Because the loan is also subject to risk testing, the personal ability and personal property of the loan personnel must be reviewed in advance, and the loan can only be issued after passing the relevant audit standards.
Nowadays, commercial loans are very popular and there are various types of loans. There are long-term loans and short-term loans, and you can also choose to use real estate as collateral for loans in commercial activities such as banks. But no matter what kind of loan, banks should review the lender's personal property and repayment ability. Only through the relevant audit can the loan be officially issued, the fundamental purpose is to avoid the loss of the bank's loan amount.
Bank of inner mongolia Hulunbeier Branch was fined 700,000 yuan.
Bank of inner mongolia violated the "three checks" principle system formulated by China, and did not audit the personal assets and repayment ability of relevant personnel before lending. Therefore, China Banking Regulatory Commission decided to impose an administrative penalty of 700,000 yuan on bank of inner mongolia. The bank did not meet the relevant requirements of our country and did not do a good job in the process of loan business. Therefore, this fine is also well-founded, and there are special explicit legal provisions.
Must abide by the three inspection system.
The so-called "three checks" system refers to the qualification examination, asset examination and repayment ability examination of loan personnel when banks handle business. Only through the examination of these three aspects can we really handle the loan business. Some banks do not follow this system and hide all illegal assets through various means.
As a financial institution, banks should abide by the law.
As a national financial institution, banks represent the national financial sector to some extent. This is in this case, we must also abide by relevant laws and regulations. In social, economic and trade exchanges, we must play a leading role, and anything that violates relevant laws and regulations cannot happen. In order to avoid the credibility of the bank being questioned by the masses, it will bring great danger to the future banking work.
What are the problems in the five-level classification of loans of grass-roots credit cooperatives?
1. has a false statement. The statements provided by enterprise loans are not true enough, the figures reflected in the balance sheet are inconsistent with the enterprise credit information system, the data in the enterprise cash flow statement are false, and even individual enterprises will not compile the cash flow statement.
Second, the files are not standardized, the information is incomplete and even missing. Although each organization has established files for corporate customers, there is a problem of incomplete information. Some agencies have established one file for each household, but the classification working papers, classification confirmation forms, loan contracts and information of borrowers and guarantee units are separated, which affects the standardization and integrity of one file for each household. Personal credit files are not kept as required, and there is a phenomenon of missing.
Third, the post-loan follow-up inspection is not timely. Unforeseen circumstances may occur after the loan is issued, which will adversely affect the normal return of the loan. Post-loan follow-up inspection is an effective measure to prevent risks in time. However, through inspection, it was found that there were still cases of untimely and irregular loans, which laid a hidden danger for future loan management.
Four, farmers' microfinance and farmers' joint loan information is incomplete. It is a common problem that farmers' microfinance and farmers' joint guarantee loans are too small and difficult to manage. The loan file of each agency only contains the loan application form and a copy of the ID card, but there is no information such as family income, proof of real assets, repayment records, organization opinions of the village committee, etc.
5. At present, most rural credit cooperatives are older and their overall business level is lower. Loan risk classification is a dynamic management mechanism centered on risk control. Objectively, appraisers are required to comprehensively, seriously and accurately understand, master and analyze all qualitative and quantitative factors related to loans, including the borrower's financial situation, cash flow, industry orientation, development trend, guarantee and mortgage, etc. However, it is difficult for some credit cooperatives to meet this requirement, which affects the classification. Some loan five-level classification personnel are vague about the classification principles, standards and conditions, and only classify according to subjective wishes, resulting in high deviation of five-level classification.
Causes and countermeasures of non-performing loans
What are the causes and countermeasures of non-performing loans of commercial banks in China? Share it with everyone below, I hope you like it! Welcome to read!
First, the causes of non-performing loans
On the one hand, the impact of economic downturn on enterprises can not be ignored. On the other hand, financial institutions have not yet achieved intensive loan management, which is also an important reason for the formation of non-performing loans, such as the lack of in-depth pre-loan investigation, the failure to implement loan conditions, and the inadequate post-loan management. We can sum up the following points:
The phenomenon of "1" paying more attention to loans than management has not been cured.
In the development history of financial institutions, there has always been a phenomenon of attaching importance to business development, ignoring risk management, emphasizing loan delivery and ignoring loan management. This is largely influenced by the evaluation orientation and methods. In terms of assessment orientation, although most financial institutions emphasize the requirement of matching income with risk, the actual situation is that the scale assessment is ahead of time, and the quality assessment is often delayed due to factors such as untimely asset classification and post-audit adjustment, which encourages the "short-sighted" behavior in operation to some extent, leading to the phenomenon of "emphasizing scale over quality" from time to time. In terms of assessment methods, most of them adopt the method of "paying the bill", which is directly linked to loan delivery, loan deposits and loan income, which leads institutions to pay more attention to income, excessively pursue scale expansion and ignore the control requirements of asset quality. At the same time, the tenure of senior executives in financial institutions can easily lead to one-sided pursuit of performance during their term of office. In the game between development and risk, risk control gives way to business development from time to time.
2. The concept of risk management is still not deeply rooted in people's hearts.
Financial institutions are easily confused by "golden customers", for example, they do not make in-depth analysis of loans from monopoly industries, enterprises and government projects, reduce access standards, adjust risk limits and expand credit through various means; Post-loan management is relaxed, and the use of loans and the operation of enterprises are not well monitored. In order to form the second source of repayment, we believe and rely on it too much, and think that secured loans are good loans, ignoring a large number of problems in practice, such as insufficient guarantee capacity, difficulty in implementing "unsecured commitments", overvaluation of collateral, and difficulty in realizing them. In the process of loan management, we think that "no interest is a good loan", we don't pay enough attention to the major problems of enterprises, we don't analyze the cash flow of enterprises in depth, we can't make timely and accurate judgments on loan risks, and then we lose the best opportunity to revitalize and dispose of them. Long-term liquidity loans are serious. After the loan expires, blindly rely on lending, thinking that "borrowing the new and returning the old" is the best solution. We turn a blind eye to the weakness of market competition and the deterioration of business conditions, and the result is to turn potential risks into real losses.
3 inadequate control of the credit process
Process management is the top priority of modern commercial banks, and the problems in process control are worth studying. For example, the evaluation department, the management department and the disposal department seem to perform their respective duties, and in essence everyone may be responsible, but it is impossible for everyone to be responsible. For example, the management department is responsible for the formation of bad things, but it does not need to be disposed of. The security department is responsible for the disposal, but it does not have to pay for the bad formation. If the disposal is excessive, it is performance. The evaluation department is not a management department, and it cares more about figures than the project itself.
4 the importance of credit asset risk classification
The influence of the timeliness and accuracy of credit asset risk classification on asset quality and evaluation should also be paid enough attention. As we all know, the identification of non-performing loans is based on the risk classification results of credit assets. The result of risk classification affects the impairment reserve. If the risk classification is inaccurate and the defects are not exposed in time, the provision for impairment will be inaccurate, and the results of the assessment of various business entities will also be reflected in the front and the punishment will be delayed.
5. Lack of accountability and accountability.
The responsibility determination of credit business is a very serious and professional work, and it is a test and assessment of the whole process of credit business. At present, the main problems we have in this regard are as follows: First, the contradiction between less personnel and heavy workload is more prominent; Second, the test of identifying various business types and long historical evolution span of the project is more prominent; Third, the policy requirements and institutional basis of each stage are not mastered enough. When the responsibility is identified, it is often subject to the personal quality of the personnel who identify the responsibility, and the quality of the responsibility identification cannot be guaranteed. From the perspective of accountability, it takes a long time for a project to be investigated from bad formation and responsibility identification. The lag and evasion of accountability directly affect its seriousness, and it is difficult to play its due disciplinary and educational role. Based on the comprehensive responsibility identification and investigation, it is not difficult to find that the responsibility identification link pays more attention to the inadequacy of post-lending management than the in-depth investigation before lending, overemphasizes the lack of due diligence in the details of post-lending operation, and avoids talking about the defects in customer selection and marketing strategy formulation before lending. At the same time, the responsibility investigation is aimed at front-line employees, and the punishment is far stronger than that of operators with decision-making power. The problem of unfair punishment and ineffective punishment also has a great influence on the generation of non-performing loans.
Second, non-performing loans difficult to collect countermeasures
In order to improve the quality of assets and curb the trend of concentrated exposure of non-performing loans, we must identify the problems, put pressure on ourselves and face the difficulties. To do the following work:
1 Solve the problems of understanding and mechanism, and make key breakthroughs.
First of all, we must solve the relationship between income and risk. While insisting on "development is the last word", we should improve the concept of "sustainable development", strictly control credit access, and strengthen the examination and approval of credit rating and credit scheme. Secondly, we should solve the pressure of risk management and control and the driving force of business development. Clarify the main risk points and due diligence requirements of all aspects of credit business, and seriously identify and investigate the responsibilities. We should not only prevent blind pursuit of business development and neglect of risk management and control, but also put an end to timidity, formulate due diligence exemption methods, clarify the due diligence guidelines of different types of customers, and dispel the work concerns of loan managers. Those who are not responsible for the work, should act as inaction or operate in violation of regulations, especially those who directly lead to the downward shift of asset quality due to inadequate work, should be strictly investigated for responsibility. Third, solve the problem of mechanism construction of loan management. Further clarify the responsibilities and main risk points of relevant departments at all levels in loan management, establish a scientific and efficient credit marketing, access, approval and distribution management mechanism with clear powers and responsibilities, establish a post-loan enterprise risk assessment system, establish a loan management evaluation system, establish a reasonable loan management incentive system, issue guidelines for due diligence of credit posts, and link the evaluation results with rewards and punishments of institutions and personnel. It is necessary to establish an information exchange and communication mechanism to prevent information asymmetry and information layer-by-layer attenuation. Establish a regular meeting system of risk early warning, timely judge credit risk events, implement one policy for one household and multiple policies for one household, and increase incentives for revitalizing the disposal of non-performing loans.
2. Continue to lay a solid management foundation and improve the asset quality control system.
On the one hand, strengthen the research on national macro-control policies and key industries. Through investigation, find out the target positioning, vigorously expand the market, accurately identify and effectively control risks, and improve the management level. On the other hand, it is necessary to formulate scientific marketing strategies to promote the optimization of credit structure. Formulate a credit policy close to the market, subdivide the market and customers, and realize the transformation from "big to excellent", from paying attention to large and medium-sized customers to paying equal attention to high-quality large and medium-sized customers and high-quality SME customers. Because the ability of small and medium-sized enterprises to resist market risks is relatively weak, their credit risk is closely related to the prosperity of the industry. Therefore, we urgently need to strengthen the research on the industry background of small and medium-sized enterprises, analyze and predict the market development prospects, and strengthen risk mitigation measures. The third is to establish a scientific incentive and restraint mechanism for risk management. Firmly establish the concept of effective balance between risks and benefits, and improve risk management policies, systems and standards. Improve the accuracy, objectivity and timeliness of risk classification, and make full provision for impairment. Make full use of risk management tools to improve the professional, refined and scientific level of risk management, effectively resist the occurrence of credit risks and promote the sustained and healthy development of credit business. The fourth is to improve the post-loan management ability. Post-loan management is the last line of defense for credit risk control. According to the frequency and depth requirements of post-loan management, we should pay close attention to major risk events, major investment decisions and cash flow changes of enterprises.
3. Intensify efforts to deal with bad inventory.
To strengthen the handling of non-performing loans, the first task is to curb the emergence of newly exposed non-performing loans. Continue to develop, constantly consolidate and develop high-quality customer groups, and improve the quality of credit assets from the source. Do a good job in risk monitoring and research on exit strategies of important customers to avoid turning potential risks into real risks because of "dead retreat". Secondly, we should make full use of policies and indigestion through various means. It is necessary to strengthen policy research, control projects, apply appropriate policies to appropriate customers, make full use of new policies, new tools and new means to speed up the disposal of non-performing loans, and steadily digest historical burdens. The third is to establish an incentive and restraint mechanism for asset quality control. Fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties with policy leverage, implement the quality control assessment and responsibility restraint mechanism of credit assets of leading bodies, and implement responsible loan collection. Implement the reward and punishment system, improve the accountability system for credit asset quality control, and seriously identify the responsibilities, so as to fundamentally improve the enthusiasm of credit asset management.
What is the hidden non-performing loan and what are the loan risks?
The so-called invisible non-performing loans refer to loans that are reflected as normal in the credit statements, but their real form is non-performing loans. At present, the number of invisible non-performing loans is increasing, and its potential risks are increasing day by day, which are embodied in the following aspects:
First of all, the risk of land mortgage loan is prominent.
Some speculative borrowers have left the land purchased by bank mortgage loans undeveloped for a long time, but with the change of government planning, the land has depreciated, which makes the bank land mortgage loans face the risk of impairment and liquidation.
Second, there are many hidden dangers of fake real estate mortgage loans
Some real estate developers apply for housing mortgage loans from banks through forged housing sales contracts or other channels, which often hides great risks.
Third, fake personal loans involve greater risks.
At present, most personal non-performing loans are caused by fake personal loans. The main reason is that some government agencies, institutions and public welfare unemployed units apply for loans from banks in the name of employees in order to obtain bank loans, but their own conditions do not meet the requirements of banks.
Fourth, there are hidden risks in borrowing the new and returning the old.
In order to clean up non-performing loans, some banks attach credit access conditions to some enterprises with poor development prospects or unqualified loan conditions. Although the old non-performing loans were recovered on the surface, new non-performing loans were formed.
Five, the loan risk classification is not accurate, which hides some defects.
In order to complete the control plan of the balance of non-performing loans, some lending institutions identify some non-performing loans as normal loans because of the inaccurate five-level classification of loan risks, thus hiding these "non-performing" loans in normal loans.