Unique stone wall
The granite resources here are very rich, so the local houses are all built with local materials. There are generally three kinds of materials for residential walls, one is blue brick, the other is square stone (also called "block stone") and the third is boxing stone. Some also use these three materials at the same time. Throughout the residential buildings in Jiaodong, most of them use the third kind of stone as the raw material for building walls, because they can use local materials and are economical.
Unique stone wall
Boxing stone, also known as sweet potato stone, comes from mountains and rivers. Whenever mountain torrents break out in summer, the river washes out the stones on the mountain and transports them to the flat ground, so people can find them by the river. Because of the constant collision and friction under the impetus of the river, most of these stones have no edges and corners, and they are not large, so they do not need too much processing when used. Later, there were not so many stones to pick up, and people began to pick up stones themselves in quarries.
A narrow and deep alley
Building walls with boxing stones requires high technology. This kind of wall is divided into inner wall and outer wall. Generally, the outer wall is made of large flat stones, the inner wall is made of inferior stones, and some small pieces and stones are used as the bedding of the wall core. The wall is built with local sticky yellow mud as filler and adhesive, and the stones on the inner and outer walls cross and bite each other, and "crossing stones" or stone strips are added at intervals. When building a wall, the center of the wall should be solid, the outer wall should be flat, and the big corner should be vertical. After that, it is necessary to seal the wall with lime and tie up the seams, thus completing a colorful stone wall. Such a wall is so strong that it won't fall down for hundreds of years as long as it is impervious to water.
Granite carved gobang plate.
If all three materials are used, the four corners of the wall, the window arms (the walls on both sides of the window) and the waist line (the waist line refers to two layers of bricks flush with the window sill) are generally made of blue bricks. In the past, building a house above the waist line was called "pan (sound) sub-wall", and sweet potato stones were generally used; Waist line is called "shoulder wall" below, which means that it bears a great load and needs a wide stone foundation. There used to be three or four layers of shoulders, that is, three or four layers of big stones Common cristobalite is large granite with a length of 60-80 cm and a height of 40-50 cm. It is very troublesome to level the plane bit by bit with a hammer and drill.
The "heaven and earth nest" on the wall of the south wing of the courtyard
The "troubles" in the construction of residential buildings in Jiaodong are far more than these. Let's just say that the "nose" and "nest" in the house are very distinctive.
Stone nose, used to tie cattle.
In the past, especially when a large family built a house, it was very particular about "nose" and "nest". "nose", also known as "stone nose"; It is carefully carved from stone, with a hole in the middle, built on the wall of the plate on the waist line. It turns out that this is used to tie horses, cows, donkeys and other animals. In the past, animals were used for many purposes, such as farming, going to markets, going home to visit relatives, and so on. At the door, it is convenient to tie the animals to the stone nose.
Another kind of stone nose
There are many "nests" There are doorkeepers' nests on both sides of the street gate. Heaven and Earth nest on the south wall of the courtyard, Kitchen God nest behind the door of the main room of the house, and Lights nest on the wall between the main room and the back room of the kang. The breeder's nest and Tiandi nest are all made of blue bricks, about 35 cm high and 20 cm wide. The horizontal brick above is simply carved. There is one on each side of the door of the door god's nest, which is used to worship the door god during the Chinese New Year holiday. Write "the position of the door god to protect the Lord" on paper and burn incense to offer sacrifices; The other is the fifteenth day of the first month, with lights on. Heaven and earth nest is also a time for Chinese New Year, dedicated to the gods and ancestors of heaven and earth. The memorial tablet inside reads "Land of Heaven, Earth, Three Realms and Ten Spirits", which is also a ritual of burning incense. Another use of this heaven and earth nest is that we used to worship heaven and earth here when we got married. There is a table in front of Tiandiwo with a confession on it, where a couple worship heaven and earth. It is worth mentioning that the door-god's nest must be a north-south house, and you can leave it after crossing the road, but if you walk through the aisle of the east and west wing, you can't build a door-god's nest.
The lamp socket at home is used to put kerosene lamps, which can illuminate two houses at the same time.
Both the kitchen god's nest and the lamp nest are built at home. Kitchen God nests on both sides behind the door, with a size of 50cm square. When the kitchen is closed, the portrait of the new kitchen god is hung, and some messy things are usually put in. The lamp holder is built on the wall for kerosene lamps. Legend has it that the mother-in-law sat on the kang, afraid that her daughter-in-law would steal her mouth while cooking, leaving such a hole to monitor her daughter-in-law; Others said that when the old ladies were cooking, they were afraid that the baby would fall on the kang and fall to the ground, leaving a hole and watching the children at any time when cooking.
The back nest behind the main door can hold things.
However, no matter "nest" or "nose", with the demolition of old houses, it has become less and less common. I went to several villages to take photos of "Bird's Nest" and "Nose".
The pictures and texts are original, please don't use them alone!
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