Scientific name: Ligustrum lucidum.
Ligustrum of Oleaceae.
Distribution: Northeast China, North China, Northwest China, Central China, Yanqing, Hebei Province, there are a large number of horticultural introduction.
Description: Deciduous or semi-evergreen shrub with pubescent branchlets and arched branches. Leaves are thin leathery, oval to obovate-oblong, hairless, blunt at the top, wedge-shaped at the base, entire, and slightly rolled outward at the edge; Petiole pubescent. Tapered tidbits; The flowers are white, fragrant and sessile, and the corolla lobes are as long as the tube; Anthers beyond corolla lobes. Drupe oval, purple-black. The flowering period is from July to August, and the fruit ripens in10-165438+10.
Like light, cold-resistant, drought-tolerant, and lax in soil requirements.
Propagation and sowing are the main methods, and soft branches or hard branches can also be used for cutting.
Garden use: mainly used for hedgerow planting; Its branches and leaves are dense and round, and it is often planted in the courtyard to watch; It is resistant to a variety of toxic gases and is an excellent anti-pollution tree species.
Planting techniques: Fraxinus mandshurica is an excellent bonsai material for stumps, and it is an evergreen or semi-deciduous shrub. However, it is difficult to find an ideal pile head because of its strong sprouting and overground parts. Therefore, it is very necessary to find a way to make it rapid prototyping. 1In the first ten days of May, 990, the author collected two water wax pile heads, with a total length of nearly feet, and the above-ground part was only a few inches long without any branches. The underground part is ancient and simple. The whole skeleton of the above-ground and underground parts is beautiful and has the characteristics of combining rigidity with flexibility. After the pile head is recycled, take the following cultivation and management measures to quickly form. 1, sand box buried height (sand ratio 2: 1). The exposed part is only about one inch, which germinates after half a month. Keep it to grow and put branches until September, and then keep it out of the box. Put it in the pot, densely covered with fibrous roots. Combined with pruning, all the leaves are removed to expose the underground part. Spray water on the pile head for half a month three times in the morning, middle and evening to induce autumn leaves. At this time, fertilization can be gradually applied to promote strength and prepare for overwintering. 2. All the leaves were picked again in the next spring. When the outdoor temperature is stable above 10℃, you can go out for the second spring fertilizer, then apply thin fertilizer frequently and maintain it normally, paying special attention to foliar fertilization and water spraying on the back of leaves. In this way, all the leaves can be picked again after standing. This work is carried out by pruning and hanging branches. Two leaves will sprout in half a month in summer to avoid water shortage and sunburn. It is necessary to increase the frequency of foliar water spraying, especially at night, in order to widen the temperature difference between day and night. After beginning of autumn, we can trim and hang the third leaf, topdressing and strengthening it to prepare for winter.
Water wax planting technology
First, seedling breeding
1. Selection of nursery land. It is advisable to choose sandy loam or light loam with flat terrain, good drainage, deep soil layer and loose fertility. It is not advisable to choose cohesive soil with low terrain and poor drainage.
2. Soil preparation and fertilization. Usually, deep ploughing is 20-25 cm in autumn, and 2500-5000 kg of decomposed manure is applied. At the same time, toxic soil made of 50% phoxim EC was used to control underground pests. In the spring of the following year, shallow harrow 15cm, thin harrow is even, the ground is flat, loose and fine, without bumps, roots and stones.
3. Seed germination. Before the soil is frozen, dig a seed pit in a cool and dry place with a depth of 1.0m, a width of 1.0m and a length depending on the number of seeds. L-2 seeds are soaked in warm water (40-50℃) day and night, and the water is changed once a day to make the seeds fully absorb water; Then mix it evenly with 2-3 times of wet river sand (the wet sand is sieved first, so that the wet sand will not come out in your hand). Before and after winter, spread wet sand with the thickness of 10cm at the bottom of the pit, then mix the seed sand and lay it flat in into the pit with a handful of corn stalks (fallen leaves) in the middle for ventilation. After the seed sand is paved, wet sand is paved about 20 cm away from the pit edge, and the ground is buried in a mound shape, and covered with a whole bundle of straw or a thick straw curtain for low-temperature stratification to accelerate germination. Take it out before sowing in the next spring, spread it on the straw mat in the lee and sunny place, turn it over 2-3 times a day, and spray warm water as appropriate to keep the seed sand moist. When the seeds have about 1/3 cracks, prepare to sow.
4. sow seeds. Spring sowing is generally used. When the depth is 5 cm and the soil temperature reaches 9- 10℃, you can sow, but the suitable temperature is 14- 15℃, around mid-May. Use border sowing, water enough before sowing, after the topsoil is slightly dry and loose, border sowing, row spacing L- 1.5-20cm, sowing amount per mu 8-10kg, covering soil thickness L-1.5cm, and covering grass.
5. Seedling management.
(1) irrigation. Before emergence, try not to water the head cover. Emerge about 6-7 days after germination, 10- 15 days. In the early stage of seedling growth, it is necessary to water a little for many times, and the bed surface should always be moist. After the seedlings come out, they should be weeded twice, and the grass should be removed to the row at 1. After the second emergence, all weeds should be weeded, on cloudy days or in the morning. After weeding, if the soil is dry, use a fine-eye watering can to spray water or artificial rainfall to keep the soil moist. When the seedlings grow lateral roots and true leaves, the amount of watering should be appropriately increased to meet the water demand of the seedlings as much as possible.
② Weeding and loosening the soil. After each watering and after the rain, if the topsoil is hardened, weeding should be combined with loosening the soil to keep the soil loose and the seedbed clean and free of weeds. Weed and loosen the soil 5-6 times a year.
Three seedlings. When the seedlings grow 2-4 true leaves, perform the first thinning, and after 15-20 days, perform the second thinning; When seedlings are fixed, 60-80 seedlings are left per square meter of bed surface, and the seedling yield is 20-30 thousand plants/mu. Water seedlings in time after thinning to prevent seedling roots from drying and affecting growth.
④ Topdressing. Generally, sufficient basic fertilizers (organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer) are applied. Topdressing is the main nitrogen fertilizer, and it is appropriate to use nitrogen fertilizer twice in June and July, and ammonium sulfate is 7.5- 10kg/ mu. Annual seedlings with a height of more than 30 cm, a ground diameter of more than 0.2 cm and a root length of 18 cm can leave the nursery.
6. Planting. For hedgerow planting, it is better to plant two-year-old transplanted seedlings in clusters.
Second, the maintenance and management of cultivation
1. Used for natural trimming and shaping.
First of all, we should observe the surrounding environment, lighting conditions, plant species, growth strength and its role in the garden, so as to be aware of it, and then trim and reshape it.
① Pruning and shaping due to tree potential. Young trees grow vigorously, mainly for shaping, so they should be cut lightly. Strictly control the erect branches, and peel off the upper buds when cutting oblique branches in winter to prevent the growth of erect branches. Through thinning, all pests and diseases, dead branches, artificially damaged branches and long branches are cut off. The upright branches of clustered shrubs should be picked from healthy branches to promote their early flowering.
Mature trees should make full use of three-dimensional space to promote more flowers. When pruning during dormancy, the appropriate parts below the autumn shoots should be shortened, some roots and tillers should be selected year by year, and some old branches should be thinned out to ensure that the branches are constantly updated and maintain a complete plant shape.
The old and weak trees are mainly rejuvenated, and the method of heavy and short cutting is adopted to concentrate nutrition on a few axillary buds, germinate strong branches, and timely remove weak branches, diseased branches and dead branches.
② Trimming and shaping according to time. According to the pruning period, it can be divided into winter pruning (dormant pruning) and summer pruning (pruning after flowering). Winter pruning is generally carried out during the dormant period. Summer pruning is carried out after flowering, with the purpose of inhibiting vegetative growth, increasing the whole plant illumination, promoting flower bud differentiation and ensuring the next year's flowering. Pruning in summer should be done sooner rather than later, which is beneficial to control the growth of overgrown branches. If the pruning time is later, the upright branches have already formed. If space conditions permit, secondary branches can be produced by enucleation to increase the number of flowering branches.
③ Pruning and shaping according to growth habits and flowering habits. In spring in bloom, flower buds (or mixed buds) grow on biennial branches. The flower bud differentiated at the high temperature in the summer of the previous year, and then bloomed in the spring of the following year after the low temperature in winter. Therefore, pruning should be carried out when the leaf buds begin to swell after the flowers remain. The pruning part can leave 2 -4 full buds at the base of the flower branch for short cutting.
2. Used for pruning and shaping hedges.
Water wax is a tree species with strong germination ability, strong branching ability and pruning resistance. Strip-shaped close planting plays a role in preventing, beautifying, organizing traffic and separating functional areas.
The height of hedges depends on the objects to be guarded, including hedges (above 160cm), high hedges (120- 160cm), middle hedges (50- 120 cm) and short hedges (below 50cm). Pruning hedges is not only for neatness and beauty, but also to make hedges grow luxuriantly and for a long time. Hedges with different heights adopt different modeling methods, and there are generally the following two kinds.
① Green walls, high fences and flower fences are widely used. Properly control the height, prune the branches of diseases and insect pests, dead branches and dead branches, let the branches grow, make the branches closely connected, and improve the blocking effect. Hedges used for prevention are mainly natural pruning. Prune slightly after flowering to keep flowering, and prune dead branches and pests in winter. After bloom, it was pruned again. The new branches were thick and the hedges were tall and beautiful.
② Middle hedges and short hedges are often used to edge lawns and flower beds, or to organize people's flow. This kind of hedge is low. In order to be beautiful and enrich the landscape, geometric patterns are often used for trimming and shaping, such as rectangle, trapezoid, inverted trapezoid and wavy hedge surface. After the hedge is planted, the height of1/3 ――1/2 is cut off, and the flat lateral branches are trimmed, so that the height and lateral branches sprout out, forming a low wall with tight branches and dense leaves, showing three-dimensional beauty. Hedges should be trimmed 2-4 times a year, so that new branches appear constantly and old branches are updated and replaced. When pruning plastic hedgerows, we should give consideration to both the top and the side. If we don't trim the top and the side, the top branches will grow vigorously and the side branches will grow obliquely. From the cross section of the fence, it is better to use rectangle and trapezoid with big bottom and small top. The branches and leaves at the bottom and sides should have sufficient light and realistic ventilation, and the branches should not be allowed to grow at will and destroy the shape. They should be trimmed several times a year.
3. Used for pruning and shaping street trees.
Street trees are planted neatly on both sides of the road. In cities, street trees planted on main roads are mainly used to beautify the city appearance, improve the urban microclimate, increase temperature and decrease temperature in summer, retain dust and provide shade. Street trees require spreading branches, open crowns and dense branches. The crown shape depends on the overhead lines and traffic conditions of the planting site. On the main roads and general roads, regular tree crowns are used and trimmed to form three-dimensional geometric shapes such as cups and open hearts. Natural awnings can be used on roads or narrow lanes where no motor vehicles pass.
Generally, the trunk height of street trees should be 0.8m-1.2m. For suburban roads and streets, the trunk height can reach 1m- 1.5m or higher. After planting, the crown should be trimmed and enlarged every year, and the extension direction of branches should be adjusted to increase the shading and heat preservation effects. At the same time, we should also consider the configuration of the building.
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