First, the conditions of pear cultivation
1. Land and seedlings are necessary conditions for high yield of fragrant pear, and proper pollination trees and reasonable close planting are necessary means for high yield. Therefore, the selection of garden, seedlings, planting density, pollination varieties and the construction of fenced windbreaks must be done early and prepared early.
2. Garden: Sandy soil with convenient transportation, unobstructed irrigation and drainage system, good soil quality and groundwater level below 1.5m should be selected.
3. Seedling: The planting method of 1-2-year-old fragrant pear seedlings was adopted. Seedling requirements: stem diameter above 0.8cm, rhizome pitch above 40-45cm, height above 1.2m; No pests and diseases, completely lignified first-class big seedlings, strong seedlings.
4. Selection of pollination varieties:
Li Xiang and Dangshan crisp pear pollinate each other, and the distribution ratio is 4: 1.
5. Planting method:
Adopt ditching fixed-point planting or flat planting. For those whose roots are thicker than 1cm and survive after planting, continuous bud grafting can be carried out from June to August in the summer and autumn of that year, so as to plant in that year and complete the grafting work in that year.
Second, the work of soil, fertilizer and water.
land management
1. In the early stage, intercropping should be reasonable, combining long with short, and promoting growth with long. The reasonable intercropping ratio is1-60% in 3 years, 30-45% in 4 years, and no intercropping after 5 years. Avoid intercropping autumn crops and tall crops, such as Chinese cabbage, radish and straw crops.
2. Weeding and scarifying:
Weed and loosen the soil 3-4 times a year in the fruit tree ditch, and turn the tree tray deeply once a year, with a depth of 20-30cm and an outward extension of 30cm every year. Generally, the garden should be turned over at least once a year 1-2 times. Specific methods: combined with the application of base fertilizer, generally in spring and autumn. The whole garden is deeply turned in the young fruit period, and the depth is generally 40-60cm between rows or staggered in the full fruit period.
Clean orchard
(1) Ensure that the grafting interface is 5- 10cm on the surface all the year round, and the grafted part is no longer in contact with the soil to prevent rot.
(2) Remove the dead leaves, pruned branches and weeds around the orchard in time, ensure the cleanliness of the orchard, remove the overwintering sites of eggs and reduce the number of overwintering eggs.
(3) Remove the intermittent agricultural film in time to prevent soil pollution and increase the stamina of soil development.
(2) Fertilization
The so-called "a tree can grow without fertilizer" means the importance of fertilization, but fertilization should be scientific and reasonable. Fertilizer is mainly composed of three elements, and most of the quick-acting fertilizers of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are used as topdressing. Generally, n0. 1-0.3kg/ plant was applied all year round at the young tree stage, resulting in 0.3-0.5kg/ plant at the early stage and 1- at the full fruit stage.
1. Base fertilizer:
Organic fertilizer is mainly applied. Organic fertilizer is the most basic fertilizer source in the orchard all year round, which is mainly composed of oil residue, manure, human manure and green manure. Adding organic fertilizer can loosen soil and improve soil deep structure and soil, fertilizer, gas and heat conditions: 1, fruit trees 2: 1:2, Aksu area 1: 65438.
(1) Fertilization time: generally divided into spring application and autumn application. Application in spring: after germination and before flowering. Application in autumn: before and after fruit picking to before and after defoliation. However, autumn application is better than winter application, and the effect of spring application is better. The fertilizer effect is best played in the critical period of nutrition from April to May next year, and it is generally applied before and after harvest in September.
(2) Fertilization amount: Organic manure, such as manure, should be applied to trees in full fruit period, and there is a saying that "Golden Guo Jin Fertilizer" is applied to oil residue to accumulate fertilizer. Generally, it is required to apply 2000-3000 kg/mu of base fertilizer every year.
(3) Application method of base fertilizer: furrow application method is generally adopted, and the depth of furrow is at least 60cm. Horizontal ditch, annular ditch, radial ditch or well ditch can be dug along the outer edge of the crown. Cleaning leaves and fields can reduce pests and diseases. )
2. Topdressing in rhizosphere:
Topdressing is usually 3-4 times a year.
(1) topdressing before budding or flowering, mainly nitrogen fertilizer combined with phosphorus fertilizer, can promote flowering and improve fruit setting rate. Topdressing after flowering (mid-May) can promote the growth of new shoots and the expansion of young fruits. Topdressing nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer before flower bud differentiation (mid-June) can promote flower bud differentiation and fruit development. fruit
(2) Topdressing method:
Dig 4-6 holes with a depth of 30cm at the outer edge of the crown, mainly for holes. 3. In the vigorous growth period, foliar topdressing (foliar topdressing) should be carried out at the temperature of 180-20c. Spraying 0.5% or 0.3% borax boric acid before flowering can improve the fruit setting rate. Spraying 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate at the stage of young fruit expansion and flower bud differentiation.
(3) Water management:
Irrigation is usually about 7 times a year. Irrigation time is 1. Spring irrigation: it has obvious effects on fertilizer dissolution, new root absorption, germination and flowering speed. Pre-flowering water: combined with topdressing irrigation, it can play the role of pressing alkali and washing salt. Water content after flowering: new shoots grow rapidly, leaf curtains are formed, and young fruits expand, which is the most sensitive to water. The critical period of water demand is called. Flower bud differentiation water (in the middle and late July) is beneficial to flower bud differentiation and fruit (6) rapid growth. Frozen water: Irrigation after harvesting and planting fruits in winter is beneficial to the maturity and decomposition of fertilizers, increase the storage of nutrients, help the accumulation of nutrients in trees, enhance the cold-resistant wintering ability of trees and ensure safe wintering. 2. Irrigation quantity: generally 700-800 cubic meters. For orchards with heavy sandy soil, the irrigation amount can be appropriately increased. 3. Depth:15-20cm 4. Machine well water is not suitable for long-term irrigation; Pump well water volume is small, water temperature is low; Because of the small amount of water, the soil alkali inhibition effect is poor, long-term use is easy to cause soil hardening, which is not conducive to root development and is easy to produce pests and diseases. Therefore, irrigation in spring and summer should try not to use mechanical well water. Mechanical well water can be used to alleviate drought under water shortage conditions.
Third, integrated pest control of fragrant pears.
The main pear diseases and insect pests in Aksu area of the first agricultural division are fruit scale insects, fruit eaters, spider mites, inchworm, rot and so on.
(1) Fruit scale insects have the characteristics of strong reproductive ability and wide adaptability, and the insect body is protected by a wax shell. Because it is widely distributed and hidden in fruit trees, compared with other pests, it is more difficult to control fruit scale insects.
1. Agricultural control
(1) When new orchards are built and high grafting is carried out, the use of insect seedlings and scions is strictly prevented. The long-distance spread of scale insects mainly depends on seedlings and scions, which should be eliminated at the beginning of garden construction and random high-level grafting; When pruning young trees in summer, scale insects and other pests must not be carried on the poles.
(2) Combined with winter and spring pruning, there are pest branches in the top chamber of the pruned fruit tree. For fruit trees with heavy pests, compact trees or dense branches, more attention should be paid to thinning. For fruit trees with high trees and many lateral branches, the central leadership must be cut off in winter to reduce the crown height. Because the worms in these parts are hidden, it is difficult for the liquid medicine to fully contact with the worms when spraying. As a supplement to chemical control, it can improve the control effect very well.
2. Chemical control
(1) Strengthening the prevention and control of overwintering insects in spring is the key measure. Because there are no leaves on the tree before the fruit tree germinates, the insects in all parts are relatively exposed, which makes it easier to ensure accurate application and improve the quality of application. Strengthening the prevention and control in this period can also effectively reduce the population base as soon as possible, prevent the new generation of nymphs from further spreading on trees and harming fruits, and greatly reduce the pressure of prevention and control in the later period. The optional chemical is a 5-6 degree sulfur mixture. Diluent should be sprayed carefully and thoughtfully on the affected area. In addition, a new insecticidal and acaricidal powder-SORIBA 100-200 times solution can also be used. At the same time, it can be decided whether to carry out two prevention and control during this period according to the season and the remaining population.
(2) After the overwintering generation begins to lay eggs, it should be sprayed 1 time in the first five days as a supplement to consolidate the prevention and control in spring, because during this period, the number of newly emerged nymphs of overwintering generation (pear orchard scale can be released from the end of May to the beginning of June, and olive leaf scale can be released in mid-May) is still small, and most of the tail scales of female adults have been upturned and branched. Aikashi et al. carefully sprayed branches with 1500 times, 750 times and 1500 times respectively. After effective control in spring and during this period, picking and processing can be carried out from mid-June to the end of July according to the development of the situation. Recommended drugs: quick kill, net kill, solibar)
(2) Pear moth
1. Occurrence regularity: Generally, the fifth generation overwintering adults appear in mid-May, the first generation in late June and the second generation in mid-July. According to the occurrence law of the moth, chemical control was carried out immediately.
2. Chemical control: The commonly used drugs are bifenthrin, fenvalerate, 2.5% triadimefon, 2.5% Uranus Su Le emulsion and 80% triadimefon.
3. Agricultural control: In the middle and late August, the trunk is bound with a paper tape with a width of 30cm to induce its larvae (or mature nymphs) to cocoon for the winter and concentrate on killing.
(3) Tetranychus urticae (referring to Tetranychus licheniformis and Tetranychus citri, commonly known as red spider)
1. Occurrence regularity of Tetranychus lee: It occurs 6-9 generations a year in Aksu area, the first agricultural division, and overwintering eggs begin to hatch in late April. The first generation adults feed on leaves in early May, which is harmful to both sides of leaves. When it happens in large quantities, it also spreads with the wind by spinning between branches and leaves. June is the peak of the whole year, and spawning begins in late April, and a large number of eggs are laid in the middle and late.
2. Agricultural control
(1) sokcho tied a paper tape or grass generation with a width of 30cm on the trunk in the middle and late August to lure its larvae (or mature nymphs) to cocoon for overwintering and concentrate on killing.
(2) Skin scraping: Using the overwintering habit of the red spider, the red spider can be directly killed by skin scraping and centralized burning.