First, young people have a future.
Guo Songling, the word Chen Mao. 1883 was born in the eastern suburb of Shenyang, and he was gifted. Although he dropped out of school because of his poor family, he often studied secretly after farming. After his family improved, he studied in his hometown. However, the good times did not last long. After the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, the atrocities committed by soldiers of the two countries in the black land of northeast China gave him the idea of a rich country, Qiang Bing. As a young man, he believes that only the military road can achieve national rejuvenation.
Above _ Guo Songling (1883— 1925 65438+ February 25th), with the word.
1905 was admitted to Fengtian Army Primary School. Two years later, he graduated first in the school and was sent to the third town of Beiyang New Army as an intern. Because of his cleverness and loyalty, he was appreciated by Zhu Qinglan, who was controlled by the boy scout camp. He promoted Guo Songling to Qin Bing and took him to Sichuan. After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, Guo Songling saw Zhu Zhitong being expelled by local troops and secretly returned to Shenyang. Unexpectedly, when Zhang was catching revolutionaries, Guo Songling's braid had been cut off. Zhang people mistakenly thought it was a revolutionary army, so they put him in prison. After being imprisoned, Guo Songling was rescued by military school students. Prison life strengthened Guo Songling, and the revolution needed a strong military force.
19 16 Guo Songling graduated from Chinese army university. During the Franco-Prussian Movement, after listening to Sun Yat-sen's speech, Guo Songling went south to look for the French government. During this period, he was appointed as the instructor of Shaoguan Wujiang guild hall, and he cared about the construction guard. He repeatedly proposed to Sun Yat-sen to rectify military discipline, and Sun Yat-sen also valued him.
However, after the reorganization of the garrison military government in Guangxi, because Sun Yat-sen went to Shanghai and no longer served as the leader of the garrison military government, Guo Songling was disappointed with the garrison military government and returned to Shenyang alone. During his stay in Shenyang, he was recommended by Lu Da, and was later hired as an instructor.
Above _ Zhang Xueliang (190 1 year -200 1 year), whose real name is Yi 'an, whose real name is double and small.
The fate of Guo and Zhang began. Zhang Xueliang is studying in the artillery department of Jiangwutang at this time, and Guo Songling is deeply admired by Zhang Xueliang because of his profound knowledge. After Zhang Xueliang graduated, Guo Songling was appointed as the chief of staff of the brigade by Zhang Xueliang, and was later appointed as the head of the 2nd regiment. It was at this time that Guo Songling stood out. At that time, bandits in Jining emerged one after another. When Guo Songling was fighting bandits with Zhang Xueliang, he could share joys and sorrows with the soldiers and take the lead. After eliminating bandits, he was incorporated into the eighth brigade because of his active elimination.
Guo Songling has the ambition of reform and has a far-reaching influence on Zhang Xueliang. During his study in Wujiang Hall, Zhang Xueliang often went to the YMCA to meet progressives. This makes Zhang Xueliang's thought different from that of Zhang Zuo Lin. He always wanted to change the bad habit of serving in the army, but he couldn't start, so he paid special attention to intellectuals who came out of colleges and universities like Guo Songling.
In the first direct battle, Zhang's 27th Division was defeated, and the marked army and the East Army also fled one after another. Only Guo Songling led three brigades to evacuate in an orderly manner. Guo Songling's command ability enabled Fengjun to maintain its strength, which made Zhang Xueliang trust him more and more. In the second direct service war, Guo Songling defeated the direct army and fled. Guo Songling led the troops to attack Haiyang Town, and the remnants of the straight army were forced to retreat to Shanhaiguan, where they were disarmed by Guo Songling. Guo Songling seized 200 guns by himself. Later, Guo Songling stationed in Qinhuangdao, recruited soldiers of direct warlords and incorporated them into four brigades. After this campaign, Guo Songling became famous in Feng Department.
However, there are many people who are welcome. Guo Songling was targeted by other factions because of Gao Zhen's contribution, and Guo Songling was overbearing. Therefore, since then, Guo Songling was often managed by non-commissioned officers, and Zhang began to be wary of Guo Songling.
Above _ The First Direct Service War (1April 9, 922,1June 8)
Two. Factional contradiction
During the Zhifu War, Japan urged Zhang to expand his army and March into the Central Plains. Three factions were formed in the process of military expansion.
The first is the Army University School headed by Zhang Xueliang and Guo Songling, which is mainly composed of graduates from the Army University and Baoding Military Academy. His political proposition is to stop the civil war, build the Northeast and fight against foreign enemies.
The second faction is the greenwood faction headed by Zhang, basically fellow villagers and relatives who joined the army with Zhang in the early days;
The third faction, headed by the gentry, advocated marching into the Central Plains and catering to Zhang. However, the Yang Yuting School is not pure. On the surface, it caters to Zhang, but in fact it wants to divide the forces of Zhang and Zhang Xueliang.
Petty officers sent by Jiang Dengxuan often invite Zhang Xueliang to his house to eat, drink and have fun, hoping to let Zhang Xueliang play with his toys and control him. Seeing that the situation was not good, Guo Songling deliberately broke into the Chiang family and read out government affairs to Zhang Xueliang loudly, saying that the Zhang family was the backbone of the Northeast Army. Guo Songling wholeheartedly defended Zhang Xueliang, which he hated, while the petty officer faction had a great influence in Feng Department because it catered to Zhang. Yang Yuting has been using administrative means to suppress Guo Songling, and Guo Songling can only submit to humiliation. But the powder keg will detonate one day.
Above _ Soldiers in Tianjin during the Second Direct Service War.
After the second time, Guo Songling, who was proud of his work, was very dissatisfied. After the war, Guo Songling thought that the governor of Anhui was his, so he sent his men to Anhui first, and even the chief of staff arranged it. Therefore, Zhang was worried that Guo Songling would become bigger, and Guo Songling was determined to reform and turn the Northeast Army from "Zhang Jiajun" into a modern army that did not obey a certain family. Therefore, Guo Songling was refused to be the governor of Anhui.
One bad idea after another came running towards him, whether it was the injustice encountered in rewarding meritorious service or the failure to realize the ambition of transforming the Northeast Army, which pushed him to the opposite side of Feng's system.
Above _ serve warlords
3. Oppose "big" and support "small"
Guo Songling was disheartened by unfair reward. He went to Japan to live in seclusion. Less than a year after his accomplishment, Zhang Xueliang sent him an urgent telegram, saying that Sun was going north, hoping that Guo Songling could come back and command troops to fight. However, Guo Songling was disheartened and only replied: "After receiving the telegram, I should have been on my own, but since I arrived in Japan, my old illness has recurred and I need treatment and recuperation." See Guo Songling indifferent, Zhang Xueliang had to write two letters to Guo Songling, said weighing your respectful name for him as commander in chief.
After Guo Songling returned to Shenyang, he gathered a large number of elites overnight, but fell ill when his old illness recurred. He was recommended by a Japanese doctor to go to Tianjin for recuperation. During his stay in hospital, Guo Songling was always struggling, because he didn't want to support the civil war, and hoped that Feng Bu would manage the Northeast well. To this end, he frequently called Zhang, hoping that Nenwei Zhang would hold peace, but Zhang always refused.
Guo Songling saw that peace could not be maintained, so he sent his younger brother Guo Daming to find Feng Yuxiang with a secret letter. In my mind, I expressed my willingness to change the name of the army I led to the Northeast National Army, and advocated stopping the civil war, recuperating and improving people's lives. The secret agreement with Feng Yuxiang was signed in June of 1925+0 1 year. Guo Songling also invited Rao and Li, Secretary General of the Presidential Office, to take part in the anti-Feng movement in Luanzhou.
Above _ Feng Yuxiang (1 882165438+1October 6th-1948 September1), formerly known as Ji Shan.
Jiang Dengxuan, who was retreating from the north, changed his station in Luanzhou and was immediately detained by Guo Songling. Guo Songling shot and killed Jiang Deng after counting all kinds of crimes. Then the meeting was held, and it was said that Zhang Xueliang was rumbling, demanding that the guard Zhang step down, announcing the end of the civil war and resisting foreign enemies.
The Zhang family and his son were very frightened when they heard of Guo Songling's rebellion, because most of Feng's elites were in Guo Songling's hands. Zhang Zuolin accused Zhang Xueliang of not getting too close to Guo Songling. Zhang Xueliang was worried that Guo Songling would be executed after his defeat, and even his father and Japan had already flirted with each other, fearing that the Northeast would be invaded by Japan.
Zhang Xueliang sailed to Qinhuangdao overnight, hoping to meet Guo Songling and dissuade him from sending troops. Guo Songling has always been very fond of Zhang Xueliang, and has a good relationship with him, and has never broken up from beginning to end. Guo Songling's second letter to Zhang Xueliang was full of admiration for Zhang Xueliang: "I am a wise man. Songling would rather be a great man in the new world than a lean man in the old society. This is a period of time for our company, and we should finally be together. "
When Guo Songling arose, there were 80,000 troops, including six divisions under Zhang Xueliang. The place where Guo Songling and the Northeast Army fought for the first time was Lianshan. Although Jun Guo partially succeeded in surrendering in this battle, Guo Songling later broke through the Feng Jun defense line by letting the left-wing troops surrender, and Jinzhou was breached by Guo Songling. Later, they occupied Baiqibao and Xinmin respectively and confronted the Northeast Army in Liu Ju.
Above _ Zhang (1875- 1928), the word rain pavilion.
4. Japan's actions
Seeing that Zhang Zhibing was defeated, Zhang pieced together several remnants of his army and the troops of Kyrgyzstan and Montenegro into three armies and deployed them on the east bank of the river. Zhang Xueliang was appointed commander of the Third Army. Zhang is worried that his own strength is not enough to resist. At Yang Yuting's suggestion, he personally signed an agreement with the Kwantung Army, acknowledging the various privileges of the Japanese army in the three northeastern provinces, allowing the Japanese army to replace the Northeast Army to maintain law and order, and assisting the Northeast Army in "counterinsurgency". Many Japanese veterans also entered the Northeast to help Zhang. They all fought in the uniforms of the Northeast Army.
Guo Songling is worried that Japan's intervention will put pressure on itself and doesn't want Japan to have privileges in the Northeast. He called Japanese consul Yoshida. After communicating with him, Yoshida was worried that Zhang's overthrow by Guo Songling would harm Japan's interests in the Northeast, and the Soviet Union took advantage of it, so he refused Guo Songling's request that Japan remain neutral. The Japanese army announced the establishment of a so-called "neutral zone" in Yingkou to prevent Guo Songling from entering the city, and also prohibited the Northeast Army from exchanging fire with Jun Guo in the Nanman Railway. These unreasonable demands prevented Guo Songling from entering Fengtian. Despite Guo Songling's repeated protests, the Kwantung Army deployed a division in the suburb of Fengtian.
Above _ Guo Songling's Anti-Japanese War
Zhang's doctor Yasuda Fusong, a Japanese spy in Fenghua, suggested that Guo Songling go to Tianjin for recuperation. When Guo Songling was against Feng in Tianjin, Shoutian once dissuaded him. But Guo Songling has repeatedly said that he supports Zhang Xueliang instead of Zhang Zuo Lin.
Zhang Xueliang hoped that Shoutian would convince Guo Songling, so he wrote many letters. Consul General Yoshida hoped that Shoutian could stop Jun Guo's progress. At the request of both sides, Shoutian once again went to Guo Songling military camp as a private doctor. After handing the letter to Guo Songling, Guo Songling burst into tears and thanked Zhang Xueliang for his concern. However, after venting their emotions, he and Shoutian said that they would not compromise with the Northeast Army and the Japanese side. Japan's attempt to "peacefully" settle the Guo Feng dispute was dashed.
Above _ Feng Jun Observer
5. The soul broke the powerful river.
Liu Ju is the decisive battle place between Jun Guo and the Northeast Army, but Jun Guo has lost his heroism at this time. Because many bridges and railways were blown up after the Japanese intervention, Jun Guo had to walk forward. With the help of the Japanese, Zhang set up an army of 80,000 against Guo Songling. After being offered a loan from Japan, Feng not only recruited soldiers, but also gave every soldier a bounty, replaced equipment and distributed new daily necessities and rations, which greatly boosted the morale of the Northeast Army. In contrast, due to the shortage of materials, long journey and homesickness, Jun Guo's morale was not as good as before, and many officers in Jun Guo were promoted by Zhang Xueliang, unwilling to be enemies with Zhang Xueliang.
1925 12.22, the Northeast Army launched an attack, and Guo Songling's artillery unit was replaced by the chief of staff who had defected to the enemy, resulting in the disappearance of Jun Guo's artillery superiority. The next day, the Northeast Army made a general assault on all fronts, and Guo Songling troops were quickly washed away. Disappointed, Guo Songling had to flee with his wife. During his escape, he hid in a farmhouse kiln. As a result, it was discovered and captured by soldiers of the cavalry division of the Northeast Army.
Above _ Yang Yuting (August 29th,1885-65438+1October 29th, 1929), whose name is adjacent to Ge, is one of Feng's relatives.
After learning the news of Guo Songling's capture on the train, Zhang Xueliang asked about him many times. He knew that Yang Yuting had been at odds with Guo Songling. Zhang quickly called the director of the Secretariat to draft a telegram, demanding that Guo Songling be sent to his command post, which he would handle personally. At this time, Zhang Xueliang was still reluctant to give up Guo Songling, hoping to let Guo Songling live and let him go abroad for further study, because he knew that Guo Songling was a talented person. Zhang Xueliang summoned Minister Jun Guo and said that he could let bygones be bygones and still work for the Northeast Army in the future.
Just when Zhang Xueliang was full of fantasies, the bad news came. On February 25, 65438, Zhang printed the "indictment" and photos of Guo Songling's body into a document and circulated it to various ministries in order to stabilize people's hearts. When the document was delivered to Zhang Xueliang, he only approved the word "burn it with fire" in frustration. In the future, whenever Zhang Xueliang has difficulties, he will sigh: "If only Chen Mao were here."
Above _ Guo Songling and his wife
Guo Songling, an arrogant but idealistic officer, thus ended his turbulent life. Although he is an anti-thief in the eyes of the Northeast Army, he is the most loyal person to Zhang Xueliang in the Northeast Army. Perhaps he started his army out of personal enmity, but he experienced national hatred for the rich since he was a child, knowing in his heart that only by improving the habits of warlords could China be revived, and finally he embarked on the road against Feng.
References:
[1] Memories of Zhang Xueliang and the Northeast Army, edited by the Cultural and Historical Committee of China People's Political Consultative Conference.
[2] History of the Republic of China? Biography? Volume 02 Li Xin
[3] The history of Beiyang Warlords has come to a new summer.
The text was created by the team of History University Hall, and the pictures originated from the Internet and belonged to the original author.