Wintering management of grapes: pruning

Winter pruning involves a wide range of contents, such as changing frames, tying vines, pruning, peeling, old tree transformation and so on.

1, change the frame.

All aged and damaged frame materials must be replaced.

Step 2 tie vines

According to the frame shape, tie the main vine, lateral vine and vine on the frame surface. Hedges will tie the main vines horizontally. Scaffolding will tie the main rattan and the side rattan evenly on the frame surface according to the space, and remove and update the exposed and dense main side rattan in time.

prune

(1) Pruning principle: Prune each main branch of each plant once, and then prune the second branch or the second plant.

(2) Pruning sequence: first cut the head before the branches, first branch group after the single branch, first long branches after the weak branches, identify the flower buds and ensure the yield.

(3) Pruning time: early winter to mid-winter.

(4) Pruning method:

① Trimming extension head: leave 5-7 full shears from the bottom.

② Pruning of each branch and branch group: generally, 2-3 buds are left for each branch, 3 buds for the strong branch, 2 buds for the middle branch and 2 buds for the weak branch. If there are empty branches, you can leave a bud for the third year of preparatory branch culture. The fruiting branch group refers to the branch group formed by sprouting more than two branches on each branch due to the results of the finger year. Results Pruning scheme was adopted according to the space conditions. For more than three branches, the upper branch shall be thinned, and the other two branches shall be trimmed with 2-3 buds, and each branch shall be updated year by year to prevent the upper bearing part from moving out.

(3) Generally, 3-4 buds are reserved for pruning the vegetative branches and the preparatory branches.

(4) The branches of pests and diseases are sparse, too dense and weak.

⑤ Regeneration of old trees: There are many regeneration methods, the most important one is to use prepared branches, leave 6-8 buds, and cultivate new main branches or lateral branches by cutting; Secondly, the wax seal of the saw head was completely reformed to promote the germination of new branches.

⑥ Scrape the rough skin of the main side vine, because there are a lot of germs in the rough skin, which must be completely removed.

Wintering management of grapes: clearing the garden

After pruning, all weeds, dead branches, fallen leaves, pruned branches, coarse skin, fruit particles of pests and diseases, bagged residues, etc. in the garden should be cleared and burned, and the wormholes and diseased branches should be inspected while scraping the coarse skin for proper disposal.

Wintering management of grapes: deep ploughing and fertilization

According to the growth characteristics of grape root system, deep tillage and fertilization is an important material basis for improving soil permeability, improving fertility level, promoting root system growth and ensuring grape growth in one year. Through deep ploughing, increasing organic fertilizer, formula fertilization and balanced fertilization, 90% of the total annual fertilization is ensured; Adjust the fertilization ratio to ensure that the ratio of N: P: K = 10: 3: 12 is not unbalanced, so as to reach the fertilizer level for producing high-quality grapes.

1, deep turn

When the hedge frame digs a ditch with a width of 40~50 cm and a depth of 40~50 cm, first dig up the topsoil and put it aside, and then put the subsoil on the other side. No matter how big the root system is, it should be cut off. Digging ditches is 50~60 cm away from the trunk, digging every other line, and pumping and digging by turns every year; Then layer fertilization, pay attention to dig a line should be immediately backfilled, don't dry root. According to the terrain, the scaffolding takes turns to cut grooves, and the old trees are dug 70~90 cm away from the trunk.

Step 2 apply fertilizer

After the ditch is dug, fertilization can be carried out. Fill in straw or other organic fertilizer first, and calculate the amount of fertilizer applied in each ditch according to the tree body and yield. The total number of plants in two rows is calculated according to the amount of fertilizer applied per plant. Half of the total commercial fertilizer in the first layer is scattered in the ditch, and the surface soil is filled up. Then the second layer of organic fertilizer is applied, and commercial fertilizer is added to the bottom soil to form a mutual back shape. The total amount of organic fertilizer is not less than 5000 kg per mu, and commercial fertilizers are mainly compound fertilizer and active bacterial fertilizer. It is particularly noteworthy that chemical fertilizers containing chlorine and nitrate should not be applied, and phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are strictly prohibited. Zinc fertilizer and boron fertilizer should be added to soil hardening, weighing 4~6 kg per mu. A certain amount of fungus sticks, 2-3 bags per mu, can be properly applied with water, which can improve soil structure and alleviate soil salinization, acidification and hardening. Increasing nitrogen, dissolving phosphorus, promoting potassium, improving fertilizer utilization rate, balancing organic and inorganic nutrition supply, and balancing fertilizer efficiency (quick-acting and long-acting); Improving the drought resistance, cold resistance, disease resistance, continuous cropping resistance and premature aging resistance of crops can effectively prevent physiological diseases caused by crop deficiency.

3. Shallow excavation of the garden

In the place where the soil has not been changed, especially in the field where the soil is hardened, it should be dug shallowly, the depth should not exceed 5 inches, and it will form a mutual back shape to facilitate film mulching.

Wintering management of grapes: pest control

Pest control measures in autumn and winter should be stable, accurate and practical. In principle, fruits should be consolidated with fungicides for 2~3 times after harvesting and before defoliation, and winter management should be strengthened when various factors are not in place.

1, trunk coating: after scraping rough skin, dry it with yellow mud+lime+pesticides, such as Qileiguoshukang, Xiaojunling, Sukeling, Dixintong or thiram.

2. Spray medicine in the garden three times. The first time is to spray the garden with four bags of crystal stone sulfur mixture and a bucket of water after pruning; The second time is to spray thiram or dixon on the ground every 7~ 10 days; The third time is to spray the mixture of lime and sulfur for the second time when the temperature rises before spring buds. For this special year, it is suggested to use potassium permanganate once under the condition of safety protection.

3, the trunk damaged by pests and diseases should suit the remedy to the case or dig out.