I. Selection and preparation of nursery land
Both grafted peach seedlings and rootstock seedlings have the characteristics of drought tolerance and waterlogging tolerance. Therefore, peach orchards should generally choose cultivated land with higher terrain, flat ground and no water accumulation. In view of the characteristics of continuous spring drought in our province in recent years, the nursery should choose places with irrigation conditions and prepare for watering rootstocks in spring drought; Where there is no water source, it can also be used as nursery land, but the sowing amount should be increased accordingly. After the nursery land is selected, it should be turned over in autumn, and combined with the autumn turning, base fertilizer, preferably decomposed farmyard manure, or 50 kilograms of diammonium phosphate per mu (1000 square meter, the same below) should be applied. When the rootstock is ridged, the height of the ridge platform should be 3-5 cm lower than that of the corn field, which is convenient for winter cold protection.
Generally speaking, ordinary cultivated land without salinization or waterlogging can be used as a peach garden, but it needs to be emphasized that the cultivated land that has been used as a peach garden and poplar nursery before can be used as a peach garden again after 2-3 years of fallow rotation.
Second, the cultivation of rootstock seedlings
Prunus tomentosa, Prunus tomentosa and Prunus armeniaca can all be used as peach rootstocks. Prunus tomentosa and Prunus armeniaca are widely recommended rootstocks in the Central Plains. These two varieties have developed roots (taproots), are resistant to barren land, have strong affinity after grafting and flourish. In order to develop splendid yellow peach in our province, it is best to choose Prunus tomentosa as rootstock, because Prunus tomentosa has shallow root system and no obvious taproot, and the fruit trees are dwarfed, which is convenient for cooling down.
Prunus tomentosa ripens early and seeds can be harvested in June. After harvesting, the pulp is washed and dried in the shade for use. It is best to sow Prunus tomentosa in autumn. Before sowing, soak it for 24 hours, then soak it in 0.5% copper sulfate 1000 times solution for 2 hours, rinse it and sow it.
Spring-sown Prunus tomentosa seeds should be sown in layers. Layering treatment should be started in the middle and late February of 1 year at the latest. Wet river sand and seeds should be fully mixed according to the ratio of 3: 1, and the moisture should not be too large. Hold hands together, fingers will not drip when they see water, and put them when they touch. After mixing, put it in a container with a temperature of 2-5 degrees, and sow it after 130- 140 days. It is appropriate to sow before April 15 in our province. Layered seeds are not as drought-tolerant as autumn sowing. In case of severe spring drought, irrigation should be done in time to prevent seeds from drying and affecting germination.
In recent years, caves have also been planted to build gardens. That is to say, determine the row spacing of the orchard first, put 3-5 seeds directly after the fixed point, and do not move the seedlings after grafting, which can play the role of early seedling and early fruit.
Sowing amount (ridge sowing): autumn sowing seeds are calculated according to per mu 10 kg; Spring sowing seeds are 7.5- 10 kg per mu. The sowing amount in particularly arid areas should exceed 15 kg, and the sowing amount per mu with irrigation conditions should reach 7.5.
Kilogram layered seed. Generally, this sowing amount can guarantee about 5000 cherry rootstocks per mu/kloc-0. If there are more than 20,000 plants per mu, the seedlings should be properly thinned to ensure the Miao Zhuang and reach the grafting thickness of that year.
Cherry rootstock seedlings can generally grow to 30 cm in height at the beginning of July. At this time, the core should be removed to help the rootstock thicken.
Third, grafting.
(1) scion adoption: Jinxiu yellow peach has a certain number in our province, belonging to domesticated varieties, especially after the severe cold of 200 1 and the drought in 2003, which shows that this variety has adapted to the local climate conditions. Therefore, the adoption of scions should be based on this province and choose orchards with good tree potential.
(2) Autumn bud grafting of rootstock in that year: autumn bud grafting is suitable for our province from late July to late August. According to the grafting amount, the grafting should be done sooner rather than later, and it can be completed before August 25th.
Grafting start date = August 25th-grafting number ÷ (grafting number/day × 1500 plants/person)-rainy days and days affected by uncertain factors.
It was completed on August 25th for two reasons. One reason is that this is the last peeling period of Prunus tomentosa rootstock. The second is to prevent the buds from sprouting early and being frozen. It should be emphasized that the budding part should be as close to the ground as possible, so as to cover the soil for cold protection before freezing. The soil covering at seedling stage can be carried out in the first ten days of 1 1 10, and the soil is turned over with a plow to cover the buds.
(3) Spring grafting of overwintering rootstocks: scions can be collected and stored in pits after defoliation in autumn, or harvested after removing cold-proof soil from fruit trees in spring, and the grafting time is between mid-April and mid-May.
(4) Bud grafting: Bud seedlings refer to seedlings transplanted after grafting and before bud seedlings grow. Take the autumn bud grafting method, and the bud grafting position should be higher than the ground 15-20 cm, so that the grafted buds will not be buried in the soil after transplanting. This grafting method has high scion position, strong drought resistance and early fruit bearing.
Fourth, plastic surgery in the nursery.
At the end of April of the following year, take out the cold-proof soil to sprout seedlings. When the temperature rises to about 10, untie and break the rootstock, and topdressing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer can be appropriate in barren land. After the grafted seedlings are grafted in spring, the rootstock should be folded more than 5 cm above the joint, with a connection of about 65,438+0/3 to supply nutrients for the newly grafted buds and roots. When the grafted bud grows to about 5 cm, the rootstock should be broken and unbound 0.5 cm above the joint. The survival rate of grafting in spring is relatively low, and buds can be cultured from the side branches of rootstocks in autumn.
After breaking the anvil, the root buds should be smoothed continuously to promote the rapid growth of peach buds. Peach trees grow vigorously and can differentiate into secondary branches that year. Therefore, plastic surgery in the garden is beneficial to early formation, flower bud differentiation and early fruiting.
The splendid yellow peach in our province needs creeping cultivation and winter cold protection. Its shape is different from other areas, and it should be fan-shaped pruning, which can be palm fan-shaped (left in the picture), creeping fan-shaped (in the picture) or wing-shaped (right in the picture). The general requirement is that the main lateral branches should be on a horizontal plane, which is convenient for cold protection.
I advocate creeping fan-shaped pruning of the splendid yellow peach in our province, that is, keeping 3-4 elongated branches at the same height on a horizontal plane can increase the yield in the young tree period, and gradually shorten the middle fruiting branches in the full fruit period to form a two-winged tree, which can enhance the light and improve the fruit quality. Palm fan management is simple, and the fruit yield is large. If it is used as a raw material for deep processing, it is an ideal tree shape, but this tree shape uses a lot of soil for cold protection.
5. Classification of seedlings and heels.
Peach seedlings grow vigorously, especially after a long period of growth, so the classification of peach seedlings should be based on root system, ground diameter and plasticity in the garden instead of height. Therefore, peach seedlings with developed root system, thick ground diameter, branches extending in a horizontal plane and large opening should be classified into one category when raised. However, the roots are underdeveloped or cracked, the ground diameter is thin, and the branches are irregular, so they are classified into one category and sold separately.
Planting peach seedlings is a key technical link. The following-in of peach seedlings in our province can be completed before mid-June 1 1, and the mountain area should be advanced accordingly. Dig roots in the ditch before emergence, the width is 1m, the depth is 0.5m, and the length is not more than 10m. If there are many seedlings, dig another heel in the ditch, with a spacing of more than 20cm, so as to avoid too much heel and thermal injury.
Bundle the picked peach seedlings with straw according to twenty or thirty trees, fasten the grade label, obliquely pile them in the ditch that follows, and cover them in rows at a small angle with the ground, leaving the seedlings slightly for the time being. When the temperature drops below 0 degrees, cover the seedlings with a layer of soil, pat them slightly at noon and leave pores.