Geographic location and area
Qingdao City is located in the southern part of the Shandong Peninsula, located at 119?30'～121?00' east longitude, 35?35'～37?09' north latitude, east It borders the Yellow Sea to the south, Yantai City to the northeast, Weifang City to the west, and Rizhao City to the southwest. The city's total area is 10,654 square kilometers, of which the urban area (seven districts including Shinan, Shibei, Sifang, Licang, Laoshan, Chengyang, and Huangdao) is 1,102 square kilometers. It governs Jiaozhou, The five cities including Jimo, Pingdu, Jiaonan and Laixi cover an area of ??9552 square kilometers.
Natural Environment
Geology and Landforms Qingdao is a hilly seaside city with a terrain that is high in the east and low in the west. The north and south sides are bulging and the middle is low. The mountains account for about the entire city
15.5% of the area, 25.1% of the hills, 37.7% of the plains, and 21.7% of the depressions. The city's coast is divided into three basic types: rocky mountain coasts with alternating headlands and bays, muddy silt sandy coasts in mountainous bays, and sandy and gravelly coasts in bedrock. There are underwater shoals, modern underwater deltas and sea erosion plains on the shallow sea floor.
The geotectonic location of Qingdao is the secondary tectonic unit of the New Cathaysian Uplift Belt - the northeastern edge of the Jiaonan Uplift Area and the central and southern part of the Jiaolai Depression. The entire Paleozoic strata and part of the Mesozoic strata are missing in the area, but the Cretaceous Qingshan Formation volcanic rocks are fully developed and widely exposed in the city.
The magmatic rocks are mainly Yuejishan-type gneissic granite from the Jiaonan Period of the Proterozoic and Aishan-type granodiorite and Laoshan-type granite from the late Mesozoic Yanshan period.
The entire urban area is located on this type of granite, and the building foundation conditions are excellent. The structure of this area is dominated by fault structures. Since the Tertiary Period, the area has been dominated by
fault block uplifts that are relatively stable as a whole, and the magnitude of the rise is generally not large.
Mountains There are roughly three mountain systems in the city. To the southeast is the Laoshan Mountains, which are steep and steep, with the main peak at an altitude of 1132.7 meters. It stretches from Laoding to the west and north to
Qingdao urban area. To the north is Daze Mountain (736.7 meters above sea level, including all mountains in Pingdu and some peaks in Laixi). In the south is the Jiaonan Mountain Group, which consists of Dazhu Mountain (elevation 486.4 meters), Xiaozhu Mountain (elevation 724.9 meters), and Tiezhu Mountain (elevation 595.1 meters). The mountains in the urban area include Fushan (384 meters above sea level), Taiping Mountain (150 meters above sea level), Qingdao Mountain (128.5 meters above sea level), Signal Mountain (99 meters above sea level), and Fulong Mountain (86 meters above sea level). , Cushui Mountain (elevation 80.6 meters), etc.
Rivers There are 224 large and small rivers in the city, all of which are rain source types in the monsoon area, and most of them are mountain streams that flow independently into the sea. There are 33 larger rivers with a drainage area of ??more than 100 square kilometers. According to the water system, they are divided into three major water systems: Dagu River, Beijiao Lai River and coastal rivers.
The Dagu River system includes the main stream and its tributaries. The main tributaries are Xiaogu River, Wugu River, Liuhao River and Nanjiao Lai River. The Dagu River is the largest river in the city. It originates from Fushan, Zhaoyuan City, flows into Qingdao from north to south, passes through Laixi, Pingdu, Jimo, Jiaozhou and Chengyang, and enters Jiaozhou South Pier Village.
Sea. The main stream has a total length of 179.9 kilometers and a drainage area of ??6131.3 square kilometers (including 1500 square kilometers of the South Jiao Lai River Basin). It is the largest water system in the Jiaodong Peninsula.
The annual average runoff of the Dagu River is 661 million cubic meters. Before the 1970s, the river's runoff had strong seasonality and floods surged in summer.
There was water all year round. In the late 1970s, except for the flood season, the middle and lower reaches had stopped flowing.
The Beijiao Lai River system includes the mainstream Beijiao Lai River and various tributaries. The main tributaries in Qingdao include Ze River, Longwang River, Xian River and Baisha River.
The total drainage area 1914.0 square kilometers. The Beijiaolai River originates from the northern foot of the watershed in Yaojia Village, Wanjia Town, Pingdu City, goes north along the boundary between Pingdu City and Changyi City, and exits at Damiaojia Village, Xinhe Town, Pingdu City, and flows into Laizhou Bay. The total length of the main stream is 100 kilometers, and the drainage area is 3978.6 square kilometers. The river's multi-year average runoff
is 253 million cubic meters, and its multi-year average sand content is 0.24 kg/cubic meter.
Coastal rivers refer to rivers that flow into the sea alone. The larger ones include Baisha River, Mo River, Wanggezhuang River, Baima River, Jili River, Zhoutuan River, and Yanghe River
wait.
The total length of the city’s coastline (including the coastline of its islands) is 862.64 kilometers, of which 730.64 kilometers are mainland coastline, accounting for
1/4 of the coastline of Shandong Province.
The coastline is zigzag, with alternating headlands and bays with an area of ??more than 0.5 square kilometers. From north to south, there are T-shaped Bay, Castanopsis Bay, Yanyan Bay
(also known as Hengmen Bay), Laoshan Bay (also known as Beishan Bay) Bay), Xiaodao Bay, Wanggezhuang Bay, Qingshan Bay, Yaodao Bay, Taiqinggongkou, Liuqinghe Bay, Laoshankou,
Shazikou Bay, Maidao Bay, Fushan Bay, Taiping Bay , Huiquan Bay, Qianhai Bay (also known as Zhanqiao Bay), Jiaozhou Bay, Tangdao Bay, Lingshan Bay, Ligen Bay
And Guzhenkou, Zhaitang Bay, Dongjiakou Bay, Muguandao Bay, etc. ; There are 32 bays in Jiaozhou Bay, including Haixi Bay (including Xiaocha Bay and Xuejiadao Bay), Huangdao Qian Bay, Yindao Bay, Nugukou, and Cangkou Bay.
Qingdao City originally had 70 islands. In 1987, Zhaitang Front Island and Zhaitang Back Island were artificially connected to form Zhaitang Island. There are currently 69 islands. Among them,
Little Qingdao, Maidao, Tuandao, Tuandaobi, Huangdao and Jidao are artificial land-connected islands, and only 63 islands are surrounded by the sea. The total area of ??the 69 islands is
21.2 square kilometers, with a total coastline of 132 kilometers. Most of these islands are no more than 20 kilometers away from the mainland, and the farthest Qianliyan Island is about 64 kilometers away from the mainland. Among these 69 islands, only 10 islands have permanent residents.
Tidal Qingdao is a regular semi-diurnal tidal port, with two high tides and two low tides every lunar day (24 hours and 48 minutes). The tidal range is 1.9 to 3.5 meters, which is large.
The tidal range occurs 2 to 3 days after the first or second day of the lunar month. The tide level in August is generally 0.5 meters higher than the tide level in January. Qingdao Tide Gauge Station 1950~
The average tide level observed in 1956 was named "Mean Sea Level of the Yellow Sea", and its height was 72.289 meters below the national level origin of Qingdao Guanxiang Mountain. China
Since 1957, the elevation of land features in mainland China has been calculated from this zero point.
Climate Qingdao is located in the north temperate monsoon region and has a temperate monsoon climate. Due to the direct regulation of the marine environment and the influence of the east
south monsoon, sea currents and water masses from the ocean, the urban area has significant maritime climate characteristics. The air is humid, the rainfall is abundant, the temperature is moderate, and the four seasons are clear. The temperature rises slowly in spring, 1 month later than inland; the summer is hot and humid, rainy, but not sweltering; the autumn is high and crisp, with less precipitation and strong evaporation; winter
is windy, low and lasts a long time . According to the meteorological data of more than 100 years since 1898, the urban annual average temperature is 12.7℃, the extreme high temperature is 38.9℃ (July 15, 2002), and the extreme low temperature is -16.9℃ (January 1931). July 10). August is the hottest month of the year, with an average temperature of 25.3℃; January is the coldest month, with an average temperature of -0.5℃. The annual average number of days with the daily maximum temperature above 30℃ is 11.4 days; the annual average number of days with the daily minimum temperature below -5℃ is 22 days. The annual average precipitation is 662.1 mm, and the rainfall in spring, summer, autumn and winter accounts for 17%, 57%, 21% and 5% of the annual precipitation respectively. The maximum annual precipitation is 1272.7 mm (1911) and the minimum is only 308.2 mm (1981). The annual variability of precipitation is 62%. The average number of snowfall days per year is only 10. The average annual air pressure is 1008.6 millibars. The annual average wind speed is 5.2 meters/second, with south-east wind as the dominant wind direction. The annual average relative humidity is 73%, with the highest in July at 89% and the lowest in December at 68%. Qingdao has many and frequent sea fogs, with an annual average of 51.3 days of thick fog and 108.2 days of light fog.
According to the second national soil census land classification system, soil in Qingdao mainly includes brown soil, sandy ginger black soil, fluvo-aquic soil, cinnamon soil, saline soil, etc.
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Brown soil covers an area of ??493,700 hectares, accounting for 59.8% of the total soil area. It is the most widely distributed and largest soil type in the city and is mainly distributed in mountains, hills and piedmont plains. , the degree of soil development is affected by the terrain location, and is divided into 3 soil genera from high to low: brown soil, brown soil, and tide brown soil.
Brown soil soil is due to the high terrain location and slope. Large, thin soil layer, heavy erosion, low fertility, mostly used for forestry and animal husbandry. Brown soil and tidal brown soil are the main soils for growing food and cash crops in Qingdao.
The area of ??sand ginger black soil is 176,900 hectares, accounting for 21.42% of the total soil area. Mainly distributed in shallow flat depressions in southern Laihai, southwest Pingdu, northwest Jimo, and northern Jiaozhou. This type of soil has deep soil layers, clay soil texture, light soil to heavy soil, poor physical properties, uncoordinated water, air and heat conditions, and low available nutrients.
The fluvo-aquic soil area is 144,900 hectares, accounting for 17.55% of the total soil area.
Mainly distributed in the flatlands along the lower reaches of the Dagu River, Wugu River and Jiaolai River.
Due to the different distances from the river, the soil texture and soil structure vary greatly. Offshore areas are often affected by sea salt to form salinized fluvo-aquic soils, with large differences in soil fertility
and utilization directions.
The cinnamon soil area is 6333.33 hectares, accounting for 0.77% of the total soil area. Scattered in the middle and upper parts of the limestone residual hills in Pingdu, Laixi and Jiaonan.
The saline soil area is 3666.67 hectares, accounting for 0.44% of the total soil area, and is distributed in various coastal lowlands and coastal beaches.
Historical evolution
The Qingdao area used to be called Jiaoao. In 1891 (the seventeenth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), the Qing government stationed troops and set up offices here, marking the beginning of the construction of Qingdao. In 1897,
Germany used the "Juye Mission Case" as an excuse to send troops to occupy Jiao'ao. After the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Japan replaced Germany in military colonization of Jiao'ao.
rule. In 1919, the issue of Qingdao's sovereignty triggered the famous "May 4th" movement, forcing Japan to sign the "Treaty for the Resolution of Shandong Unsolved Cases" with the Chinese government in 1922. In the same year, China took back Jiao'ao and placed it directly under the Beiyang Government. In 1929, the Nanjing National Government took over the Jiao'ao Commercial Port.
Qingdao Special City was established in July of the same year and was renamed Qingdao City in 1930. In 1938, Japan invaded Qingdao again. In 1945, the Kuomintang government took over Qingdao with the support of the United States and it remained a special city. Qingdao was liberated on June 2, 1949 and became a municipality under the jurisdiction of Shandong Province. In 1981, Qingdao was listed as one of the country's 15 economic center cities; in 1984, it was listed as one of the country's 14 coastal port cities that were further opened to the outside world; in 1986,
The State Council officially approved Qingdao to be listed separately in the national plan, granting it considerable provincial-level economic management authority; in 1994, it was listed as one of the 15 sub-provincial cities in the country
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Topography
Qingdao is a hilly seaside city. The terrain is high in the east and low in the west. The north and south sides are bulging and the middle is low. The mountains account for about 15.5% of the city's total area.
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Hills account for 25.1%, plains account for 37.7%, and depressions account for 21.7%. The city's coast is divided into three basic types: rocky mountain coast with alternating headlands and bays, muddy silt sandy coast in mountainous bays, and sandy and gravelly bedrock coast. There are underwater shoals, modern underwater deltas and sea erosion plains on the shallow seabed. There are roughly
3 mountain systems in the city. To the southeast is the Laoshan Mountains, which are steep and steep. The main peak is 1132.7 meters above sea level. It stretches from Laoding to the west and north to the urban area of ??Qingdao. To the north is Daze Mountain, and to the south is the Jiaonan Mountain Group consisting of Dazhu Mountain, Xiaozhu Mountain, and Tiezhu Mountain. The mountains in the urban area include Fushan Mountain, Taiping Mountain, Qingdao Mountain, Signal Mountain, Fulong Mountain, Chushui Mountain, etc. There are 224 large and small rivers in the city, all of which are rain source types in the monsoon area, and most of them are mountain streams that flow independently into the sea. There are 33 larger rivers with a drainage area of ??more than 100 square kilometers. According to the water system, they are divided into three major water systems: Dagu River, Beijiao Lai River and coastal rivers. The total length of the city's coastline (including the coastline of its islands) is 862.64 kilometers, of which the mainland coastline is 730.64 kilometers, accounting for more than a quarter of the coastline of Shandong Province.
Administrative divisions
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the administrative divisions of Qingdao have changed significantly. At the end of 1949, it was Shinan District, Shibei District, Taixi District, Taitung District, Sicang District, Licun District, and Fushan District. In June 1951, the Laoshan Office of Jiaozhou District was placed under the leadership of Qingdao City and renamed Laoshan Suburban Office; in August, Sicang District and Fushan District were abolished and Sifang District and Cangkou District were established. In June 1953, the Laoshan Suburban Office was renamed Laoshan Suburban People's Government. At the end of 1958,
Jiao County and Jiaonan County in Changwei Prefecture and Jimo County in Laiyang Prefecture were placed under Qingdao City. In May 1961, Jimo, Jiaonan and Jiaoxian were separated; in October, Laoshan County was established from the administrative area of ??the original Laoshan suburb and returned to Qingdao City. In December 1962, Taixi District was abolished and its jurisdictions were merged into Shinan and Shibei Districts. In November 1978, Jimo County in Yantai Prefecture, Jiao County, and Jiaonan County in Changwei Prefecture were added to Qingdao City; Huangdao District of Qingdao City was newly established.
Its jurisdiction includes the areas drawn from Jiaonan County There are three communes: Huangdao, Xuejiadao and Xin'an. In August 1983, Laixi County in the Yantai region and Pingdu County in the Weifang region were placed under Qingdao City.
In April 1987, Jiao County was abolished and Jiaozhou City (county level) was established; in November 1988, Laoshan County was abolished and Laoshan District was established; in July 1989, Pingdu County and Jimo County were abolished and Pingdu City (county level) and Jimo City (county level) were established; in December 1990, Jiaonan County and Laixi County were abolished, and Jiaonan City (county level) and Laixi City (county level) were established. class). In the first half of 1994, major adjustments were made to the urban administrative divisions. On the premise that the total number of municipal districts remained unchanged, Taitung District, Shibei District and Sifang District Wujiacun Subdistrict Office and Cuobuling Subdistrict Office were The offices were reorganized and merged to establish a new Shibei District; Laoshan District was greatly adjusted. Part of it was established as New Laoshan District, part of it was established as Chengyang District, and part of it was merged with Cangkou District to establish Licang District. . After this urban administrative zoning adjustment
the district-level organizational structure is: Shinan, Shibei, Sifang, Licang, Laoshan, Chengyang, Huangdao and other seven districts. At the end of 2003, it governed the above seven districts
and five cities (county level) including Jimo, Jiaozhou, Jiaonan, Pingdu and Laixi.
Population and Ethnicity
Qingdao City currently governs seven districts: Shinan, Shibei, Sifang, Licang, Laoshan, Huangdao, Chengyang, Jimo, Jiaozhou, Jiaonan, and Pingdu , Laixi five cities,
The total area is 10,654 square kilometers, the total registered population of the city is 7.6292 million, in addition to the Han, there are more than 50 ethnic minorities such as Manchus, Hui, and Koreans living there
< p> tribe, more than 39,600 people. Shinan District is where the Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government are located.Economic Development
According to preliminary calculations, the city's gross product (GDP) in 2009 was 489.033 billion yuan, an increase of 12.2% over the previous year based on comparable prices.
The proportion of the three industries was adjusted from 5.1:50.8:44.1 in the previous year to 4.7:50.1:45.2. In 2009, the city’s total fiscal revenue reached 146.36 billion yuan
an increase of 16.9% ; The general budget revenue of local finance was 37.7 billion yuan, an increase of 10.1%; the general budget expenditure of local finance was 43.36 billion yuan, an increase of 17.4%. Tax revenue maintained steady growth. The national tax system organized tax revenue (including customs collection) to be 79.261 billion yuan, an increase of 11.0%;
Local tax revenue was 22.399 billion yuan, an increase of 8.7%. Grain production increased. The city's grain sown area reached 529,200 hectares, an increase of 3.6%.
The total output reached 3.5391 million tons, an increase of 6.1%. At the end of 2009, the city's actual cultivated land area was 418,700 hectares, an increase of 0.2%. The city's industrial added value above designated size was 233.813 billion yuan, an increase of 14.9%. The city's fixed asset investment above designated size was 245.89 billion yuan, an increase of 25.3%. Qingdao
The total foreign trade import and export volume of the Qingdao region (including central and provincial companies) was US$44.851 billion, a decrease of 16.4%. At the end of the year, the balance of local and foreign currency deposits in financial institutions was 650.454 billion yuan, an increase of 161.946 billion yuan from the beginning of the year; the balance of various RMB deposits was 630.198 billion yuan, an increase of 157.787 billion yuan from the beginning of the year.
Financial institutions The balance of domestic and foreign currency loans was 526.858 billion yuan, an increase of 120.553 billion yuan from the beginning of the year; the balance of various RMB loans was 487.353 billion yuan, an increase of 112.976 billion yuan from the beginning of the year.
Sports and health
The sports industry is developing rapidly. It successfully hosted some events of the 11th National Games and was awarded the title of Best Competition Area of ??the 11th National Games by the 11th National Games Organizing Committee.
Athletes in the city won 233 gold medals, 166.5 silver medals and 180 bronze medals in various competitions. ***Breaked 1 national record. The city***
has 6 professional sports teams, 7 key sports schools with 1,858 students, and 12 professional sports schools. Mass sports and the sports industry have made great progress.
The health care service system is constantly improving. At the end of the year, there were 2,019 health institutions (including clinics) in the city, including 252 hospitals and health centers, 24 health and epidemic prevention institutions, 12 maternal and child health institutions, outpatient departments (institutions), and health care institutions. There are 1,577 health centers and medical clinics. At the end of the year, there were 48,000 health technicians of various types, including 16,700 doctors. The city has 32,800 medical beds, including 26,600 hospital beds and 6,200 beds in health centers and community health service institutions.
Science and technology education
Science and technology undertakings have further developed.
In 2009, the city's high-tech industries achieved an output value of 442.753 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 17.8%, accounting for 46.51% of the total output value of industries above designated size; the city's R&D investment is expected to reach 10.5 billion yuan, accounting for 2.1% of GDP. About %; Strive for 775 million yuan in national science and technology funding throughout the year; 8,754 patent applications were filed in the city, a year-on-year increase of 4.6%, and 4,432 patents were authorized, including invention patent applications
2197 items and 552 authorized items, a year-on-year increase of 6.1% and 36.6%; won 7 National Science and Technology Awards, including 1 First Prize for National Technology Invention, 1 First Prize for National Science and Technology Progress, and 1 National Science and Technology Progress Award. 5 second prizes for progress and 88 provincial science and technology awards. Education has developed steadily.
Culture and Art
Coordinated development of culture, publishing, radio and television. There are 458 cultural institutions of various types in the city. Among them, there are 33 theaters, 182 cultural centers (stations), 8 museums, 13 public libraries, 12 art performance groups, 1 radio station with 12 programs, 1 TV station There are 2.425 million cable TV users and 1.595 million digital TV users in the city. The city published 21.25 million copies of various magazines and 659.5 million newspapers. There are 13 archives offices in the city.
Infrastructure
Infrastructure construction is constantly improving. The length of highways open to traffic has reached 16,223.9 kilometers, of which expressways and first-class highways have reached 702.6 kilometers and 1,000 kilometers respectively, continuing to rank first among the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the province and the country. New progress has been made in port construction. The city has 66 berths of 10,000-ton capacity and above. The city has completed port throughput, foreign trade throughput and container throughput of 320 million tons, 220 million tons and 10.28 million TEUs, ranking first in the city. Ranked fifth, third and fifth in the country. Air transport capacity continues to improve. In 2009, the throughput of air passengers, cargo and mail was 9.66 million passengers and 135,400 tons, a year-on-year increase of 17.8% and 3.75%. The postal and telecommunications industry has grown rapidly.
Tourism resources
Qingdao is surrounded by mountains and sea, with beautiful scenery, warm winters and cool summers, and a pleasant climate. It is a national historical and cultural city, one of the first batch of outstanding tourist cities in China, and the first
Awarded as a national civilized city and a city hosting the 2008 Olympic sailing competition. The old city with "red tiles, green trees, blue sea and blue sky" complements the modern new city in the east. The coastal walkway that runs through the city from east to west connects Zhanqiao, Xiao Qingdao, Xiaoyu Mountain, Underwater World, No. 1 Bathing Beach, Badaguan Scenic Area, May Fourth Square, Olympic Sailing Center, Silver Sea Yacht Club, Polar Ocean World, Shilaoren Beach and other major tourist attractions are connected together to form a unique seaside scenery gallery. The former site of the German Governor's Palace in the old city, Pichai Courtyard on Zhongshan Road, Tsingtao Beer Museum, wine shop, and German Style Street are all tourist attractions. Qingdao has national-level Laoshan Scenic Area, Seaside Scenic Area and other scenic spots. The Badaguan Building Group is known as the "Architecture Expo of All Nations". The suburbs of Qingdao are rich in natural ecological landscapes, cultural landscapes, and historical sites.
Langyatai, an ancient scenic spot, where you can watch the moon and watch the waves in Longwan. Qin Shihuang visited the east three times and was so happy that he never returned. Xu Fu set sail eastward to Japan; west of Tianheng Island
The five hundred martyrs of the Han Dynasty were buried together, which was very emotional and emotional; there are also the cliffs of Tianzhu Mountain, a national key cultural relic protection unit known as stone carving treasures
Stone carvings, Mashan Stone Forest, a national nature reserve, and the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods The ruins of the Great Wall of Qi, etc. In recent years, Qingdao has developed and built a number of new attractions,
such as Tianmu City, Phoenix Island Tourist Resort, Tangdao Bay Seaside Park, Development Zone Wildlife World, Zhushan National Forest Park, Jiaonan Langyatai
Scenic Area, Jimo Hot Spring Resort, Chengyang Baolong Plaza, International Crafts City, etc. In addition, Qingdao's exhibition industry is developed. Every year, China International
Consumer Electronics Expo, China International Fisheries Expo, Qingdao International Fashion Week, Asia Pacific Tourism Expo, etc. have developed into internationally renowned exhibitions.
In 2009, it received 40.0347 million domestic and foreign tourists, and the total tourism revenue reached 48.910 billion yuan.