Introduction of grape varieties
First of all, Molly
Biological characteristics: it germinates in Jilin in early May, spreads its leaves in May 10, blooms in June 15- 19, and matures at the end of August. The fruit color is purplish red, and the single fruit weighs 5 grams, which can reach 8 grams after expansion treatment. The ear weight is 500- 1000g. The soluble solid content is 22%, which has a strong jasmine fragrance and excellent quality. The branches are extremely mature, and there is no freezing injury (cold 10 cm) in Jilin at MINUS 40 degrees, and the disease resistance is very strong. In 2005, it rained for more than 60 consecutive days, with light diseases and stable output. Suitable for planting in most areas.
Features: Strong cold resistance and disease resistance, similar to Peking University. Being a branch is good. Strong shade tolerance, natural growth, single grain weight of about 5 grams, ear weight of about 500 grams, soluble solid content of 20%. It has good palatability and strong jasmine fragrance. After expansion, the single grain weight is 8 grams, and the ear weight is 800- 1000 grams, which ripens in Jilin area at the end of August.
Variety characteristics: rain resistance, strong disease resistance and good branching. Cold tolerance. Excellent quality, some introduced seedlings can be provided in autumn 2007 and spring 2008.
Second, cold and sweet
Biological characteristics: European and American strains, with fluffy leaves on both sides, conical ear, single ear weight of 400-600g, round fruit, close planting, average single ear weight of about 4g, pink skin, crisp and juicy pulp, sugar content of about 22%, sweet taste, superior quality, strong tree vigor, high fruit setting rate and high double ear rate. It is the latest fine variety cultivated in open field and protected field. It matured in Jilin area on August 20th.
Variety characteristics: rain resistance, strong disease resistance and good branching. Cold tolerance. Excellent quality, natural seedless. Disadvantages: the fruit is slightly small and needs to be expanded.
Third, honey juice.
Biological characteristics: native to Japan, it is a hybrid of Olympia and Fredonia. It's a European-American hybrid. 198 1 year was introduced to China. This tree is full of vitality, flourishing, with green shoots and red stripes. Pink, yellow and white hairs are densely distributed from top to bottom on the edge of young leaves. Mature leaves are large and thick, the leaves are completely or shallowly 3-lobed, and the back of the leaves is densely covered with yellow-brown fine hairs. Petiole depressions nearly overlap. Tendrils are intermittently trigeminal. Inflorescence is large and bisexual. Mature branches are reddish brown, and the nodes are short and hard. The ear of fruit is cylindrical, and the fruit grains are densely planted, with an average ear weight of 300 grams and a maximum of 500 grams. The fruit is large, nearly round and purplish red, with an average grain weight of 6.78 grams and a maximum of 8 grams. The peel is thick, there are many fruit powders, and the peel and pulp are easy to separate. The meat is soft, juicy and sweet, with sugar content of 17.6% and acid content of 0.6 1%. Medium quality.
It germinates in Jilin and Harbin in early May, blooms in June 18-22, and matures around August 20. It takes about 1 10 days from germination to maturity, which is 10 days earlier than Jingya. It matured in Xingcheng area of Liaoning Province in early August. It is a cold-resistant, precocious, fresh-eating and juice-making variety. Results The branching rate was 95.8%, and the yield of each fruit branch was relatively high. The average yield per hectare is three years 14 160 kg, and 23,460 kg in five years. Suitable for shed shaping. Disease-resistant, moisture-proof, fruit storage and transportation resistance is slightly poor. Jilin Retail Price 3-5 yuan.
Fourth, Jing Ya.
Easy cultivation and management, good yield, shortcomings, high acidity in the initial stage of coloring. Fully mature, improved quality, sugar content 16%. In Jilin area, after denuclearization, the maturity can be advanced by 20 days, and the sugar content can reach 16%. The acidity decreased by 40%.
Five, a yue
Strong disease resistance and strong tree vigor, controlling the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and relieving tree vigor are the key to successful cultivation, with sugar content of 20%. Maturity is the same as that of Giant Peak.
Sixth, luck.
It is 10 day earlier than Kyoho, and its soluble solid content is 20%. Rose fragrance, crisp meat and excellent quality. The tree is strong and has cracked fruit when it matures.
Grape planting method
First of all, the most important thing to plant potted plants is pots, which should not be too small or too big. Just as people should wear clothes that fit them, fruit seedlings should also have suitable pots, and at least 30 cm pots are the most suitable. In order to increase air permeability, some coarse sand can be added to the soil.
Breathability is very important for farming, and it is best not to use airtight pots.
It is best to cultivate a grape in a jar. Don't plant two kinds of grapes at the same time, and don't mix them with other fruits.
Many people like to water a lot when raising plants, which is not good and will accelerate the death of plants, so we must control the amount of water.
When putting up a shelf, you don't need an iron or a shelf with fast heat transfer.
In order to make grapes bear more fruits, it is necessary to increase fertilization when it is growing vigorously.
In order to make the roots of plants breathe better, it is necessary to loosen the soil regularly.
In order to make plants grow better and more beautiful in the coming year, we must pay attention to pruning branches and leaves.
Cultivation techniques of Kyoho grape
In recent years, the quality of Kyoho grape has generally declined, some fruits are immature, the size of fruit particles is uneven, the color is different, and the pulp is hard and sour. Some fruit stalks turn brown and wither, and grapes rot and deteriorate, which seriously affects the market competitiveness of fresh Kyoho grapes. Taking active and effective measures can improve its due quality.
1. Wipe the buds in time, prune the spring grape buds reasonably, erase the heavy buds and small buds as soon as possible, and keep the strong buds. Before flowering, the main branch should be enucleated for 2-3 times, and the auxiliary branches should be erased in time, so that more nutrients can be transported to the flower organs, and at the same time, some inflorescences should be properly thinned, and1/4-1/5 at the end of inflorescences should be pinched off 3-5 days before flowering, so that nutrients can be supplied to the remaining fruit grains in a centralized way. Pruning medium and long branches in winter, it is appropriate to leave new branches 10 ~ 15 per square meter, staggered up and down, to ensure the growth of grapes per spike to 15 ~ 25 leaves, and the yield per mu is controlled within 2500 kg. This can make the ear compact, the fruit grains neat and mature, and improve the flavor and color of berries. In order to pursue high yield, many fruit farmers do not sparse inflorescences or pinch the tips of ears in summer, which makes the nutrient supply dispersed and the fruit size mature. When cutting in winter, cut lightly and put long, and leave more branches and vines, so that the fruit can move up quickly and the ear can be concentrated on the upper part of the shelf surface. Due to overload, uneven distribution and unbalanced nutrition, it is difficult to form high-quality fruits. In order to improve the light conditions on the shelf, reduce diseases, promote flower bud differentiation and enrich the vines, the leafy vines should be pruned after the grapes are harvested. Sparse the vines on the upper part of the shelf, the weak branches on the lower part and the branches and vines in improper positions, reduce nutrient consumption, cultivate strong and robust fruiting vines, and reduce the air humidity under the shelf to avoid diseases.
2. Strengthen fertilizer and water management to prevent premature aging of trees. Kyoho grape has strong growth potential and requires high fertilizer and water conditions. But irrigation should be appropriate, especially 20 days before 15 ~ picking. It is necessary to control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. In vineyards that begin to bear a lot of fruit, we should pay attention to increasing fertilizer, keeping the trees vigorous and prolonging the full fruit period. Organic fertilizer: We can apply high-quality manure at the ratio of 3 kg per 1 kg of fruit, and at the same time, add 1 ~ 2 kg of calcium superphosphate to each 100 kg of organic fertilizer. The fruit is picked and smeared (September). The method is to dig trenches with a depth of 30 ~ 40 cm, a width of 40 ~ 60 cm and the same length between rows every two years. When applying fertilizer, the fertilizer should be evenly mixed with the soil, then backfilled and compacted, and then watered. Top dressing: Top dressing is carried out for the first time when soybeans are big, so as to promote fruit expansion, and 0.3 kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each plant; The second time was in mid-July, when the ear began to color, calcium superphosphate 0.5 ~ 1 kg and plant ash 1 ~ 2 kg were applied to each plant, which could increase the sugar content of the fruit and promote the coloring and branch maturity. Foliar spraying fertilizer: after the new leaves are developed, before and after flowering, 0.2% urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate are sprayed on the leaves to accelerate the growth of leaves and enhance the assimilation function.
In the middle and late July, in the vigorous period of fruit coloring and vine growth, 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 4% calcium superphosphate or 3% sweet clover leaching solution were sprayed continuously 1 time. Spraying 0.5% urea 2 ~ 3 times before defoliation after fruit picking can delay defoliation and accumulate reserved nutrients. When foliar spraying fertilizer, it is necessary to add 3000 times binder or 0. 1% neutral washing powder to enhance fertilizer efficiency. Kyoho grapes have strict requirements on fertilizers. Usually 100 kg berries need 1.5 kg pure nitrogen, 1 kg phosphorus and 1.5 kg potassium. But at present, fruit farmers use less organic fertilizer, but a lot of chemical fertilizer, and often mainly nitrogen fertilizer, ignoring phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. As a result, the plants grow in vain, the branches and leaves are lush, the density is high, the ventilation is poor, and the illumination is insufficient, so that the grape berries cannot grow and mature normally, the stems are tender, the peel is thin, and the resistance to various germs is poor. Watering: water the grapes once after they are unearthed in spring. If the soil is not too dry before flowering, try not to water the flowers after withering, and the fruits enter the period of rapid expansion, which is the period when water is most needed, so water them once every 10 day. When the fruit particles begin to change color, stop watering to improve the soluble solid content of the fruit. Before burying the soil in winter, water the grapes once with big water to ensure the grapes to survive the winter safely.
3. Measures to improve the fruit setting rate of Kyoho grape: Flowering and fruit dropping are common problems in production. The main reasons are the poor development of flower organs, inability to pollinate and fertilize normally, bad climatic conditions during flowering and malnutrition of trees. The following technical measures should be taken in production to improve the fruit setting rate of Kyoho grape.
Cultivation techniques of summer black grape
First, the basic common sense:
Summer black grape is a triploid seedless variety, which is native to Japan, Europe and America. The peel is purple-black or blue-black, with fast and consistent coloring, thick fruit powder and beautiful appearance; The flesh is hard and crisp, the fruit is sweet and delicious, slightly sour, and the skin is close to the meat without spitting. It is one of the most delicious grape varieties in China market.
1, grape growing period 150 days? About 160 days (about 30-40 days for seedling raising), the life span and economic cultivation period of grapes can generally reach 30 to 50 years.
2, the role of grapes: the grape fruit is bright in color and the juice is delicious; Rich in nutrition: its sugar content 10 ~ 30%, organic acid 0.5 ~ 1.4%, protein 0. 15 ~ 0.9%, inorganic salt 0.3 ~ 0.5%, and contains many vitamins and amino acids needed by human body. Wine-making: grapes can be used for wine-making besides raisins and grape juice; Beautifying and shading: planting grapes on the platform at the top of the house can not only beautify the roof, but also shade it;
3. Planting season: the temperature in spring is between 15-25℃, such as early March to April; Stratification can begin in early April; Such as early March-April; Stratification can begin in early April;
Second, the preparatory work:
1. Selection of improved varieties: There are many varieties of grapes, such as Kyoho, Fujiminori and Goldfinger. Early maturity, strong adaptability, can choose high-quality varieties according to local climate and fruit use.
2. Selection of soil layer: Sandy loam with convenient transportation, convenient irrigation and drainage, deep soil layer and loose soil (good air permeability and quick ground temperature recovery) is the best soil.
3. Soil preparation: apply decomposed organic fertilizer in autumn and winter in the first year and mix it evenly with soil. Before soil preparation, apply about 1.500 kg of decomposed fertilizer per mu, add lOOkg superphosphate at the same time, and dig about 30 cm, and hammer the soil into a seedbed with a required ditch width of 0.8 m and a depth of 0.4 ~ 0.6 m to prepare for planting.
4. The selected frame type: V-shaped frame, high-width vertical T-shaped frame and horizontal shed frame can all be used as cultivation frames, but single-wall hedge frame is not suitable. Reasonable garden construction, according to the selected framework for material selection and erection.
5. Reasonable planting: from the end of June 165438+ 10 to March of the following year, select robust seedlings, and plant them after cutting 2-3 full buds. After planting, water it and cover it with black plastic film to keep moisture and prevent weeds.
There are two kinds of cultivation frames: fence frame and flat shed frame, and the corresponding planting density is generally 2.5m? 1.2m (double cross v-frame), 2.8? 3? 1m (high-width vertical T-frame), 4m? 1m (horizontal scaffolding) is suitable.
6. Promote protected cultivation: In addition to open-air cultivation, facilities can be used to cultivate summer black grapes when conditions permit. Greenhouse cultivation can mature 10 ~ 15 days in advance, increasing economic benefits. Rain-shelter cultivation can reduce the occurrence of diseases, although it cannot be listed in advance.
Third, the planting technology of summer black grapes 1, soil selection. Black grapes can grow normally in slightly acidic, neutral and slightly alkaline loam. Neutral and slightly alkaline sandy loam with loose soil and good drainage is the most suitable.
2, vine shaping. You can leave 1-2 secondary branches as fruiting mother branches, leaving only 1-2 leaves for re-coring. Leave a spike fruit for each new shoot, and remove the secondary spike and spike tip when thinning flowers one week before flowering. Fruit thinning after fruit setting. It is suggested to stick an antibacterial film on the trimming mouth to promote wound healing.
3. Water and fertilizer management. After the seedlings survived, it is suggested to apply thin fertilizer regularly and add new high-fat film to enhance the utilization rate of fertilizer efficiency.
4. Disease control. Black pox and downy mildew with poor resistance should be prevented early. Targeted drugs such as carbendazim, carbendazim, ammonium phosphate, toxic mold and tobrazine can be used alternately to avoid drug resistance.
5. Cold-proof: After the fruits are picked, the whole garden will spray and protect the trees to drive away the pests and diseases to overwinter, so that the cold-proof trees can overwinter safely.