Gardenia planting method 1, land selection and soil preparation:
(1) Nursery land: alluvial soil or black soil with convenient irrigation and drainage, deep soil layer and loose and fertile soil is selected as the seedbed. 2,000 ~ 4,000 kilograms of manure and 50 kilograms of calcium phosphate fertilizer are applied every 667㎡. Dig the land to a depth of 30cm, carefully rake it flat, and make it into a high ridge with a height of about 40cm and a width of1~1.2m. ..
(2) Garden: Choose sunny gentle slopes facing south or east and west, middle and lower parts of hills or mountains, and plain wasteland with water sources and convenient irrigation and drainage. Before planting, dig all the pits, and then dig the pits according to the row spacing of 1 ~ 1.5m, and the pit diameter and depth are about 30cm. Apply about 4 kg of decomposed base fertilizer to each hole, mix it with soil evenly and wait for planting.
2. Planting method:
(1) seed propagation: select excellent gardenia seeds as seeds. For example, gardenia varieties produced in Hunan, Jiangxi and other places are generally medium-sized gardenia fruits with red color, thin skin, full seeds and no pests and diseases. After emergence, the plants are strong, the main branches are open, the leaves are dark green, the fruits are big and full, the colors are bright, the difference in maturity time is small, the dried fruits are heavy and the yield is high. It has strong adaptability and resistance to soil, climate, pests and diseases.
Cut off the peel of the selected gardenia fruit with scissors, take out the seed kernel, soak it in clear water for 12 hour, remove the floating seed kernel and impurities, take out the sunken full seed kernel, and put it in a ventilated place to drain water before sowing.
Sow in spring or autumn, and choose drilling in production. On the prepared seedbed, a sowing ditch with a row spacing of 25cm and a depth of 4cm is opened, seeds are evenly scattered into the ditch, and then a layer of fine soil mixed with plant ash and phosphate fertilizer with a thickness of 1 ~ 2 cm is covered on it, and then a layer of straw or wheat straw is covered to prevent the soil from hardening and keep the soil moist. 2 ~ 3 kilograms of seeds are needed per 667㎡.
(2) Cutting propagation: generally, it is carried out between late February and April, or in late September or late June 10. Select the excellent and robust branches that grow for 2 ~ 3 years, and cut the cuttings with the length of 17 ~ 20 cm, and cut them on the high side according to the row spacing of 15 ~ 30 cm and the plant spacing of about 8cm. When cutting, the branches should be slightly inclined on the seedbed and buried in the soil for about 2 13, leaving the upper end 1 bud exposed on the soil surface. Water frequently after transplanting to keep the seedbed moist. After management, it can be planted in 1 year.
(3) Propagation by ramets: In spring or autumn, select excellent and robust plants, dig out topsoil, dig out young plants from mother plants, and then plant them separately, and apply sparse manure to promote their survival.
(4) Planting: After 1 year cultivation, the seedlings can reach 25-35 cm with 1 ~ 2 branches, which can be transplanted and planted. If the seedlings can't reach the above height, topdressing 1 ~ 2 times to promote seedlings, and weed in time until autumn and winter or the following spring. If it does not reach the height of colonization, it can be cultivated 1 year before colonization. Generally, the planting time is from beginning of spring to Qingming in the first half of the year, and from late autumn to early winter in the second half. When planting, the roots of seedlings should take some soil and stick some phosphate fertilizer. On the prepared planting ground, plant 1 plant in each hole, fill the soil and tamp it, and then spray water.
Cultivation management
1. Seedling management: After the seedlings are unearthed, remove the plastic film and keep the seedbed moist all the time. If the sun is too strong, water 1 time every morning and evening to avoid affecting the growth of seedlings. Clear weeds in time; Topdressing animal manure or 0.5% ~ 1% urea for 2 ~ 3 times. If the seedlings are too dense, they should be evenly distributed in stages and batches, and the final plant spacing should be kept at 7 ~ 10 cm. When necessary, the soil should be cultivated properly.
2. On-site management:
(1) intertillage weeding: After gardenia is planted, weeding is mainly carried out in spring, summer and autumn every year, and shallow intertillage is carried out. Comprehensive winter ploughing and soil preparation 1 time in winter, with clear garden fertilization. The winter ploughing should be deeper, the living soil layer should be deepened, and the temperature in the soil should be raised, which is beneficial to the safe overwintering and the pupation of frozen insects.
(2) Topdressing: after planting, during the vegetative growth period of Gardenia, nitrogen fertilizer was mainly applied, supplemented by organic fertilizers such as phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and cake fertilizer to promote crown growth. When Gardenia jasminoides Ellis enters the fruiting stage, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be mainly applied, and other fertilizers should be determined according to its growth, so as to improve the fruit setting rate and achieve the goal of high yield. It is better to apply fertilizer 3 ~ 4 times a year. The 1 time is spring fertilizer, which is mainly used to promote crown recovery and facilitate flowering and fruiting. In March and April, when the axillary buds of trees germinate, 25 kilograms of urea and an appropriate amount of organic fertilizer such as oil cakes are applied every 667㎡. The second time is to strengthen fruit fertilizer, mainly to accelerate fruit growth and improve fruit setting rate. The time is about the end of June, and the flowers will be fertilized before application. The fertilizer is 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution, 1% urea solution or 3% calcium superphosphate solution. Choose sunny days for foliar fertilization and spray it evenly on flowers, leaves and fruits. 75 ~ 100kg per 667㎡, or about 5kg urea and100 kg human excrement per 667 ㎡; The third autumn shoot fertilization is mainly to promote the differentiation of flower buds in autumn shoots of Gardenia. Before and after beginning of autumn, it is best to apply dried vegetable cakes mixed with fire soil fertilizer and dried vegetables mixed with urea every 667㎡, or use 5 kg of urea and proper amount of human excrement and urine; The fourth time is fertilization in winter, which is mainly to supplement a lot of nutrients consumed after gardenia bears fruit, so as to facilitate flower bud differentiation, solve the phenomenon of bearing fruit every other year caused by gardenia, enhance the cold resistance of plants and make them overwinter safely. Fertilization time is carried out after fruit harvest, combined with winter ploughing and garden cleaning. Every 667㎡, add 2000 kg of domestic chemical fertilizer and 25 kg of phosphate fertilizer, or fertilize the leaves with 1% urea diluent to make them green. 30 kg of phosphate fertilizer can also be mixed with oil cake and fireclay ash for decomposition before application. Attention should be paid to the particularity of gardenia during fertilization. The time from flower bud differentiation to fruit ripening is more than 1 year. What is autumn? Have a baby? Period, so the last two fertilization should account for 2/3 of the total annual fertilization.
(3) Pruning and shaping: Proper pruning and shaping can improve the yield of gardenia. When the gardenia grows to 50 cm high, it should be pruned. Cut off all the trunk buds of creeping branches, overlapping branches, twigs, drooping branches, retrograde branches and dead branches with pests and diseases, leaving only the stout trunk and 3-4 auxiliary main branches extending in different directions, and then repair the long tops in turn, so that the crown of Gardenia flowers forms an umbrella-shaped opening shape extending around, with distinct layers, air permeability and light transmittance.
(4) Treatment of flowering period: In order to prevent falling flowers and fruits and increase yield, the following measures are taken: 1. What are the key points of fertilization? Have a baby? Two fertilization accounts for 2/3 of the total annual fertilization; Second, it is necessary to protect beneficial pollination insects during flowering, and try to apply less or no chemical pesticides; The third is to spray foliar fertilizer and plant growth hormone, such as gibberellin, urea, boron and other hormones and fertilizers to protect flowers and fruits. Generally, it is appropriate to apply it in 3/4 of flowering period.
3, pest control:
(1) Disease: Brown spot is the main disease. In severe cases, it can turn plants from green to yellow, leading to mosaic, flower falling and fruit falling. Followed by leaf spot and ring rot. Control methods: select varieties with strong disease resistance and strengthen field management. Before onset (May-August), 50% Tobuzine 1000 times solution or 1: 100 times Bordeaux solution, 50% amobam 800 times solution, Jinggangmycin and carbendazim were sprayed every day.
(2) Insect pests:
① Big winged moth: It mainly feeds on young leaves and twigs by larvae in summer and autumn. The 4th-5th instar larvae are gluttonous, which is the most harmful, and can eat up the whole leaves and twigs of Gardenia, causing devastating insect disasters.
(2) Gardenia leaf roller moth: the larvae feed on leaf buds and young leaves at the tip of the stem. The 3rd instar larvae not only feed, but also roll 2 ~ 3 young leaves into bracts, which affects bud differentiation and tree growth.
(3) Tortoise and wax scale: Old worms and female adults gather on the trunk and branches to suck the juice on the leaves of new shoots, which makes the leaves yellow and the plants die. Its secretion will cause soot disease and accelerate the death of plants. This worm can also cause devastating disasters. The scale overwinters at the tip of the trunk as a female adult and lays eggs in May of the following year.
The above three pests were controlled in early July. You can spray 1: 16 turpentine mixture and 1: 15 engine oil emulsion. In early August, 90% trichlorfon 1000 times solution can be sprayed, or 1: 250 ~ 1: 350 times insecticidal bacteria can be used for microbial control. Spraying 90% trichlorfon 1000 times for the second instar larvae and 100 ~ 350 times for the third instar larvae from May to August.
Picking at the beginning of harvesting and processing. Premature picking must be 4 ~ 5 kg to process 1kg dry goods, and the quality is poor; After picking the first frost, about 2kg was processed into 1kg dry goods, with good quality, mostly red gardenia. Mature fruits (yellow-green fruits can turn red in a few days) are steamed in a wooden steamer or steamer, or blanched in boiling water for more than 20 minutes (250g of alum per 100kg), taken out and dried, and then dried on a kang.
Gardenia cultivation techniques 1, choose acid pot soil.
A suitable pH value is 5 to 6. Cultivation soil can be humus soil, peat soil or sawdust made of semi-garden soil, and old wall soil and cinder are not allowed.
Step 2 water regularly
When the soil surface is dry, water it, and spray water on the leaves with a watering can at night. It grows too vigorously, and the internodes are long. Don't water it at night, and then water it when the sun comes out in the morning.
3, diligent fertilization
3% decomposed cake fertilizer can be added to the culture soil as base fertilizer. During the growth period, the cake fertilizer and alum fertilizer water prepared by retting ferrous sulfate are poured once a week, and 0. 1 ~ 2 times of 0. 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution is poured in the bud period, and the fertilizer is stopped when the temperature is above 35℃ in summer and below 15℃ in autumn.
4. I like humidity and sunshine.
Gardenia likes light and can grow in the shade for a long time, but it needs to keep 60% light all day to meet the growth needs.
5. Good dormancy in winter
After the severe winter in the north, the root system of gardenia will be damaged and will not recover until spring. Therefore, it is necessary to wrap potted plants with thermal insulation materials such as foam plastics to protect their roots and put them in leeward and sunny places for the winter, so that they can recover quickly in spring and bloom early.
6, timely replacement of basin soil
When the crown width of family potted plants reaches about 28 cm, change the soil. If it is to change pots, even the earth lump should be planted with new pots. It is better to change the soil in March in spring.
7, appropriate pruning
Choose three main branches according to the tree shape, and cut off other branches growing from the roots at any time. Remember that gardenias can't be cut short in spring, otherwise they won't bloom that year.