How to grow plums?

Farmers of many kinds of plum trees often ask such questions. After searching a lot of plum cultivation techniques, I summarized the plum cultivation techniques and related knowledge in detail. Details are as follows:

Ripe red plums

Cultivation techniques of plum trees ①

First, the characteristics of seedling raising

Plum trees can be propagated by branching, seedling raising and grafting. However, in production, grafting propagation method is required, and its rootstock is cold-resistant variety, or pink and cherry, and the use of pink will dwarf the tree. Apricot was used as the rootstock of plum in the past production, but its compatibility and drought resistance were poor. Grafting can be carried out in the middle and late July.

Second, the characteristics of the park

Plum trees do not have high requirements for light, but they have high requirements for air temperature and soil temperature, so they can be planted closely and rectangular. Generally, the plant spacing is 4×5, 3×4 and 2×3 meters. For varieties with poor self-fruiting, pollination trees or mixed planting of 3 or 2 varieties should be arranged.

Three. Characteristics of soil management

Fertilization: under extensive management, plum trees have low yield, small fruit and poor varieties, so fertilization is necessary.

1) The period and method of applying base fertilizer are the same as those of golden apples.

2) Middle-late maturity varieties can be topdressing 2-3 times. Under the condition of sufficient application of base fertilizer, or once in the hard core stage of early-maturing varieties, the combination of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is the main nitrogen fertilizer in the first half of June. It has good effects on fruit growth and flower bud differentiation. For middle and late-maturing varieties with insufficient fertilizer in high-yield orchards or early stage, additional topdressing should be done in early July, with nitrogen fertilizer as the main topdressing, but the dosage should not be too large.

3) Fertilization: Fertilization after harvest can improve assimilation function, increase storage nutrition of trees, and fortunately improve flower bud quality and wintering ability. Nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer. If phosphorus fertilizer is insufficient, it can be applied in combination.

4) Trace elements: Generally, boron and zinc are often lacking.

When boron is deficient, 0. 1-0.5% boric acid can be sprayed before germination, flowering or full flowering.

Zinc deficiency can be sprayed with 4-5% zinc sulfate before germination.

2. Irrigation and drainage: Irrigation is concentrated in pre-germination, post-flowering and hard-core stage, which is divided into three times. Lack of water or too much water in the hard core stage is easy to cause fruit drop, so enough is enough.

Plum trees are afraid of waterlogging, so they must pay attention to drainage in rainy season, just like golden red apples.

3. Farming: including deep tillage, intertillage, weeding, ridging, intercropping and other soil management projects.

Tillage after each irrigation. After irrigation in early spring, the appropriate intertillage depth is 8- 10 cm, which is beneficial to soil conservation. After irrigation in the hard core stage, shallow tillage, about 5 cm, should be done to minimize root damage.

Weed before the rainy season. Weed only in autumn, not loosen the soil. After the shortage, the intertillage in the whole garden can be slightly deeper about 5- 10 cm, and gradually deepen outward.

Cultivate soil, properly cultivate soil around the trunk in autumn to protect the root neck from overwintering and reduce freezing injury.

During the period when intercropping crops was dominated by young trees, the principle and types of intercropping crops were the same as those of Golden Red Apple.

Fourth, plastic trimming:

The suitable tree shape of plum tree is naturally happy. Three main branches are selected to grow obliquely outward, and no large branches and large branches are left in the cavity.

1, tree structure

1) The dry height is about 30-4-cm.

2) The height of the tree is about 2.5-3.0m

3) The crown diameter is about 3m.

4) The number of main branches is 3 (one layer of main branches)

5) Main branch angle: cardinal number 50-55 degrees, waist angle 60-80 degrees, micro angle 45-50 degrees.

6) The number of intermediates: 3-4, the first side branch is 45-50 cm away from the trunk, the second side branch is 20-30 cm away from the first side branch, the third side branch is 80- 100 cm away from the second side branch, and the fourth side branch is 20-30 cm away from the third side branch.

7) The tertiary branch (secondary branch) starts from the base of the main branch, leaving one on the left side for 30-40 cm, and decreases from bottom to top.

8) Leave 1 four-level branches (fruiting branches) every 5-8 cm, mainly short branches, but also a few medium-long branches.

2. Shaping technology: 50-60 cm above the ground after planting (the erect variety is shorter and more open). The plastic band (15- 20 cm below the incision) should have strong leaf buds. Keep 4-6 new buds after germination, one branch for each node, and erase the rest.

Selection and retention of main branches: Three main branches are selected in the second year's winter shearing, and those with uniform distribution and directional examples are selected as main branches. The bottom angle is controlled at 50-60 degrees to balance the growth. After the main branch is determined, it should be cut according to its budding ability and branching ability. The length of the remaining branches of the varieties with weak budding ability should not exceed 60 cm, and the varieties with strong budding ability should not exceed 80 cm, so as to avoid bare belt. Don't leave the central leadership.

Selection and retention of lateral branches: in the third year, the extended branches of each main branch are appropriately shortened, and the lateral branches are selected and retained at the same time. The first lateral branch is 40-50 cm away from the base of the main branch, and the base angle is 50-60 degrees. In summer, when the main branch stretches back 50-60 cm, the secondary branch will be promoted by pinching the head. If proper secondary branches grow, they can also be used as lateral branches, and the rest will promote the formation of flower buds.

Pruning in the fourth year: in addition to shortening the main branches and side branches, the fruiting branches should also be shortened or properly retracted. Ensure a high yield and harvest.

March is the most beautiful day in the world. Come to Beiliu to pick plums! Spring is bright in March, and plum trees are everywhere.

Plum tree planting techniques ②

First, variety selection and garden building technology

There are many varieties of plum trees, among which the early-maturing varieties with good adaptability in the north and south of China are Hongmeiren, Yali 1, Japanese Plum King, Meili Plum, Annong Meili Plum, Japanese Sun God, Rose Queen, Saint Rose, Dashi Dayu, Australian Hongmei, etc., which have great market potential. The middle and late-maturing big fruit-shaped varieties mainly include black amber, Anguono, Royal Gem, American late-maturing plum, Guiling, President Li, Premier Li and Goddess. According to the characters of various varieties in production, the disease resistance of Heibaoshi plum is poor, so it is suitable to build the garden in the dry and cold climate of the Yellow River basin. Soils with more than 2.0% organic matter quality must be selected for planting black gems in the Yangtze River Basin. Choose 2-3 varieties for planting.

It is best to choose fertile and loose soil for plum tree planting. If the hills and slopes with poor soil properties are selected for garden construction, soil improvement should be strengthened before and after garden construction to improve the management level of fertilizer and water. When the garden is built, the plant spacing is 3-4×4-5 meters (33-56 plants are planted per mu), so as to determine the position of fallen trees and adjust the soil moisture. Gully should be deep, generally 20-30 cm, to facilitate drainage in rainy days.

Before planting seedlings, do a good job of planting slope at the planting position. The length, width and depth of the slope are 80×80×60 cm respectively. For hills and slopes with poor soil quality, the depth should be 80- 100 cm. In areas with high groundwater level, such as Jianghan Plain in Hubei Province, the depth of trees falling is shallow, and even a small pit with a depth of 20-30 cm is dug on the surface to plant seedlings. After the seedlings are planted, take soil from around and wrap the roots into steamed bread. No matter how deep the tree is, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied before planting. The types, standards and methods of base fertilizer can refer to the Technical Requirements for Cultivation of Annong Shuimi Peach.

Second, the management of soil, fertilizer and water.

Normal soil, fertilizer and water management can be carried out with reference to peach trees, but plum trees, especially foreign brown plums, such as black gem varieties, should pay more attention to applying base fertilizer and loosening soil to continuously improve soil organic matter content, otherwise garden management will be difficult and it will be difficult to receive high-quality plum fruits. In production, the application amount of miscellaneous manure (or manure, manure) per mu in autumn and winter should not be less than per mu 10000 kg, and each plant accounts for about 100- 150 kg, or even more. Gardens or young trees with good soil fertility, each of which is not less than 50 kilograms. If the base fertilizer is mixed with cake fertilizer or chicken manure, the application amount can be appropriately reduced, but the mixed livestock manure must be fully decomposed first, and it should be fully mixed with soil fertilizer when applied. It is very important for black gem plum varieties to use cake fertilizer or chicken manure instead of soil fertilizer.

Attention should be paid to the drought resistance of plum orchards, especially the middle and late maturing varieties. Especially in the fruit expansion period, water shortage has a great influence on yield and tree potential. When you build a garden on a hillside, you can use the terrain to build a pond and keep rainwater puddles.

Third, plastic and pruning techniques.

(1) plastic surgery

The shape of plum trees can be natural round head shape and slender spindle shape. Natural round-headed trees have a central trunk, with 3-5 main branches at the base and no second main branch. Side branches are arranged on the main branches in turn, and bearing branches or bearing branch groups and nutrient branches are planted on the side branches. Generally, varieties with high branching rate and strong branching ability, such as Angono, Saint Rose, Royal Gem, President Li, Japanese, Yali 1, are more suitable for adopting natural round head shape, as shown in Figure 8- 1. In the process of shaping, we should make more use of the means of pulling branches to make the main branches open, relieve the tree vigor and promote early fruit. Slender spindle-shaped trees are more suitable for varieties with high germination rate but low branching rate, that is, varieties with few branches, such as black gem plum and American late-maturing plum. The trunk of the tree is 50-60 cm high, the crown is 3-3.5 m high, and there are 10- 12 main branches (or fruiting branches) on the central trunk. The vertical distance between main branches should be kept at about 10- 15 cm, but the vertical distance between main branches on the same side should not be less than 50 cm, and the length of lower branches should be1-2m. The upper branches gradually become shorter, the upper part is pagoda-shaped and the whole tree is spindle-shaped.

It should be pointed out that plum varieties suitable for slender spindle-shaped trees can also be modeled according to the natural round head shape. For example, black gems, American late-maturing plums and so on. In the process of shaping, the method of shortening branches first and then extending the opening angle of branches can not only complete the tree shape ahead of time, but also improve the early yield.

(2) Pruning

Pruning plum trees should be classified according to their age, tree potential and variety habits. Generally, young trees should be cut lightly and put long. Except for a few extension heads of main branches and side branches, they must be cut short (the buds left outward), and other branches should be lengthened without cutting, so as to promote the formation of flower buds. Among them, varieties with strong branches (many branches), such as Anguo Nuo, should be thinned, that is, 4-5 main branches should be left in the first year of plastic surgery in winter, and redundant branches on the central trunk should be removed (thinned) to prevent too many main branches of young trees from disturbing the tree shape and affecting fruit bearing. For varieties with weak branching ability (few branches), such as black gem, American late-maturing plum, beautiful plum and so on. When young trees are reshaped, there may be a problem that the number of main branches is small in the first winter. You can appropriately cut short new shoots and then cultivate them as main branches. After 2-3 years, after the crown and main branches are cultivated in place, they can be used as long-term release treatment to promote the branches to be transformed into flowers and fruits as soon as possible. In the process of pruning young trees, methods such as pulling rope and dropping bricks should be adopted to widen the main branch angle, especially for varieties with weak branching ability and easy to grow together, such as black gem and beautiful plum, which is very effective for improving early yield.

Plum trees entering the full fruit stage should pay attention to regulating the relationship between vegetative growth and reproductive growth to prevent premature aging of the trees. It is necessary to control the yield, prune properly and increase the growth of new shoots. Maintain the vitality of trees and ensure high and stable yield.

Fourth, improve the fruit setting rate and promote high quality.

The flowering period of plum trees is easily affected by bad weather such as rainfall and cold air, and the problem of low fruit setting rate often occurs. To this end, we should pay attention to the following ways to solve:

1, planting pollinated trees correctly.

This is a prerequisite for high yield. When you build a garden, you should choose the collocation according to the affinity between varieties. Plum orchards without pollinated trees can introduce pollinated branches for high grafting. Generally, plants are grafted according to the ratio of 1/3, and each tree can be grafted with 1-2 branches. If black amber and black gemstone are pollinated with each other, black amber can also be pollinated by Yali No.1, Japanese Mei Wang and Odorada respectively. Plum can choose Yali 1 and Japanese Sun God Plum as pollination trees, and late-maturing plums from Angono and the United States and Royal Gems can pollinate each other. In production, only two or three varieties of plum that meet in flowering period are generally selected for planting in the same garden, which can solve the pollination problem and improve the fruit setting rate.

2. Spraying boron and releasing bees at flowering stage.

Like hybrid rape, spraying 0.3% boron fertilizer solution (100 kg of water to 3 Liang boron fertilizer, try to buy authentic boron fertilizer when buying boron fertilizer, so as not to affect the effect of inferior boron fertilizer) on plum trees at the initial flowering stage has a certain effect on improving fruit setting rate. If there are few bees flying in the garden during flowering, it is best to borrow 1-2 boxes of bees from professional beekeepers to the orchard, which can completely solve the pollination problem.

3. Irrigation before flowering

If there is drought in spring, the plum garden should be watered once 2 weeks before flowering, so that the bloom will be neat and vigorous.

4. Avoid rain and cold in flowering period.

In case of rainy days during flowering, if possible, a frame covering film can be covered on the crown to prevent the rain from washing away pollen. If there are fewer bees after the rain stops, artificial pollination can be carried out. You can use a feather duster to dust off the flowers of pollinated varieties and stick some pollen; Then brush the pollinated varieties with a hair duster that has been stuck with pollen, so that the flowers spread to the stigma within the pollinated varieties. Artificial pollination can be carried out once a day, preferably from 9 am to 5 pm every day, and artificial pollination can only be carried out after dew or rain dries.

Five, pest control

The main pests of plum trees are aphids, peach fruit borer, mulberry white scale, red spider and peach fruit borer, as well as red fungus perforation (serious gum dripping on branches) and red dot disease. Routine prevention and control should be done in production, such as clearing the garden in winter, cutting, collecting dead branches of pests and diseases, and centralized incineration. Before germination in spring (mid-March in central Anhui, the north and south should be advanced or postponed accordingly), the lime-sulfur mixture should be paved (see appendix). Doing this well is equivalent to 1/4 of pest control work throughout the year. On this basis, where conditions permit, we should do a good job in forecasting pests and diseases. When aphids occur, imidacloprid can be used to control them.

Bacterial perforation of plum trees should be regarded as a key disease and should be listed as the focus of prevention and control in production. These methods are as follows:

① Apply more organic fertilizers, especially soil miscellaneous fertilizers, to improve the soil and enhance the disease resistance of trees.

(2) Use agricultural streptomycin spray when you are sick (see the instructions for usage times). In case of glue leakage, the residue of stone sulfur mixture or crude stone sulfur mixture can be mixed with water for 2-3 times, and then the wound can be brushed with a hard brush dipped in medicine. If a small amount of quicklime is added to the lime-sulfur mixture to form lime slurry, the brushing effect will be better. Others can refer to the prevention and control of peach-related diseases and insect pests.