Loquat decoction

Named by (thunb). )lindl。 English Name: Loquat Chinese Pronunciation: pí pá Compendium of Materia Medica: "Quench thirst, reduce qi, benefit lung qi, stop vomiting and resolve phlegm."

Edit this basic overview.

Loquat (scientific name: loquat; ; English name: loquat), the ancient Chinese name Lu Ju, also known as Jin Wan and Lu Zhi, belongs to a genus of Rosaceae, Apple Subsubfamily, and is a small evergreen tree. loquat

The crown of the tree is round and the trunk is quite short. Generally, trees are 3 to 4 meters high. The leaves are thick and dark green, with fluff on the back and serrated edges. Loquat originated in the southeast of China, so it is named after it looks like a pipa instrument. Loquat is different from most fruit trees. It blooms in autumn or early winter, and its fruit grows in spring to early summer, earlier than other fruits, so it is called "the only fruit tree with four seasons". Loquat has white or light yellow flowers, 5 petals, about 2 cm in diameter, and 5 to 10 flowers form a flag. Mature loquat fruits are also hung on the trees in rows, each fruit is 3 to 5 cm long and is round, oval or long "pipa-shaped". Loquat has a smooth surface, and its peel is generally light yellow, and some are dark, close to orange-red. The pulp is soft and juicy, and there are two kinds of white and orange; It's called "White Sands" and "Red Sands". White sand is sweet, and red sand is sour or quite sour. Each loquat fruit has five ovaries, three to five of which develop into brown seeds. Mature loquat has good taste and rich nutrition, and contains many kinds of fructose, glucose, potassium, phosphorus, iron, calcium and vitamins A, B and C, etc. Among them, the content of carotene ranks third among all fruits. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that loquat fruit has the effects of moistening lung, relieving cough and quenching thirst. Peel loquat when you eat it. In addition to fresh eating, there are batches of loquat meat made into canned sugar water or batches of loquat wine. loquat

Loquat leaf is also a kind of traditional Chinese medicine. It is dried into chunks and used as medicine. It has the functions of clearing away lung-heat and stomach-heat, reducing qi and resolving phlegm, and is often made into "Chuanbei Pipa Ointment" with other medicinal materials. But loquat, like other related plants, is slightly toxic in seeds and new leaves, and will release a small amount of cyanide when eaten raw. But because of its bitter taste, it is generally not enough to cause harm. Loquat can bear fruit normally in the place where the annual average temperature is above 15 degrees Celsius, and can grow in the area where the average temperature is above 12 degrees Celsius, with strong cold resistance. Adult trees can resist the low temperature of-18℃, flowers can resist the low temperature of -4℃, the flowering period is long, and the total freezing damage is small. In addition, loquat does not require high soil and sunshine, and it is cut down all over China south of Huaihe River. Except China, loquat is cut in Japan, the United States (Hawaii and California), India, Brazil, Israel, Turkey and Spain. Among them, the history of planting loquat in Japan has exceeded 1000 years. Loquat has beautiful tree shape, rapid growth and green leaves, and has been cut into horticultural ornamental plants in many places. The English name of loquat comes from the Cantonese transliteration of Lu Ju. Su Shi's poems also mentioned this kind of fruit: "The four seasons in Luofu Mountain are spring, and the red oranges and waxberries are new. Three hundred lychees a day, I will grow up to be a Lingnan person. "

Edit the morphological characteristics of this paragraph

Small evergreen trees of Eriobotrya in Rosaceae. Branchlets densely covered with rusty tomentose. The leaves are leathery, oblanceolate, obovate to oblong, with a sharp or acuminate apex, a wedge-shaped or acuminate petiole at the base, sparse serrations at the upper edge, wrinkled green surface and loquat on the back.

Face and petiole are densely covered with gray-brown fluff. Panicle terminal, pedicel and calyx tube rust, white fragrant flowers. Flowering period 165438+ 10 to February of the following year. The fruit is spherical or rectangular, yellow or orange. The fruit ripens in May-June.

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Subtropical tree species are native to Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hunan, Hubei, Zhejiang and other provinces in western China. Most provinces south of the Yangtze River are cultivated as fruit trees, and Dongting in Jiangsu and Xiao Yun in Fujian are famous loquat producing areas. Yunxiao County, Fujian Province, also known as the hometown of loquat in China, holds a large-scale loquat festival party on March 28th every year. Loquat is a rare fruit endemic to southern China. For more information, search the loquat tree base, bud in autumn, blossom in winter, bear fruit in spring, mature in early summer, and bear rain and dew at four o'clock, so it is "the only time in the fruit"; Its pulp is soft and juicy, sweet and sour, and delicious, and it is known as the "king of fruits". According to the analysis of Nutrition Department of China Academy of Medical Sciences, the edible part of loquat fruit contains 0.4g of protein, 0. 1 g of fat, 7g of carbohydrate, 0.8g of crude fiber, 0.5g of ash, 22mg of calcium, 32mg of phosphorus, 0.3mg of iron, 3mg of vitamin C and 0. 33mg of carotenoid/kloc-0. Loquat is not only delicious and nutritious, but also has high health care value. Compendium of Materia Medica records that loquat can moisten the five internal organs and nourish the heart and lungs. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that loquat fruit has the effects of eliminating phlegm and relieving cough, promoting fluid production and moistening lung, clearing away heat and invigorating stomach. Modern medicine has proved that loquat fruit is rich in anti-cancer substances such as vitamins, amygdalin and resveratrol. Entering early summer is the season when loquat matures. Loquat is not only delicious, but also nutritious. According to analysis, its main components are sugar, protein, fat, cellulose, pectin, carotene, tannin, malic acid, citric acid, potassium, phosphorus, iron, calcium and vitamins A, B and C, etc. Among them, carotene is rich, ranking third among fruits. It is also rich in sugar, mainly composed of glucose, fructose and sucrose. In addition, the rich vitamin B in loquat plays a very important role in protecting eyesight, keeping skin healthy and moist, and promoting children's physical development. Loquat is cool, sweet and sour, and has the effects of moistening lung, relieving cough, quenching thirst and stomach. Commonly used for dry throat, polydipsia, cough and vomiting blood, hiccup and other symptoms. Not only the pulp of loquat can be used as medicine, but also its core, leaves and roots have medicinal value. Fresh loquat, washed and eaten raw, can treat discomfort such as dry mouth and polydipsia. In addition, wash and peel 50 grams of fresh loquat, add 5 grams of rock sugar, and take it after boiling for half an hour, which is especially effective for sore throat caused by tonsillitis. Loquat slimming Loquat is rich in crude fiber and mineral elements. Every100g of loquat meat contains 0.4g of protein, 6.6g of carbohydrates, vitamin b 1 and vitamin C, which is a very effective fruit for losing weight. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the main way to lose weight is to strengthen the spleen, promote diuresis and eliminate phlegm, and loquat has these effects, so it is a good fruit to lose weight. Here are two ways to eat loquat: loquat cream raw materials: 500 grams of loquat meat and 600 grams of rock sugar. Method: Boil the rock sugar in boiling water until it melts, add loquat meat and continue to cook until it becomes thick paste. Ingredients of loquat porridge: 250g loquat meat, 50g japonica rice and appropriate amount of rock sugar. Method: Boil the rock sugar in water, then add the washed japonica rice and cook until the porridge is cooked. Add the processed loquat meat and cook for 10 minute. The scientific name of Loquat is Loquat, which is a dicotyledonous plant and an evergreen tree of Rosaceae. Its height can reach10m. The leaves are oval, alternate and serrated. The surface is shiny and there is thick hair inside. The fragrant white flowers began to bloom in 165438+ October. Fruits are oval, oval, round and other shapes. From May to July, when the orange-yellow fruit with rich aroma is ripe, the loquat in Huang Chengcheng is covered with branches in the lush mountains of Dongting Mountain. Some people call it "golden pill", while others call it "golden hammer". Shen Zhou in the Ming Dynasty said, "Who cast three hundred gold pills? The tire is a little wet and stained. From then on, there is no jade in the magpie, and the tin paste is cold. " . Aromatic fruits are very valuable, and there are loquats in seeds, leaves and trunks.

There are many uses. (Excerpted from HSBC Hotel Sanshandao Suzhou) Loquat

Edit the variety classification of this paragraph.

1. Regionally, loquat belongs to Rosaceae. There are more than 20 species of this genus, of which 14 comes from China. Most of them are native to the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River and southwest mountainous areas, mainly: 1. Loquat is a small evergreen tree with a height of 6 ~ 10 m, grayish brown trunk, rough new shoots, obovate or oblong leaves and nearly sessile. Panicle, small white flower, each with 5 calyx and 5 petals, most stamens, 5-lobed style, 5-loculed ovary, each with 2 ovules. The fruit is large, orange red or orange yellow. 2 ~ 6 seeds. All cultivated varieties belong to wood species. Xia Guo is characterized by flowers in winter. Native species are distributed in Hubei and Sichuan. 2. Taiwan Loquat Taiwan Loquat, also known as Hongye Loquat, is native to Hengchun, Taiwan Province Province. The leaves are thin, the fruit is small, round, ripe in 10, sweet, edible, effective in treating fever and weak in cold tolerance. Can be used as rhizome. Characterized by summer flowers and autumn fruits. Taiwan Province Province and Guangdong Province. 3. South Asia Loquat South Asia Loquat, also known as Yunnan Loquat, has native varieties in Yunnan and northern India. Evergreen tree The leaves are smooth, hairless and shiny on both sides, and the petiole is 2 ~ 3 cm long. These flowers taste of hawthorn. Fruit small, oval. 1 ~ 2 seeds. Xia Guo is characterized by flowers in winter. 4. Eriobotrya grandiflora is a native species in western Sichuan. The leaf margin is rolled back, with fine hairs first and then falling off, and the petiole is 2.5 ~ 4.0 cm long. The flower is large, with a diameter of 2.0 ~ 2.5 cm and 3 pistils. The fruit is large, nearly round, orange-red and smooth. 1 ~ 2 seeds. Distributed in Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and Fujian. It is characterized by spring flowers and autumn fruits. 5. Quercus leaf loquat is produced in Mengzi, Yunnan and western Sichuan. Little tree. The back of the leaves is densely covered with lodging gray hairs. The ovary is semi-superior. The fruit is small, oval, thin and edible. Monokaryon (1 seed). It is characterized by autumn flowers and Xia Guo. 6. Nujiang loquat Nujiang loquat is produced along the Nujiang River in Yunnan. Little tree. The surface of the leaves is bright, and the back of the leaves is yellow and fluffy. Fruit is spherical. Monokaryon (1 seed). Mature from June to August. It is characterized by spring flowers and autumn fruits. Second, other classifications loquat, cherry and bayberry are also known as the three sisters in early summer, with more than 200 varieties. On the maturity of loquat, it can be divided into three categories: early, middle and late. Early-maturing varieties will be listed in May, middle-maturing varieties will appear in large numbers in June, and late-maturing varieties can be extended to early July. According to the fruit shape, there are round fruit species and long fruit species. Generally, round fruit species contain more kernels, while long fruit species contain less or only one kernel. According to the color of fruit, it is divided into red meat species and white meat species. Red meat loquat is called "golden pill" because of its golden skin. For example, Lu You wrote in the Song Dynasty, "It is difficult to learn from the right door, and it is difficult to receive the golden pill from the son." White meat breeds loquat, the color is like jade, and the ancients called it "wax pill", just as Guo Zhengxiang wrote in the Song Dynasty, "Every loquat tastes sour, and northerners used to regard it as the core. I don't know what the real comparability is, and I am afraid of flying books to send wax pills. " The former has long life, strong tree potential and high yield, but its quality is not as good as the latter. The famous varieties are round species, egg red and so on. The growth and yield of Baisha loquat is not as good as that of Hongsha loquat, but its quality is excellent. The famous varieties are round planting, breeding and egg white. As far as varieties are concerned, red meat is easy to peel, sweet and suitable for canning. White meat is thin and thick, thin and sweet, suitable for fresh food. The famous loquat products are: "soft white sand" in Yuhang, Zhejiang Province, with white meat and sweet taste; The "liberation bell" in Putian, Fujian Province has thick and tender flesh and delicious juice; The "White Sands" in Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province is rich in quality, with juicy and delicate taste and fresh and sweet taste.

Famous varieties

1, Jiefangzhong: a famous variety, which was bred in 1949. The fruit is very large, with an average of 61.04g. However, due to poor early fruit, it is easy to crack and scorch after four years of planting, especially the flavor is light and sour, and the quality is obviously not as good as that of Dawuxing. Longquanyi District in Chengdu was eliminated in the mid-1980s, and the origin of Fujian has basically stopped developing. The new loquat area can be moderately developed, but it is not suitable to blindly expand the production scale. 2. Luoyang Qing: a famous domestic variety. The average fruit weight is 32. G, its high yield performance is good. However, the fruit has large acidity, small fruit shape, poor appearance and poor commodity performance, which can be developed into processed varieties in a moderate amount, but it is not suitable for blind introduction in areas where fresh food is the mainstay. 3. Dahongpao: The fruit shape is too small to develop. 4. Dongting Loquat: The average fruit weight is 30.2 grams, which is light in taste, less sour and sweet, and the quality is poor, so it is not suitable to expand the planting scale. 5. Zaozhong 6: an early-maturing variety with an average fruit weight of 25-30g. However, the fruit is light and the price is average. The development of Fujian, the origin of the product, has stopped, and the new area can be developed in small quantities. 6. White jade: The quality is good, but the fruit is small, with an average fruit weight of 25-30 grams. After over-ripening, the flavor becomes weak and can be moderately developed. 7. Changhong No.3: The single fruit weighs 34.05g, and the fruit is light, and the tree is prone to premature aging, which is not suitable for large-scale development. ZaoWuxing, the king of early-maturing loquat, was bred by scientific and technical personnel in Longquanyi District, Chengdu, with an average fruit weight of 66 grams, which is very early. In Chengdu, it generally ripens around April 10, about 20 days earlier than Dawuxing, which is equivalent to Zaozhong 6, but the average fruit weight is obviously one or two grades higher than Zaozhong 6, and other characters are basically the same as Dawuxing. The number of seedlings of this variety is very small and very precious. The King of Late-maturing Loquat —— Late Five Stars (Red Lantern) was selected from the seedlings of Man Mei Village on 1987 by scientific and technical personnel in Longquanyi District, Chengdu, with the original number of 87- 1-8. 200 1 was identified by experts and named Red Lantern. But in Longquanyi District, most fruit farmers call this variety "Late Five Stars" or "Late Five Stars". This kind of tree has medium potential and upright posture. The leaves are large and dark green, and the surface of new leaves is densely covered with white fluff (one of the important characteristics of this variety). Flowering is very easy and the yield is very high. After the fruits were picked, the flowering rate of summer shoots in that year was over 80%, with 5- 10 fruits per ear. Generally, flowers and fruits are tried in the second year after planting and put into production in the third year. The average yield of five-year-old trees is 25 kg, and that of 1 1 annual trees is 75 kg. According to11average planting calculation, the average yield of five-year-old orchard is 2750 kg. The yield of Zaozhong No.6 orchard was 16 1% higher than that of the same age orchard, and 136.2% higher than that of the same age orchard. The fruit is oval or nearly round, extra large, with an average single fruit weight of 65.3 grams. The peel is orange-red, the fruit surface has no rust spots or very few, and the fruit powder is of medium thickness, bright and beautiful. The pulp is orange-red and extremely thick, with an average meat thickness of 1.2 1 cm. The meat is tender, juicy and sweet. Tested by the Central Laboratory of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the soluble solid content was 13.5% and the edible rate was 76%. This variety has strong drought resistance, and the spring drought is serious in most years in Longquanyi District, Chengdu, while the late five-star orchard planted in the barren mountain area of Longquan Mountain can get a bumper harvest every year. This variety did not find fruit cracking or falling before harvest, nor did it produce sunburn fruit without bagging. But if you don't bag it, the sunburn will be very serious. This variety is extremely late-maturing, usually starting to mature in early June, and the latest batch of fruits can be harvested in late June, which is 20 days later than that of Dawuxing, and more than 10 days later than that of Jiefangzhong, a famous late-maturing loquat variety, which is conducive to filling the market vacancy and the market price is 50- 100% higher than that of Dawuxing. Late five-star loquat is one of the latest mature loquat varieties, which is currently in the early stage of development. Even in Longquanyi District of Chengdu, the current cultivated land area is less than 100 mu, and the production area is less than 50 mu. Huangwuxing, the latest improved variety, is newly bred. Its sweetness is slightly higher than that of Dawuxing, and its fruit calyx depression is smaller, and other characters are basically the same as Dawuxing. Dawuxing loquat, the king of loquat, is the latest variety bred by seedling selection in Longquanyi District, Chengdu. Big five-star is an important achievement of loquat breeding since the founding of the People's Republic of China. This variety has the following characteristics: ① The fruit is large and the commodity performance is good. After fruit thinning, the average fruit weight was 8 1g, and the maximum fruit weight was 194g. It is the largest loquat variety in China at present, with five-star fruit surface and extremely beautiful appearance. It is obviously better than Jiefangzhong, Luoyang Qing and other famous varieties (the latest test on May 9, 200 1 year, after strict fruit thinning, the average fruit weight is 80.9 1g, and the maximum fruit weight is 206g in the orchard without fruit thinning, the average fruit weight is 66 g, and the maximum fruit weight is 173 g). ② The tree has moderate potential, good early fruiting performance and high yield. Generally, flowers and fruits are planted in the second year after planting, which is two years earlier than the production time of Jiefang Bell. If 222 plants or 1 1 1 plant are planted per mu, the yield per mu can reach 5000 kg. However, in order to ensure the commodity performance of this variety, a large number of flowers and fruits need to be thinned every year, generally more than 2/3 of them should be thinned, and the yield per mu can be maintained at 2000 kg. In addition, the stable production performance is also good. Under the normal management level, there are almost no inconspicuous years or years. (3) Sweet flavor, high sugar content and excellent quality, which overcomes the sour taste of Jiefangzhong. Sugar 1 1.5- 12.6 degrees, soluble solids 13.5- 14.8%, and its flavor is obviously better than other famous varieties in China, so it is the best variety to produce high-grade fresh loquat. On May, 2000 15- 16, a large company visited the five-star loquat in Longquanyi and Tongliang after inspecting the loquat producing areas in Fujian, Zhejiang and other countries. The sugar content of Dawuxing fresh fruit reached 13.2 degrees by its own sugar analyzer, so Dawuxing was given the highest evaluation, and it was considered that it was the best variety with comprehensive properties at present. ④ Strong stress resistance, wide adaptability, simple management, few pests and diseases, and low production cost, which is suitable for the vigorous development of loquat producing areas in southern China. According to the feedback from the introduction and trial planting in nine southern provinces, Dawuxing performed better than all local varieties in each province, and excelled in Guangdong and Guangxi, and its quality, flavor and yield obviously surpassed that of Sichuan, and it was not affected at all in the freezing injury at the end of 1999. ⑤ The fruit has high hardness, strong peel toughness and storage and transportation resistance. It can be stored and transported at room temperature for more than 10 days, and can be stored at cold storage for two months. If it is airlifted from Chengdu to Shanghai market, the good fruit rate can be kept above 99.5%. So it is beneficial to occupy the northern market. The fruit harvesting cycle is long, generally from the first batch of fruit harvesting to the end of fruit harvesting, up to more than 20 days, which greatly relieves the sales pressure. ⑥ High edible rate, golden color and beautiful appearance. According to the statistics of May 2000 12, the edible rate reached 75.62%, which was significantly higher than that of Jiefangzhong and Zaozhong No.6. In addition, the fruit surface is golden with few spots, which is beneficial to enter the supermarket as a high-grade fruit. ⑦ Off-season listing. Generally, it matures in Chengdu in early May, half a month earlier than Jiefang Bell. Southern Hunan, southern Guizhou and southwestern Jiangxi mature in late April, and Guangxi and Guangdong mature in mid-April. At this time, the immature fruit just fills the gap of other fruits, so the economic value is extremely high. This variety is newly bred, which is far superior to other famous varieties in appearance, single fruit weight, high yield, quality and stress resistance, such as Jiefangzhong, Luoyang Qing, Taicheng No.4, Dahongpao, Tanaka, Mao Mu, Zaozhong No.6 and Wei Sen Zaosheng. Won the silver prize of "99 Kunming World Expo" (the highest prize among loquat varieties). On June 10, 2000, the selected Big Five Star won the Golden Elephant Award of "2 1 Century Agricultural Science and Technology Achievements Expo" sponsored by Thailand Agricultural Economic Association and Taiwan Province Agricultural Products Development Research Center.

Edit the cultivation characteristics of this part.

Loquat (4 loquat) is native to subtropical zone and needs high temperature. It can grow normally when the annual average temperature is above 12℃, but the annual average temperature of economic cultivation should be 15 ~ 17℃, without severe cold weather. The flowering period of loquat is in late winter and early spring, and the low temperature in winter and spring will affect its flowering and fruiting. When the temperature is -6℃, it will cause freezing damage to flowers and young fruits at -3℃. Pollen begins to germinate above 10℃, and the most suitable temperature for pollen germination is about 20℃. However, when the air temperature or ground temperature is above 30℃, the growth of branches, leaves and roots is slow and poor. When the fruit meets the high temperature of 35℃ 7 ~ 15 days before picking, it is easy to cause sunburn injury and even lose its edible value. Loquat has low requirements on soil and wide adaptability. Generally, soil can grow and bear fruit, but loose soil with more sand or gravel grows better.

The cultivation method of editing this paragraph

First, the selection of gardens and land preparation for loquat planting should choose high-yield dry land with flat, deep, loose, fertile soil layer and rich organic matter for many years. Soil pH is the most suitable, and water source must be considered in land selection, so as to ensure that the orchard can be irrigated from June 165438+ 10 to May of the following year, and the transportation is convenient. It is not advisable to choose low-lying land that is easy to accumulate water. Before planting, plough deeply for more than 30cm. Second, the planting period should be planted in February ~ March under the condition of irrigation; No irrigation conditions should be planted in mid-June (early rainy season). The planting density is warm, and loquat trees grow fast. The planting density is 960.5 plants /hm and the spacing between plants is 3m×3.5m It can be put into production after three years of planting. Thinning after a certain number of years is beneficial to management and early high yield. Planting method From September to 65438+1October of the year before planting, a planting pit with a depth of 60cm, a mouth width of 80cm and a bottom width of 70cm was excavated under the condition of wet soil, and the topsoil and subsoil were stacked separately. 30kg farmyard manure or sugar mud and 0.8kg calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are applied to each planting pit as base fertilizer, which is mixed with topsoil and applied to the planting hole, and then the original subsoil is completely backfilled. Backfilling work must be completed two months before planting loquat seedlings, so that the base fertilizer can be fully decomposed and filled. Transplanted seedlings should be free of pests and diseases, with dark green leaves and developed roots. The joint thickness should be above lcm, and the joint should heal well, 45 ~ 50 cm above the joint (preferably with branches). When planting, the root neck of seedlings should be flush with the ground, not too deep, and some leaves and branches should be cut off to reduce evaporation. When planting, let the fine soil fully contact with the root system and compact the soil around the root system. Each plant must be watered with about 20l fixed root water, and then covered with a layer of fine soil after the water seeps down. Dry at 45-50 cm above the ground. Third, after strengthening the management of young trees, it is necessary to apply human manure with the concentration of 1 0% ~ 30% for 3 ~ 4 times every year; In the second year, farm manure or decomposed sugar mud 15 kg and compound fertilizer 0.8 kg were applied; Pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases, and apply appropriate amount of lime in acidic soil to promote the vigorous growth of young trees. For the stem tips of young trees, l branches are selected as the main branches, and 4 ~ 5 branches are left as the main branches of the first layer; The trunk grows at a distance of 50cm from the main branch of L layer, and 3 ~ 4 branches of the main branch of the second layer are cultivated by the germination promotion wheel. The trunk grows to a distance of 50 cm from the second main branch, then the core is picked to promote the germination of the verticillate branches and cultivate 3-4 main branches in the third layer; When the main branch grows to 70cm again, it is pulled into horizontal branches to remove the core, which promotes the germination of auxiliary main branches and dwarfs the crown. After two and a half years of culture, the branching reached 6 ~ 7 grades. After the stem is fixed uniformly, the number of primary branches is 4-5, which is used as primary branch cultivation. The primary branches are planted with 3-4 branches at a time to form secondary secondary branches, and then 2-3 branches are drawn from the secondary secondary branches to form tertiary backbone branches, and then the bearing branches are cultivated on the backbone branches. Circumcision promotes flower bud differentiation, while pulling branches and lightly breaking injured branches promote flower bud differentiation. In late June, cut 2 ~ 3 circles on the trunk, and apply 50 times of 50% thiophanate wettable powder to the wound to prevent bacterial infection. From June to July, all the main lateral branches with branch diameter 1cm or more and branch length of 70cm or more are pulled to an angle of 50 ~ 55 with the trunk, and the branches are pulled horizontally, so that the branches grow obliquely and droop slightly; Other branches are twisted and rubbed to change the growth direction of branches, which is beneficial to the formation of flower buds. 2.4.2 Fertilizer and water can promote the control of flower bud differentiation from June to August, without applying nitrogen fertilizer, and appropriately increasing the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; From June to August, before the flower bud is formed, if the growth of flourishing branches can not be controlled, the mixed solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and boric acid can be sprayed on the leaves for 2-3 times. From June to September, for loquat trees with vigorous growth, ditch should be opened to drain rainwater, reduce soil moisture, properly cut off some topsoil root groups, and reduce branch moisture. 2.4.3 Use regulators to promote and control flower bud differentiation. Using paclobutrazol (PP 333)0.5g/m soil, spraying l 000mg/l on the leaves, and treating it once on June 20th and 30th respectively. Or spraying paclobutrazol 1000mg/l once a month from June to August, so as to stop the growth of summer shoots quickly, increase the concentration of cell sap and c/n, and promote the formation of flower buds. Four. Fertilization management fertilizers are mainly organic fertilizer and balanced fertilization. The loquat orchard put into production is applied with 25 kilograms of farm manure and 2 kilograms of compound fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium 15% every year. Ears began to appear in September-65438+10, and the fertilization amount should account for 20% ~ 30% of the annual fertilization amount; After fruit thinning, the potassium fertilizer is mainly compound fertilizer, and the fertilization amount accounts for 20% ~ 30% of the annual fertilization amount; Before and after fruit picking 1 week, the nitrogen fertilizer is mainly combined with organic fertilizer, and the fertilization amount accounts for 40% ~ 50% of the annual fertilization amount. Five, thinning the ear, thinning the bud, thinning the fruit, bagging to use thinning the ear with too small crown width, improper position and too many buds. When the support shafts were just separated, most of the support shafts were cut off, leaving only two or three relatively strong support shafts in the middle; When we can distinguish whether the fruit is developing well or not, we should thin the fruit, leave more strong branches and less weak branches, and leave young fruits in the middle of the ear, with similar flowering periods and the same size, which is not suitable for dispersion. 3 ~ 5 grains per panicle in Zaozhong 6 and Jiefangzhong with large fruit type; Medium-fruited Changhong No.3 has 4 ~ 6 grains per panicle. Spray insecticide and bactericide after the last fruit thinning, and make a paper bag with appropriate size with kraft paper for ear bagging. When bagging, make the paper bag bulge to prevent the fruit from touching the paper bag, and tie the bag mouth tightly with thin iron wire. 6. The main pests and diseases in pest control are leaf spot, leaf blight, brown rot of branches, loquat shoot-breaking insect, pear moth, red spider and bat. In order to prevent leaf spot and leaf fouling, we should start spraying fungicides to protect the leaves every time they grow to half. Generally, 0.5% ~ 0.6% Bordeaux mixture, 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 50% carbendazim wettable powder, 75% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder, or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder is 800~l 000. To prevent brown rot of branches, it is necessary to strengthen fertilizer and water management, enhance tree vigor, scrape off diseased spots and burn diseased skin as soon as possible, apply 200 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder to the scratched area, and then apply Bordeaux solution after drying to facilitate wound healing; If the lesion area is large and difficult to scrape off, a sharp knife can be used to cut an L-shaped wound on the bark every 2 cm deep, and the wound is coated with1:15 concentrated alkaline water. Non-diseased branches can be sprayed with 50% wettable powder 600 times every 15d, and controlled for three times in a row. In winter, the trunk was plastered with lime slurry, and 50% chlorpyrifos EC, 40% omethoate EC, 1, 000 ~ 1, 500 times and 5% nisolone wettable powder 1, 000 ~ 2,000 times were used to effectively control pests. Bats are mainly harmful to fruits, and they can be caught in orchards with sticky nets. Seven. Harvesting and treatment of loquat 2.8. 1 Fruits harvested at the right time are full in color, showing the inherent color of the variety, and are harvested when they are fully mature and have the best quality. Don't pick fruit in the hot sun. When picking fruit, be sure to handle it gently, hold the fruit handle with your hands and cut it carefully. The fruit handle is shorter than lcm, so as to avoid rubbing the fruit surface and damaging the fruit, so as to avoid browning, affecting the appearance and reducing the commodity value. 2.8.2 After the fruit is picked, it shall be packed in the orchard according to the national standard (GB/TL 3867-92 "Loquat Fresh Fruit") or the buyer's requirements. 2.8.3 Transportation shall be fast, stable and low temperature. If possible, it is best to use cold chain system. (Selected from Longchuan Agricultural Information Network)