The cultivation of Fushan Big Cherry began in the 1970s with the history of 19. Fushan cherry is the earliest fruit ripening among deciduous fruit trees in the north, and is known as the "first branch of spring fruit" and "treasure in fruit" in the north.
The existing area of Fushan cherry is 6,543,800 mu, accounting for 20% of the national planting area; The output is 22 million kilograms, accounting for 15% of the whole country. The main varieties are: Hongguang, Xianfeng, Rennie, Rubins, Meizao, samit, Stara and so on. Greenhouse cherries were first listed in early April, and open cherries were listed in mid-May, and their products were sold to Southeast Asia, Hong Kong, Macao and major cities in China. 1995 The big cherry selected and delivered in Fushan District of the 2nd China Agricultural Expo won 3 gold and 4 silver 1 bronze; 1996 China agricultural specialty naming Committee awarded Fushan District the title of "Hometown of Big Cherry in China"; 1997 and 1999 Fushan Big Cherry won the title of "China Famous Brand Product" continuously; In 2003, it was awarded the title of "Hometown of Big Cherry in China" by China Quality Agricultural Products Development and Service Association; In 2000, Fushan "Fuyang" cherry was recognized as "green food" by the National Green Food Committee, and a green certificate was issued. The popularity of Fushan cherry in international and domestic markets is getting higher and higher, and the market is very broad.
territorial scope
The geographical protection scope of Fushan cherry is in Fushan District, Yantai City, Shandong Province. Geographical coordinates are: 3714'-37 39' north latitude,12102'-122' east longitude, the maximum longitudinal distance from southeast to northwest is 45km, and the maximum lateral distance from east to west is 20km. The total area of the whole region is 482.83 square kilometers, with a production area of 6,667 hectares, mainly involving six towns (street offices) in Fushan District of Yantai City, namely Huili, Menlou, Zhanggezhuang, Gaotuan, Qingyang and Fuxin, with a total of 23 1 administrative village. The annual output is 30,076 tons and the annual sales is 328 million yuan.
Natural ecological environment and human and historical factors
(1) Soil landform: Fushan District of Yantai City is a hilly area with undulating hills and criss-crossing gullies. The landform is roughly six mountains, one water and three fields. The terrain is high in the west and low in the south, high in the east and low in the north, and inclined from southwest to northeast. Shallow mountain area 1 1 km2, accounting for 34.3%; The hilly area is 205.2 square kilometers, accounting for 42.5%; Plain area 1 12.02 square kilometers, accounting for 23.2%. From south to north, there are hills and plains in turn. Fushan cherry is mainly produced in hilly areas in the south and west, where the soil is fertile, the water conservancy conditions are good and the ecological environment is beautiful. The soil in the main producing area of big cherry is mainly brown soil. Organic matter content is more than 1.2%, nitrogen content is 0. 12%, phosphorus content is 0.3%, available phosphorus is more than 80mg/kg, available potassium is more than 120mg/kg, and the soil is deep and loose, which is suitable for fruit tree growth.
(2) Hydrological situation: the water conservancy conditions in the area are superior, the underground water source is sufficient, and the water quality of farmland irrigation and drainage facilities is clear and pollution-free, which can be irrigated in drought or drained in waterlogging.
(3) Climate: It belongs to a warm and semi-humid drought-prone area, characterized by four distinct seasons, abundant rainfall, moderate temperature, moist air, neither too cold in winter nor too hot in summer, and is suitable for the growth of various temperate plants. The average frost-free period is 22 1 day. Mild climate, four distinct seasons, cold winter with little rain and snow, dry and windy spring, hot and rainy summer and large temperature difference in autumn are beneficial to the growth and development of big cherry.
Illumination: The area is rich in light resources, with long sunshine time and sufficient light, which is beneficial to photosynthesis of fruit trees.
The average annual sunshine hours are 2672.2 hours, accounting for 60% of the annual sunshine hours.
Temperature: annual average temperature 1 1.5℃, the highest temperature in July is 25.2℃, and the lowest temperature in1October is -3.4℃. The average frost-free period is 22 1 day, and the natural farming time is about 290 days. It is cool at night and the temperature difference between day and night is large, which is beneficial to the nutrient accumulation of fruit trees.
Water: precipitation is less, because it is mostly concentrated in summer, with great annual variation and unstable precipitation, with an average annual precipitation of 709.9mm.. ..
(4) Human history: Fushan cherry has been cultivated for 130 years. 187 1 year, American missionaries brought the first batch of big cherries to plant in Fushan, and then introduced varieties to expand the planting area, which has formed a certain scale so far. Fushan cherry is known as "the first branch of spring fruit" for its high quality, high yield, early maturity and high nutritional value.
In 1980s and 1990s, the focus of fruit production in Fushan District shifted from apples to big cherries, and the area of big cherries increased year by year, and the management technology was constantly improved. Especially in recent years, with the promotion of agricultural standardization in our city increasing year by year, the standardized production, standardized management, industrialized operation and brand operation of Fushan Big Cherry have gradually taken shape. Many brands such as Fuyang, Jincheng, Xiandu and Zhanggezhuang 10 have passed trademark registration, 2 have obtained green food certification, and 4 are striving for green food and pollution-free certification. 1995 10. At the second China Agricultural Expo, Fushan Cherry won eight medals, including three gold medals, four silver medals and one bronze medal. In 1999 and 2002 agricultural fairs, Rennie and Sunny were awarded the title of famous brand products respectively. 1996 Fushan District was awarded the honorary title of "Hometown of Cherry in China" by the Organizing Committee for Naming Hometown of Specialty in China, the honorary title of "Hometown of Big Cherry in China" by China Quality Agricultural Products Development and Service Association in 2003, and the key county (district) of China Quality Big Cherry Base by China Fruit Circulation Association in 2007. At this point, Fukuyama cherry has a high reputation in the country. In order to ensure the quality of Fushan Big Cherry and promote the standardized production of Fushan Big Cherry to a new height, our district has successively established Fuxin Lengshangjia, gatehouse Liangjia, Huilidong Huangshan, Gaotuan Dingjiakuang and Zhanggezhuang Xia.
Five municipal-level standardized demonstration bases of big cherry in Guanle have successively demonstrated and applied new technologies and methods such as adding organic fertilizer, frequency vibrating insecticidal lamp, sex attractant, insect-proof net and color board trapping and killing. , completely realized the standardized production mode of Fushan Big Cherry, which mainly applied organic fertilizer, implemented biological control and used green food production materials, and further promoted the standardized production of Fushan Big Cherry.
Production technical requirements
(1) Origin Selection and Special Contents: The origin of Fushan cherry should be in an agricultural production area with good ecological conditions, far away from pollution sources and sustainable production capacity.
(2) Variety selection and specific requirements: Fushan Big Cherry should be a big fruit variety, and the high-quality and high-yield varieties promoted in recent one or two years include Deng Hong, Xianfeng, Rennie, Rubins, Meizao and Samite.
(3) Production process management, including provisions on special use of agricultural inputs: Fushan cherry production process includes planting, fertilizer and water management, shaping and pruning, flower and fruit management, pest control, etc. Planting: The planting time of big cherry is generally from the end of March to the beginning of April, and organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer are applied in the planting ditch. The row spacing of planting plants is generally 3×4 meters, and the ratio of main planting varieties to pollination trees is not less than 4: 1. Fertilizer and water management: the base fertilizer is mainly farmyard manure mixed with a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Generally, 2000-3000kg of organic fertilizer is applied to the orchard every 666.7m2 in full fruit period. The application mode is mainly furrow application or spreading application, and the fertilization position is within the crown projection range. Trenching is a radial trench with a depth of 20-30cm; ; Spreading is to spread the fertilizer evenly under the crown and turn it over 20cm. Top dressing three times a year, the first time before and after germination, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, the second time in the stage of flower bud differentiation and fruit expansion, mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, mixed application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; The third time was in the late stage of fruit growth, mainly potassium fertilizer. Spraying fertilizer on leaves 4-5 times a year, usually twice in the early growth stage, mainly nitrogen fertilizer; 2-3 times in the later stage, mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, which can supplement the trace elements needed for the growth and development of fruit trees. There are four kinds of irrigation time for big cherry, which are pre-flowering water, hard core water, post-harvest water and frozen water. In addition, attention should be paid to timely drainage and flood control in rainy season. Plastic pruning: winter pruning is mainly to cut off pests and diseases. When pruning in growth period, attention should be paid to opening branches, removing cores and controlling length. In order to increase the ventilation in the crown, erect branches, dense branches and sprouting branches at the edge should be removed in time. Flower and fruit management: focus on thinning flowers and fruits, artificial pollination, prevention of late frost and freezing injury, and scientific watering. Pest control: based on agricultural and physical control, with biological control as the core, according to the occurrence law of pests and diseases, scientifically use chemical control technology to effectively control pests and diseases.
Typical product quality characteristics and product quality and safety regulations
(1) External sensory characteristics: Fushan cherry has large fruit, gorgeous appearance and average fruit weight of 8.
Above g, the colors are divided into red, yellow and purple. , crystal clear, attractive color.
(2) Intrinsic quality index: According to laboratory analysis, the iron content of each 100g big cherry product is as high as.
59 mg, ranking first among fruits; Vitamin A content is 4-5 times more than that of grapes, apples and oranges. In addition, cherries also contain vitamins B and C and mineral elements such as calcium and phosphorus. Every 100g contains 83g of water, 0.4g of protein/kloc-0, 0.3g of fat, 0.4g of carbohydrate/kloc-0, 0.4g of heat, 0.4g of crude fiber, 0.5g of ash, 0.8mg of calcium/kloc-0, 0.8mg of phosphorus/kloc-0. Nicotinic acid 0.4 mg, ascorbic acid 3 mg, potassium 258 mg, sodium 0.7 mg, magnesium 10.6 mg, and rich in vitamin A, therefore, Fushan cherry is well-deserved.
(3) Safety requirements: Big cherries entering the market must meet the health index of "Big cherries as pollution-free food" of the Ministry of Agriculture.
(See the table below for details). Under any of the circumstances stipulated in Article 33 of the Law on Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, it shall not be put on the market for sale.
Hygienic index of pollution-free big cherry
Hazardous substance name index/(mg/kg)
1 dimethoate ≤ 1.0
2 phoxim ≤0.05
3 pirimicarb ≤ 1.0
4 Fenvalerate ≤0.2
5 deltamethrin ≤0.2
6 Bai Juqing ≤ 1.0
7 carbendazim ≤0.5
8 Arsenic content ≤0.5
9 fluorine (in F) ≤0.5
10 nitrite and nitrate ≤4.0
Note 1: export products are tested according to the requirements of importing countries.
Note 2: According to the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Pesticide Management, highly toxic pesticides are not allowed to be used or detected in the production of big cherry.
Note 3: Big cherry producers should report the types of pesticides used to the relevant testing departments when testing their big cherries. Refusing to report, concealing or making a false report, its products are regarded as unqualified products.
Packaging identification and other relevant regulations.
The same variety is graded according to the fruit size. Unqualified mechanical injuries such as grinding trees and branches, pests and diseases will be dealt with separately. Packaging materials must meet the requirements of national mandatory technical specifications. Must be carefully selected before packaging, and then put into the box.