Grape pruning is an important technical measure in grape cultivation. It is to scientifically induce grape plants, adjust the relationship between their growth and fruiting, make full use of shelf space and light energy, and obtain early fruit, high yield and high quality. Here are three methods of grape shaping. 1 variety is quickly reshaped to achieve the goal of early fruit and high yield; The second is cold-proof plastic surgery to meet the needs of grape wintering and cold-proof; The third method is to prevent and remedy the baldness at the root of the main vine, so as to control the result position from moving up too fast.

1 rapid prototyping

1. 1 promote root planting and shaping in the current year

Heat grape cuttings before bud germination to promote their early rooting. The cuttings after root-urging are directly planted in the field according to the row spacing of the planted plants without transplanting. After root planting, strengthen fertilizer and water management, pick the core when spreading 5-6 leaves, so that 2-4 robust secondary branches will be formed in that year, and the number of main vines needed for plastic surgery will be reserved in winter, and a certain yield will be obtained in the second year, and the plastic surgery task will be achieved or basically completed in the third year.

1.2 More than two levels of plastic surgery a year.

Taking advantage of the characteristics of many branches in grape summer buds and rapid growth in that year, two or more levels of shaping can be carried out within 1 year, which can accelerate the completion of shaping.

1.2. 1 Two-stage shaping of seedlings

The root system of seedlings is small, and the growth of plants is slow due to root injury after planting. 1 year, it is difficult to carry out secondary plastic surgery. However, as long as we pay special attention to the following three points, we can carry out two plastic surgery sessions during the year:

1) Select strong seedlings for planting. The seedlings are not less than 0.6 cm thick and have more than three thick roots.

2) Strengthen the management of soil, fertilizer and water, promote the growth of root system, increase the number of root system and promote the growth of aerial parts. After the seedlings are planted, the branches and vines are cut off again, and 2-3 new shoots are left as main vines after germination, and 6- 10 leaves of the new shoots are picked. After the secondary buds germinate, two secondary buds are left for each new bud to be cultured as main and lateral vines. If there are only 1 new shoots, you can pick the core when laying 4-5 leaves to promote the germination of 2-4 secondary shoots and cultivate them as main vines. For some robust new shoots over 2 years old, early coring can also be used for secondary shaping.

1.2.2 multilevel reshaping of grafted trees

Trees grafted with adult trees or old trees have well-developed underground roots, and most branches and vines on the ground are grafted with only 2-3 branches. After survival, they tend to thrive and can be reshaped in multiple stages. According to the requirements of plastic surgery, new vines should be picked and chopped in time at the parts that need to be branched. For vigorous secondary branches, coring and branch retention can be carried out for the second time, sometimes for the third time, so that 3-4 branches can be formed in the current year. If handled properly, plastic surgery can be completed in the year of grafting.

2 cold plastic surgery

Grapes planted in northern China need to be buried underground to prevent cold. Usually, the scaffolding is shaped, and the main vine is long and curved, which is not convenient for burying soil. In order to make all kinds of clothes hangers more convenient to be buried underground for cold protection, the plastic surgery takes the following measures.

2. 1 Change the trunk to no trunk, and change a few main vines to many main vines.

Grape plants with trunks are often difficult to bury because the trunks are thick and hard. Leaving more main vines is thinner and easier to bend than leaving 1 main vines, so it is better to trim both scaffolding and hedgerows with non-main vines to facilitate burial and cold protection.

2.2 increase the length and curvature of the main vine

The longer the main vine is, the easier it is to bend and bury the soil. In order to lengthen the main vines of grapes in the shed, the planting point can be set at about 1 m outside the shed, and the main vines below the shed surface can bend and grow. For hedgerow grapes, columns and shelf surfaces can also be set 30-40 cm outside the planting row.

2.3 Change the angle of the main vine

One way to reduce the angle is to shape the inclined main vine. The main vines of hedgerow grapes can be inclined in the same direction or in the opposite direction along the planting row, so that they form an included angle of 30-45 degrees with the ground. If the mother branch and new shoot are only 1 layer, the main vine can be integrated into a single arm, and all plants are inclined in the same direction; It can also be integrated into two arms, so that the two arms grow obliquely in opposite directions and are integrated into a single-layer main vine shape. If there are two layers of fruiting mother branches and new shoots, they can be connected into a double-layer four-arm oblique main vine. Each grape has four oblique main vines, and two main vines pass through the adjacent plants in the lower layer. The other two main vines cross adjacent plants in the upper layer. Second, the base of the main vine is rounded to a small angle. Generally, the base of the main vine is made into a small angle in two ways. 1 method is to bend and bind the base of new shoots with strong growth potential at 1 year of shaping and pruning. The second method is to leave 1 annual vine close to the ground as the main vine in the second year of pruning, so that the angle between the base of the main vine and the ground will become smaller.

3. Prevention and treatment of plastic surgery for baldness at the root of main vine.

The bare base of main vine is a common phenomenon in fan-shaped pruning. The reason for this phenomenon is that the top advantage makes the nutrients concentrate to the front, and the base branches weaken or even die because of insufficient nutrition; The second reason is improper pruning measures, the tree potential is not balanced in time, and it is strong before and weak after. Generally speaking, preventive and remedial measures can be taken for this situation.

1) Regeneration of fruiting mother branch. The purpose is to avoid the result position rising year by year and moving outward, and the lower part is bald. There are two updating methods. 1. Double-branch regeneration: the fruiting mother branches are alternately updated, and every 20-30 cm 1 fixed fruiting branch group is left on the upper part of the branches and vines. When pruning in winter, two mature branches are left in each branch group, the upper branches are pruned with medium-long branches, 4- 10 buds are left as fruiting mother branches in the second year, and the lower branches are cut short with two buds as preparation branches for the next year. When pruning in the winter of the following year, the fruiting mother branch is thinned out, then the upper mature branch is selected from the preparatory branch, the middle and long branch is cut off as the fruiting mother branch, and the other branch is selected from the base of the preparatory branch with 2 buds as the preparatory branch. This cycle has been updated. The preparatory branch is under the fruiting branch. The second is single branch regeneration: only the bearing mother branch is left, and no preparatory branch is left. Select 1 new shoot with strong base and cut it short, leaving 2-5 buds, and cut all branches above this branch together with the mother branches bearing fruit in the previous year. After pruning, the bearing branches still retain 1 bearing mother branches, which is called single branch regeneration.

2) Keep the main vine short. L-2 short main vines can be selected from several main vines, and short-tip pruning or lateral binding can be adopted to keep the fruiting mother branches at the base from moving up and weakening.

3) Use budding branches. The sprouted branches at the base of the main vine are used as the lower main vine to fill the exposed part of the frame surface.

4) Large shrinkage shear. Re-shrink and cut some branches and vines to promote the budding branches and vines at the base to fill the gap.

5) Pressure drop potential of main tendrils. When the base of the whole garden is generally exposed, some main vines can be bent between plants or rows to expose the part with bearing mother branches to the ground and fill the lower shelf surface.