the whole garden tree should be trimmed and pruned, and the diseased branches should be cleaned up. The trimming mouth should be coated with calluses antiseptic film to avoid the invasion of germs, and the whole garden tree should be brushed with tree protector to effectively sterilize, prevent freezing and keep warm, so as to ensure safe wintering.
Question 8: Planting management technology and video of growing muscat grapes in cold shed. There are many videos on the Internet. Because Baidu doesn't like to send websites, it can only tell you the specific technology. If you want a video, you can go to Baidu to search.
1. Environmental conditions of muscat grape producing areas
1. 1. Selection of producing area The producing area of muscat grape should be an agricultural producing area with good ecological conditions, far away from various pollution sources and sustainable production capacity.
1.2, air quality of producing area. The air quality of pollution-free rose grape producing areas should comply with the provisions of table 1.
1.3, irrigation water quality of farmland in producing area. Irrigation water quality of farmland in muscat grape producing areas should meet the requirements in Table 2.
2. Cultivation techniques of muscat grape.
2. 1, seedling planting
2. 1. 1 Seedling planting time: Grapes are planted in Daxing, Beijing in spring, usually from March to early April. Planting nutrition bag seedlings in early May.
2. 1.2 Rack and planting density: Rosette grapes are cultivated in hedgerows or sheds. The row spacing of hedge cultivation is 2.5m, and the plant spacing is1~1.5m. The row spacing of shed cultivation is 4m. The plant spacing is 0.8 ~1.0m. ..
2. 1.3 planting mode: in hedgerow cultivation, planting ditches can be dug in the north-south direction of row spacing, and scaffolding cultivation and planting ditches can be dug in the east-west direction. The planting ditch is 80 cm wide and 80 cm deep. The ditch is filled with straw, decomposed organic fertilizer and topsoil. Before planting, soak the roots of seedlings in clear water 10- 12 hours, and cut off the roots that are too long, too thin and damaged. Then soak the roots with ABT rooting powder or NAA NAA NAA NAA NAA NAA solution. Then plant according to the row spacing, and the planting depth shall be based on the level of the roots and necks of the seedlings with the ground. When planting, the roots should be evenly distributed. When the soil is half filled, gently lift the seedlings, then carefully fill the soil, flush with the ground, then be practical and finally irrigate. After water seepage, cover with soil or film.
2.2 shaping and pruning
2.2. 1 shaping: single vine or less main vine fan-shaped shaping should be adopted for rose grape hedge cultivation, and single main vine should be adopted for shed cultivation.
(1) For each plant in the hedge frame, only one main vine is left. When the plant grows to about 0.8 meters, it will be picked to promote the growth of branches. When the plant height reaches 1.6 ~ 1.8 m, the second coring is carried out, and the length of the protruding head is 0. Cutting in winter is 4-0.5 m, and the cutting thickness is more than 8 mm When the mother branch is cultured, the cutting thickness of the secondary branch is 8 mm Pruning is still carried out according to this standard in the second year, and it is basically formed in the third year after planting. On the mother branch of the main vine, the spacing of fruiting branches is kept at about 0.2m, and there are 5-7 fruiting branches per plant, and the yield per 667m2 (mu) in the full fruit-bearing period is controlled at 1500- 1750kg.
⑵ Double-vine shaping on the hedge frame: 2 main vines are cultivated per plant, and the method is the same as above. When cutting in winter, the cutting thickness is about 8 mm. In the second year, 2-3 fruiting branches are cultivated on each main vine, and 5-6 buds are left on the extended head. In the third year, 6-8 fruiting branches are cultivated on each plant, and the fruits are in full bloom in the third year. The output per 667m2 (mu) will be controlled at 1500- 1750kg.
(3) The shed is shaped with a long stem and with a single long stem; Each plant keeps a main vine as the trunk, and a branch group is cultivated every 20 cm on the trunk to form a dragon claw, which is the main fruiting unit. The yield per 667m2 (mu) should be controlled at around 1750kg.
2.2.2 Pruning 2.2.2. 1 Summer Pruning
(1) Bud smearing: It should be carried out after bud germination in the middle and late April, and pre-buds, weak buds, hidden buds, buds and over-dense buds should be erased.
(2) Fixed branches: When the new shoots are 0.3m long and the inflorescence condition can be clearly distinguished, the branches that are too dense, too many and too thin will be removed according to the plant load requirements.
(3) Picking: about a week before flowering, the picking intensity is to leave 5-7 leaves above the inflorescence for picking, and the picking intensity of heavier flowers and fruits can be appropriately increased, leaving only 3-4 leaves for picking.
(4) removing secondary branches: processing the secondary branches of the bearing branches, removing all the secondary branches below the ear, leaving 65,438+0-2 leaves above the ear for coring, leaving only the top 65,438+0-2 secondary branches for repeated coring, and removing the rest. All the attached branches on the vegetative branches have two leaves for coring. Keep only the top 1-2 quadratic quadratic sharp, remove the core repeatedly, and remove the rest.
(5) Sparse inflorescence, pinch spike: before flowering and after inflorescence spreading, pinch off the top of inflorescence 1/5- 1/4, and at the same time remove the secondary panicle, and properly remove some inflorescences that are too dense and too small to make the inflorescence neat and compact.
(China Organic Agriculture Network) ...
Question 9: How to prune the vines in the first year? About a week after the grape seedlings were planted, new buds began to grow. Extra branches and vines should be removed in time and the main branches should be selected. When the height of seedlings is about 35 cm, tendrils begin to grow. Tendrils should be removed in time, bamboo poles should be inserted and bamboo shoots should be tied in time to ensure the vertical growth of main bamboo shoots. The first secondary branch leaves 2 ~ 3 leaves, and the second secondary branch leaves 1 ~ 2 leaves. When the seedling height is 70 ~ 80 cm, the core of the main vine is removed, and the top leaves 1 secondary shoot to continue growing. When the top secondary branch is 50 ~ 60 cm long, core the main vine for the second time, and leave 1 secondary branch at the top to prolong the growth, 1 ~ 2 pieces for the first secondary branch and 1 piece for the second secondary branch. When the top secondary branch grows to 30 ~ 40cm, the main vine is cored for the third time, and 1 leaf is left in the secondary branch to prevent winter bud germination. Combined with pruning, calluses antiseptic film should be put on the pruning mouth in time to seal the wound, and the whole garden should be sprayed with general tree protector for sterilization and disinfection, so as to reduce the source of germs.
Question 10: How to plant grape branches after they take root? Wrap some fertile soil around the node of a vine, keep a certain humidity, that is, water, and wrap the soil in a bag. After a period of time, the nodes of the vines will grow roots, and then they will be cut and planted.