Famen Temple is located in Famen Town, north of Fufeng County, Shaanxi Province 10 km. More than 0/00 kilometers away from Xi 'an/Kloc-,it is the famous Sakyamuni relic placement place in China, which was built in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The original temple is huge, covering an area of 100 mu, with 24 courtyards and more than 500 monks in the Tang Dynasty. There is an octagonal pagoda in the temple, 13 floor, 47 meters high. From 1 to 12, there are 89 niches on each floor, which are wood-like buildings with eaves and arches on each floor, exquisite workmanship and gorgeous patterns. The bottom of the tower is also engraved with inscriptions such as "True Pagoda", "Yangmei Town", "Relic Flying Dew" and "Floating for Glory". Due to years of disrepair, the tower collapsed by half in August of 198 1. 1987, when the state allocated funds to rebuild Famen Temple Tower and cleaned the tower foundation, a stone-enclosed underground palace was found. There are so many treasures in the underground palace that people are dazzled.
Famen Temple Underground Palace is the largest stupa underground palace ever discovered in China. It consists of brick steps, tunnels, front rooms, middle rooms and back rooms, all made of stone. There are four stone gates, and the building structure is magnificent. It was built in the Tang Dynasty. Among the treasures in the underground palace, the most precious is the Sakyamuni relic hidden in the eight-fold treasure letter. According to experts' research and investigation, it is confirmed that this is indeed the Sakyamuni Buddha relic that the emperor of the Tang Dynasty greeted many times, and it is also the only known Buddhist relic in the world.
There are 12 1 silverware, 17 glassware, 16 secret porcelain, 12 stone tools, 16 iron tools, 19 lacquered wood and miscellaneous articles, and about 400 pieces of pearl jade articles. All these items were collected in the Tang Dynasty. They have a wide variety, exquisite workmanship and priceless value, which is rare in the world.
After expert appraisal, it is confirmed that 10 is "the best in the world" in this rare treasure.
(1) The four relics unearthed in the underground palace are the highest sacred objects in Buddhism today;
② The underground palace is the oldest, largest and highest-ranking stupa underground palace in the world.
③ The arrangement of cultural relics in the underground palace is the earliest mandala tantric ritual found in archaeological excavations in the world;
④ The discovery of 13 tortoise shell coin is the most precious ancient article and silk found in the world;
⑤ A set of gold and silver tea set is the earliest and highest grade court tea set found in the world;
⑥1.96m long and with 12 golden flowers, the four-wheeled Zhang Xi is the earliest existing Buddhist instrument with the largest shape, the highest grade and the most exquisite production in the world.
⑦ 13 pieces of palace porcelain-secret color porcelain is the earliest and most exquisite palace porcelain found in the world, which is confirmed by inscriptions;
⑧ Discovered the largest number of ancient silk categories and crafts in the world;
Pet-name ruby Buddha refers to the relic eight-fold treasure letter, which is the most exquisite and layered treasure letter found in the world.
Attending the map of mandala altar carved on the treasure letter.
Why are there so many treasures hidden in Famen Temple? Famen Temple was originally a royal temple in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The emperor of the Tang Dynasty came here eight times to welcome the relics. After each visit, the emperor returned a lot of treasures, which were in the underground palace. For thousands of years, many magical legends and stories have been triggered around the Qin Mausoleum underground palace. "Three Auxiliary Stories" records that Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu, entered the customs and took 300,000 people to plunder the Qin Tombs. During the excavation, a golden goose suddenly flew out of the tomb, and this magical flying goose kept flying south. Hundreds of years have passed. During the Three Kingdoms period, in the first year of Baoding, someone sent a golden goose to an official named Zhang Shan. He immediately judged from the words on the golden goose that it came from the first imperial tomb ... such a magical legend cast a mysterious color on the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang.
The hill at the foot of Mount Li is the tomb of Qin Shihuang, and the underground palace is deep and mysterious. In the north of the enclosure, there are sleeping halls and ceremonial buildings for officials to eat. There are two inner and outer walls outside the enclosure, which are 10 km long. There are hundreds of underground burial pits around the fenced land and in the east, west, north and south. The form, ritual architecture and layout of the enclosure, underground palace and inner and outer city walls of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum are different from any royal cemetery in the pre-Qin period. The mausoleum is large in scale and strange in design. The scale of the cemetery project, the number of workers and the duration are unprecedented.
The first person to record the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang was Sima Qian, a master historian. He left a record of 160 in Historical Records of Qin Shihuang. According to Historical Records, the mausoleum of the first emperor was "more than 50 feet high." According to the scale value at that time, its height is about115m. 196 1 year, and the height of local book is 43 meters. 1982, with the help of the soldiers of the 8383 Army Corps of Engineers, the enclosure of the tomb was measured again, and the measurement result showed that the height of the tomb was 55.05 meters. Later, the altitude measured by aerial survey was similar. It can be seen that the soil erosion in the past two thousand years has reduced the height of soil closure by more than half. The bottom of the paddock is rectangular, with a length of 5 15 meters from north to south and a width of 485 meters from east to west, covering an area of nearly 250,000 square meters.
The construction of the cemetery project was accompanied by Qin Shihuang's political career. When he was 13 years old and just ascended the throne of the king of Qin, the cemetery project began. The ancient emperor built a tomb before his death, which was not the initiative of Qin Shihuang. As early as the Warring States period, it was customary for princes to build tombs before their death. For example, "the mausoleum has been guarded since the fifteenth year" (Historical Records Zhao) Zhongshan Mausoleum in Heping County was also built by him before his death. Qin Shihuang only advanced the time when the monarch built the mausoleum before his death to the early stage of his accession to the throne. The construction of the cemetery project was not completed until Qin Shihuang died. Throughout the cemetery project, it can be divided into three construction stages. The initial stage of the cemetery project is 26 years from Qin Wang's accession to the throne to the unification of the whole country. At this stage, the design of the cemetery project and the main project construction were carried out one after another, which initially laid the scale and basic pattern of the cemetery. From the reunification of the whole country to the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang, these nine years were a period of large-scale construction of cemetery projects. "Historical Records" records: "With the world, the world sends more than 700,000." After nine years of large-scale construction with 654.38 million people, the main project of the cemetery was basically completed. It took more than three years from the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang to the winter in Qin Ershi, which was the last stage of the project. At this stage, it is mainly engaged in the finishing work and soil covering work of the cemetery. Although the mausoleum project lasted for 378 years, the whole project was still unfinished. A massive peasant uprising broke out that year. The leader of the Rebel Army and Guangwu's Ministry heard next week that the troops were playing at the water's edge less than a few kilometers away from the cemetery (now near Xingfeng, Lintong County). Facing the siege and bullying of the army, the new emperor Qin Ershi, who had not been tested by the wind and rain, panicked and hurriedly called his ministers to discuss countermeasures. He seemed to be driven crazy and shouted "What to do" to his ministers. After a period of silence, Shaofu ordered Zhang Han to make a suggestion: "The thief has arrived, and many people are in Xinjiang. It is too late to send troops near the county seat. There are many people in Mount Li. Please forgive them and give them an army to attack them. " Emperor II, who was in shock, immediately catered to him and decided that Zhang Han would directly lead the spiritual army to fight back against the rebels in Zhou Wen. So far, the cemetery project that has not been completely completed has to be suspended.
The designers of the Qin Mausoleum project not only carefully selected a treasure trove of geomantic omen, but also designed the overall layout of the cemetery in an ingenious way. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is centered on a tall enclosure. There are two zigzag rammed earth walls outside the enclosure, one on each side of the outer wall, and the east gate is located on the east-west axis in the middle of the enclosure, which is the largest. In the inner city, there are two doors on the north wall and one door on the other three sides. Especially, the Quemen site at the south gate of the inner city still stands in the south of the tomb, which is very spectacular.
Thousands of years have passed, and the towering mound of Qin Mausoleum still stands at the foot of Mount Li. At that time, the rammed earth wall inside and outside 10 km long was already incomplete. What you can see now is only a section of the residual wall of the west wall of the inner city. The magnificent ground buildings were burned down by Xiang Yu as early as 2000 years ago. On the remaining sites, archaeologists found the mausoleum building sites, which are large in scale and concentrated in the north side of rich soil and the first half of the inner city. A ground complex was also found between the inner and outer walls in the fertile northwest. According to the three groups of cleaned buildings, it seems to be a Fuguan building, and there are several groups of unexplored ground buildings on the north and south sides of the site of Fuguan building, and its scale is also considerable.
Before the 1960s, all speculations about the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor could only be based on documentary records and rumors. 1on March 29th, 974, when several farmers from xiyang village production team of Xiahe Brigade woke up the sleeping Terracotta Warriors, they immediately shocked the world. This amazing discovery also unveiled the corner of the mysterious veil of Qin tomb.
The first imperial tomb is an underground "kingdom" full of magic, and the deep underground palace is full of mystery. The shape and internal structure of the underground palace are still not completely clear, which has aroused the speculation and reverie of many scholars for thousands of years. In Sima Qian's works, only a very brief record is left: "After crossing the Three Springs, we buried them with bronze wares, and temples, officials, strange things, treasures, monsters and ghosts all flourished with them." Let the craftsman make a crossbow, and people who wear it at close range need to shoot it. Taking mercury as a hundred rivers and seas, instilling machines, there is astronomy on the top and geography on the bottom. Take mermaid cream as a candle, and it will last for a long time. "Archaeologists use this as a clue to try to find all kinds of clues that can reveal the mystery of the Qin Mausoleum underground palace. The Mausoleum of the Northern Song Dynasty is divided into four mausoleum areas: Zhao Yong 'an Mausoleum is located in the north of the main peak of Taishi Mountain in Songshan Mountain, Zhao Kuangyin Yongchang Mausoleum is located 400 meters northwest of Yong 'an Mausoleum, and Zhao Guangyi Yongxi Mausoleum is located more than 0/000 meters northwest of Yongchang Mausoleum, which is called Xicun Mausoleum Area; Yongding Mausoleum in Song Zhenzong has opened a new mausoleum in the north of Xicun Mausoleum, which is called Caizhuang Mausoleum. Song Renzong's Yongzheng Mausoleum will open a new mausoleum in the north of Caizhuang Mausoleum, and Song Yingzong's Yonghou Mausoleum is located 200 meters northwest of Yongzheng Mausoleum, which is called Xiaoyi Mausoleum. At this point, the mausoleum has extended to the bank of Luohe River, so Song Shenzong's Yongling had to "catch up" and opened a new mausoleum 3 kilometers west of Xicun Mausoleum, while Song Zhezong's Yongtai Mausoleum is located 600 meters northwest of Yongling, which is called Baling.
Renzong was buried in the palace after his death, and the later court sent people to Gongyi City to investigate and determine the mausoleum site. There are two places to choose: one is Yong 'an County (Zhenzong established a mausoleum at the junction of Gongyi, Dengfeng and Yanshi, and it was named Yong 'an County, and Huizong was promoted to Anjun Yong), which is now Zhitian Town in Gongyi? Crow II is Xiaoyi Castle (now gongyi city). At that time, ministers discussed that the relocation of thousands of households in Jianling, Yong 'an County was too heavy and time was tight, so it was difficult to complete it within seven months. The mausoleum was built after the death of the Emperor in the Song Dynasty, and it must be buried within seven months, and the sacred capacity, that is, the soul of the Emperor, should be returned to the ancestral hall. So I decided to build a mausoleum in Xiaoyi Fort (the present burial place). At that time, Huo Daoquan, a daffodil who knew the wind, suggested that this place was unlucky (in fact, Yong 'an County was also the first choice of the prison), because it was called "Hull Yuan" at that time, so it was considered "unlucky". Sure enough, in less than four years, Song Yingzong Zhao Shu, the heir of Injong (all three sons of Injong died young, and Zhao Shu was adopted in the palace when he was 4 years old, and was the grandson of Taizong) took the lead (Injong became ill and bedridden on the fourth day of his succession), and truly responded to the prediction of "harmony".
Zhao Yongling and Hou Yongling are small, more than 200 meters apart. In the past, the trillion domains of the two tombs were almost connected. Now, a north-south Xinhua Road separates the two tombs. There are many tall buildings on both sides of Xinhua Road, including hospitals, emergency centers and hotels. "According to the provisions of the Cultural Relics Law, no high-rise building can be built between two tombs." An expert from Song Ling said so.
Song Shenzong's life was bumpy-Wang Anshi's political reform was turbulent; The fiasco on the battlefield made him burst into tears, and he cried until all the ministers in Manchuria were "afraid to look up". From then on, the struggling king was depressed, "terrified" and "rushed to drive" with unfinished ambitions. The Yong Yu Mausoleum, where he was buried, is now the one with the worst protection among the imperial tombs. 10 Many stone statues lost their heads, and the house guarding the mausoleum was rented by the cemetery guards to a family from the south. Fu Yongkui even vaguely felt that in recent years, the stone statue of Yongyuling had lost its head again. There are many chimneys near Yongyuling, and the sewage also flows to the foot of the stone statue, and the whole mausoleum area is in a big pit.
During Song Zhezong's administration, the country was Japan and Africa, and the party struggle was chaotic. He is helpless. "There were many things to do, but nothing was done", which laid the foundation for Song's death. Wang Fuzhi, a famous thinker, once commented on Zhezong's political affairs, saying that "it never rains but it pours, and it continues to this day", and Cai Jing is his "legacy". After his death, his coffin was caught in a rainstorm on the way from Kaifeng to Gongyi. Due to the muddy road, the coffin failed to arrive in Gongyi as scheduled, which delayed the practice of "July burial" since Zhao Kuangyin. Later, his bones were thrown into the wilderness by grave robbers. Later, his successor Hui Zong and even Qin Zong died in a foreign country and could not be buried in the "old grave". Therefore, although there were nine emperors in the Northern Song Dynasty, there were only seven emperors and eight tombs in Gongyi.
"Dongling (Yongyu) lion, Xiling (Yongtai) elephant, Hutuo (Yongxi) mausoleum is a good stone sheep." This is a jingle for local people to evaluate the quality of stone carvings in Zhu Ling, Song Ling. In fact, more stones are not preserved on the ground like stone carvings, but used by emperors underground.
According to historical records, when the Yongtai Mausoleum of Zhezong was built, 4,600 craftsmen were used to take stones and 27,600 pieces of stones were quarried. In addition, 9744 soldiers and 500 civilian workers were used to transport these stones from Zisu Mountain, Yanshi, 20 or 30 kilometers away in the mountains (the stones here are "extremely moist and rare" and are not easy to weather even after long-term sun exposure).
In A.D. 1 100, Zhezong fell ill and "died in a few days". On the tenth day of the second lunar month, the quarrying team assembled and arrived at the construction site. In order to be buried in July, the quarrying work must be completed on May 1 1. The project is big and the construction period is tight. Ambassador Shan Ling and other officials are anxious to supervise the work. Because of poor working conditions and lack of drinking water, 1700 people fell ill one after another on the construction site where they were sleeping in the wind and food, and the deceased died day after day. Most of these dead people were abandoned in rocks in the wilderness. According to the "Stone Inscription", "The natives living in the mountains are all cloudy, and the clouds are gloomy over time. They often hear songs in the mountains, indicating that they are unfortunate and have no liberation, but they are happy. " When Yongding Mausoleum was built, 62 stones were used to carve attendants and animals such as elephants and horses, 14 stone heads were used for doorstones, and 27,377 stones were used for imperial coupons. From this point of view, the use of stones in the palace is the most important thing, and the palace built with these stones is still sleeping underground, so we have no chance to have a look.
When Yong Zhengdi Mausoleum was built, in addition to the official appropriation from the government, 6,543,800 kronor, 2,500,000 silks and 502,000 silver were allocated from the fiscal surplus as subsidies for the Mausoleum. There are as many as 46,700 sergeants, civil servants, craftsmen and handymen in spiritual practice every day. For seven months, these people worked day and night for Renzong in Lingqu.
This tomb, which was built by a poor country with the financial and material resources, was concentrated by skilled craftsmen all over the world, and it was not buried. The brick and wood palace on the ground in Kaifeng has already vanished, and the imperial palace in Gongyi is still sleeping underground. "There is no trivial matter in the royal family, and death is like trouble." The imperial palace in Gongyi tombs will not be inferior to Kaifeng Palace in terms of construction difficulty, labor consumption and money consumption. The Forbidden City is more than 20 meters high and covers an area of about 3,000 square meters. A royal hall is at least as big as three 7-story and 3-unit residential buildings combined! There are eight such behemoths buried underground in gongyi city. The underground palaces of emperors, princes and ministers are slightly smaller in scale, but the number is extremely large, with more than 1 000.
Li Ling, the southernmost of the three back tombs of Yongxiling, is suspected to have been stolen in the early years. After entering the stolen cave in front of the tomb, you can see that the tomb is an approximate circular polygon with brick wood structure (most tombs before Zhenzong were brick and stone). The top of the tomb is painted with blue-gray sky, with white powder on it to paint the Milky Way and the stars, and the surrounding walls are painted with colorful paintings such as buildings and clouds. There are jade books and more than 80 pieces of porcelain with blue glaze, white glaze and black glaze in the tomb, among which Ding kiln porcelain with the word "official" and Yue kiln dragon plate are particularly rare. This tomb excavated for some reason is a microcosm of more than 0/000 tombs in gongyi city/KLOC.
In September of A.D. 1022, Empress Dowager Liu summoned the Minister of Civil and Military Affairs to prepare Song Zhenzong's offerings, including beads of Buddha, jade boxes and various "tools that I have served and played well all my life". The Empress Dowager, the Emperor and the ministers also discussed how to deal with a large number of "Rui Shi" and "Tian Shu" collected and enshrined by Zhenzong. Some said that they would continue to offer sacrifices, some said that they would be burned and sent back to the "Heavenly Palace", and some said that they would be treasured in a palace ... Finally, Prime Minister Wang suggested: "The gobbledygook and the auspicious things contributed by the whole country are special gifts given by God to the first emperor, and this honor belongs to the first emperor. Now that the first emperor has ascended to heaven and become an immortal, the book of heaven and the auspicious events should also be returned to the palace with the first emperor, and they must not stay on earth. " So, all the "heavenly books" and "auspicious things" were sent to Yongding Mausoleum and buried in front of the emperor's coffin. Later generations praised Wang Zeng's measures as "knowing secrets"-burying the Book of Heaven and Wu Rui under the banner of "Glory to the First Emperor", which not only eliminated the superstitious atmosphere of the imperial court caused by the true religion, but also put an end to the waste of wealth caused by the construction of temples.
When the Yongding Mausoleum is excavated in the future, maybe those "gobbledygook" and "Wu Rui" are still there, and maybe we can see what they are. Zhenzong is the last emperor of Mount Tai who worships Zen. He is good at tricks and superstitious, but he has children but no grandchildren.
Among the funerary objects of Zhenzong, there is also a huge instrument that can't even get out of Kaifeng City Gate. It "learned about the bad city gate" all the way. Accompanied by Sheng Da Yulong carrying the emperor's coffin, it led a 5-kilometer-long funeral procession to Gongyi via Zhongmou, Zhengzhou and Xingyang, and then crossed the Fengxian Bridge of Luohe in front of Sigouling in Hua Shan Township, Yanshi (Huisheng Palace was built on the ridge north of the bridge by Later Renzong). At present, there is still a large one about 10 meter high in the ruins of the Holy Palace. The underground palace is all stone structure, with a total length of 63. 19 meters. There are four stone gates and nine coupons. Each stone gate is equipped with a copper fan weighing more than ten tons, which can not only support the boulder on the door, but also make the huge and heavy stone gate with a height of 3.52 meters open and close freely. Above the stone gate, there is a stone gate building carved with a whole piece of blue and white stone. On the eight stone gates, there is a lifelike relief Buddha statue.
Passing through the fourth stone gate and entering the golden ticket, you can see that Zigong after Emperor Guangxu was placed on a huge stone bed, with Guangxu in the middle and Yulong on the left. There are 16 pieces of Longshan stone with colorful landscapes and Yunlong around Zigong, which clamp the four corners of Zigong. The two palaces in Zigong are both in the form of inner coffins and outer coffins. Emperor Guangxu's coffin was painted with cinnabar, engraved with gold-plated Buddhist scriptures in Tibetan and Sanskrit, and a decorative pattern at the bottom with less than 10,000 words. On the top of Queen Yulong's coffin, there is a carved golden phoenix, and nine statues of bodhisattvas are carved on her head, which are brightly colored, painted with gold and beautifully shaped. It is an advanced wood carving art. The scale of Cixi underground palace is smaller than that of Yuling underground palace, but it is decorated uniquely. Except the second door is carved with moonstone, the rest are made of crystal clear white marble, and the stone carving technology is also quite superb.