Within 1-2 years after fruit trees are planted, crops can be interplanted when they are not closed, and land information can be fully used for growth in a short time. Intercropping crops should meet the following requirements: (1) Short growth period; (2) Staggering the period of fertilizer and water demand with fruit trees; (3) The plant is short, which does not affect the illumination of crops and avoids vines and tall crops; (4) The fruit trees are free of pests and diseases; (5) intercropping crops has high economic value.
Four, fruit tree pruning
1, pruning and shaping of young fruit trees. At present, dwarf and high-yield cultivation techniques are adopted in production, and young fruit trees are mainly cultivated in tree shape. Evergreen fruit trees are cultivated by thinning branches, so that the fruit trees are ventilated and evenly distributed; Deciduous fruit trees such as peaches, plums and pears often adopt Y-shaped and cup-shaped trees, while pear trees adopt inverted herringbone branches or double hedges.
2. Pruning and shaping of adult fruit trees. Prune the fruit after picking, and cut off the diseased branches, residual branches, dead branches and weak branches with fruit scissors. Pruning in winter: Deciduous fruit trees enter dormancy and begin pruning. Pruning of evergreen fruit trees will be carried out before the spring shoots are pulled out and the old leaves fall off at most.
Five, orchard fertilizer and water management
1, apply base fertilizer. Fruit trees often apply basal fertilizer immediately after fruit picking, and for high-yield or late-maturing varieties, basal fertilizer is applied before fruit picking. The specific time is September-65438+1October in autumn, and the whole garden is deeply ploughed for 20-30 cm, and weeds and sundries in the garden are removed and destroyed together with pruning branches. Trenching outside the tree tray is 30 cm deep and 20 cm wide, and 2000 kg organic fertilizer and special fertilizer for fruit trees are applied per mu 100 kg.
2. Fruit tree coverage rate. Combine with fertilization, covering that fruit tree tray with 5 5- 10/0cm thick straw; Fruit trees with poor light transmission in the tree hall have higher requirements for fruit coloring, and the tree tray can be covered with silver reflective film.
3. Top dressing and irrigation. According to the amount of fruit, tree potential and winter fertilization, topdressing can be carried out in the critical period of fruit tree growth. Top dressing before or after flowering, and applying 25-50kg special fertilizer for quick-acting fruit trees per mu; During the fruit expansion period, apply 50- 100 kg special fertilizer for quick-acting fruit trees per mu, and fill it with enough water. After fruit picking, irrigation combined with base fertilizer in dry areas in autumn and winter can promote fertilizer decomposition and meet the later growth of fruit trees.
Six, flower and fruit management
1, hydrophobic fruits and vegetables. Artificial flower thinning and fruit thinning can start from re-cutting leaves before flowering, adjusting the amount of buds, and then thinning vegetables and young fruits after flowering. Fruit thinning should be carried out as soon as possible after the first physiological implementation of young fruits. According to the amount of fruit per plant, the weak fruit in inflorescence is thinned out, and the top fruit, weak branch fruit, small fruit, diseased fruit, insect fruit and abnormal amount are thinned out, and the strong fruit is retained.
2. Fruit bagging: Double-layer bags of whole wood pulp should be selected as soon as possible after fruit setting, and pesticides and fungicides should be sprayed once. Bagging should be completed within 15 days, and bagging should be removed about 30 days before fruit harvesting.
Seven, pest control
1, manual control. Pick fruits, cut off branches of pests and diseases, dig deep into the soil, remove weeds and sundries, and destroy them centrally; Make use of the living habits of various pests to kill and trap them in time; Bagging material
2. Chemical control. Use pesticides or biopesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue to control peak pests and diseases. Such as broad-spectrum fungicides, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, carbendazim, etc. And broad-spectrum pesticides: Kung Fu, Trichlorfon, Chlordecone, Bt, etc. The last use of chemical pesticides is required to be 30 days from the harvest time.
3.3 point storage fertilizer water
The technology of "storing fertilizer and water in caves" is put forward in view of the serious shortage of investment in fertilizer and water management in Baishui dryland orchard, and it is an important technical measure to be popularized in the future. It has the advantages of low cost and simplicity. Especially, it has more popularization value for transforming the tree orchard after thinning.
This technology is an effective measure to implement "intelligent fertilization" after "great transformation" of orchard. The basic starting point is to concentrate the limited fertilizer and water, and form several fertilizer and water "enrichment areas" in the concentrated distribution area of fruit tree roots to improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizer and water.
Arbor orchards (such as planting 22-33 plants per mu), before and after germination in spring, dig ditches and holes (44-66 plants per mu) with a length of 100 cm, a width of 50 cm and a depth of 50 cm on both sides of the outer edge of the crown, bury straws per plant 10Kg, and apply high-quality farm manure of 25-50kg. Apply 0.75- 1.0kg of chemical fertilizer (urea, diammonium and potassium sulfate each 1/3 or so), apply chemical fertilizer to a depth of 10- 15cm, water 50kg per ditch, and then cover with plastic film. Top dressing once in the growing season (critical period of flower bud differentiation-fruit expansion period), and 0.75- 1.0kg of chemical fertilizer (mainly phosphorus and potassium, a little nitrogen) is applied to the plants.
After that, combined with four important water demand periods in the growth of apple trees (germination to flowering period, flourishing period of new shoots, rapid fruit expansion period and defoliation dormancy period), fertilization was applied in the ditch 2-3 times a year (topdressing in spring, topdressing in summer and basal fertilizer in early autumn). When applying fertilizer, we should consider soil moisture, apply fertilizer in dry season and replenish water appropriately.
Orchards with conditions should actively promote the management mode of "fruit, livestock, biogas, cellar and grass" and apply biogas residue or biogas slurry to Feishuigou regularly, which can achieve good results.
4. Pest control,
Core technology: integrated control technology of main apple diseases and insect pests (rot, early defoliation, apple aphid, etc.). ).
Technical points: Based on the prediction of pests and diseases, according to the occurrence law of pests and diseases, based on agricultural control, focusing on biological and physical control, and according to the control index, safe use of pollution-free pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue is used for chemical control, and a technical system for comprehensive management of major pests and diseases in apples is established to produce high-quality and safe fruits.
4.2 Early defoliation
① Garden cleaning: thoroughly remove fallen leaves from orchards in winter, bury them centrally and eliminate germs.
② Early prevention: after flowering and before and after wheat harvest are the key points. It is required to use protective agent and therapeutic agent alternately from mid-April to June with an interval of 10- 15 days, and 80% Sheng Da M-45 wettable powder 1000 times, 40% Fuxing wettable powder 5000 times or 50% chlorpheniramine wettable powder 65440 times can be selected.
③ Attention should be paid to spraying after bagging: In the first ten days of July to September, spraying 2 times of Bordeaux solution can be used alternately with 1% polyoxin aqueous solution 600 times, or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 800- 1000 times or Segao 1000 times.
4.3 Apple Aphids
(1) Reduce the overwintering base: brush insect marks on trees with brushes and sacks during dormancy to eliminate overwintering nymphs. You can also burn quickly with a blowtorch.
(2) Root treatment: Before germination, the soil around the trunk 1 m should be treated with chemicals, and each plant should be sprayed with 0/50 times of pen spray or 300 times of methomyl solution for root irrigation. At the beginning of May, the roots were irrigated with the above chemicals again to eliminate cotton aphids in rhizosphere soil.
③ Pesticide control of trees: spray continuously for 2-3 times every 10- 15 days in the first half of May, and spray 2-3 times every 10 in the second half of September and the first half of October, and selectively kill1000-/. Lethbone and chlorpyrifos are toxic pesticides with strong permeability and good effect on apple aphids, which can be used alternately.
5. Flower and fruit management
Core technology: fruit bagging cultivation technology.
Technical points: Take measures to protect flowers and fruits, improve the fruit setting rate, strictly sparse flowers and fruits, reasonably load them, reduce the occurrence of big and small years, take fruit bagging technology as the core, take relevant supporting technologies such as picking leaves and turning fruits, and harvest them in time to improve fruit quality and high-quality fruit rate.
5. 1 flower and fruit protection
First, pay attention to the configuration of pollination trees. The proportion of pollination trees should reach 15-20%. In orchards with insufficient pollinated trees, the number of pollinated trees can be increased by high grafting and changing heads. The main variety is Fuji, and the suitable pollination varieties are Gala, Qinyang, Pink Lady, Starkrimson and Qinguan.
The second is to keep the trees strong and strong. Generally speaking, trees with weak tree vigor (such as trees that have been circumcised for many years, trees with serious defoliation at the beginning of last year, and trees with serious decay) have poor fruit setting rate, especially when they encounter unfavorable climate such as low temperature at flowering stage. Cutting again before flowering has a positive effect on regulating flower quantity and improving fruit setting rate.
The third is to take measures such as releasing bees and artificial pollination during flowering. Artificial release of wallbees, per mu 150-200, has a significant effect on promoting fruit setting; A well-managed orchard can also adopt the technology of "fruit setting with flowers and artificial pollination" (first sparse inflorescences, then choose to keep a single flower in the center at one time, and give flowers manually for 2-3 times); Or in full bloom (60-70% flowering), spraying pollen liquid (formula: water 5kg+ sucrose 250g+ pollen 10g+ borax 5g+ a small amount of spreading agent) for 2-3 times continuously.
The fourth is to reduce the impact of unfavorable climate at flowering stage. Unfavorable climate such as low temperature, frost and dust has great influence on pollination and fruiting. In addition to taking preventive measures such as spraying water on trees and smoking in orchards, we should also actively take artificial pollination measures.
5.3 Fruit bagging
Fruit bagging is an irreplaceable key technology to produce high-quality green fruits at present. After years of experiments and demonstrations, a set of relatively complete technical system and operation specifications has been formed. In order to improve the rate of bagged fruit, improve the commodity quality and internal quality (including storage) of bagged fruit, we should pay attention to the following key links:
First, high-quality fruit bags in YEATION. The quality of fruit bags directly affects the quality of bagged fruits, especially in years with abnormal climate (such as high temperature and drought in summer or rainy and humid in autumn), there is a great risk of problems when using inferior fruit bags. Shaanxi Province has formulated the local standard of "Apple Bags", and made strict regulations on the quality of fruit bags (see the CD-ROM of "Apple Bagging Cultivation Techniques"). It is recommended to choose double-layer and three-color high-quality apple paper bags. According to the bidding situation of fruit bags in Shaanxi Province in 2006, the recommended brands are Guo Jing bag, Hongtai bag, Sanqin bag, He Shan bag and Qinghe bag (Luochuan).
Second, before bagging, do a good job in selecting gardens, trees and fruits to ensure that one fruit is bagged and one fruit is fruited.
The third is to grasp the bagging time. Generally, late-maturing varieties such as Fuji should be bagged in early and middle June (bagging should be completed about 40 days after flowering), and early-maturing varieties such as Gala can be advanced appropriately. 0-2 days before 65438+ bagging, the whole garden should be carefully sprayed with pesticides and fungicides (adding high-quality foliar calcium fertilizer) (spray guns are prohibited), and it is recommended to choose high-quality brand-name chemicals to avoid harming young fruits.
The fourth is to standardize the operation when bagging. Bagging is carried out after strict fruit thinning and fruit setting. When bagging, the paper bag should be inflated first, and then the young fruit should be placed in the center of the paper bag to ensure that the young fruit does not touch the paper bag, and the bag mouth should be tied tightly with iron wire to avoid damaging the fruit handle.
The fifth is to master the unpacking time. Bagging Fuji apples from late September to early October (20-25 days before fruit harvesting), and bagging in sunny days should be carried out from 10 to 4 pm; After 3 ~ 5 sunny days, take out the inner bag. 5438+ 10 The fruit was harvested in the middle and late June. The fruit is harvested too early, which is easy to fade and its storability is seriously reduced (bagging apples are harvested too early, which seriously affects the reputation and image of "Baishui Apple").
Sixth, pay attention to the occurrence of bagging fruit black spot disease. Black spot disease of bagged apples is a prominent problem affecting the quality of bagged apples, among which the important reasons include: poor quality of selected fruit bags (poor hydrophobicity and air permeability); Improper pesticide selection and careless spraying before bagging; Fruit trees are planted too densely, orchards are closed, and ventilation and light transmission conditions are poor. Measures should be taken to prevent and reduce the occurrence of fruit black spot.
5.6 Suitable harvesting period
According to the maturity of the fruit (growth days, color, flavor), determine the harvesting time to prevent premature harvesting. It is recommended to harvest in batches, preferably in 2-3 times.
5.7 Storage and protection
Simple ventilation warehouse is combined with mechanical cold storage and controlled atmosphere storage to increase production and income.
1-MCP preservative is recommended.