cultivation techniques
Garden construction and planting
Ping ba Jian yuan
When building lemon orchards with paddy fields, ditches should be raised along the slopes to dry the fields. After drying the soil in the coming year, a steamed bun-shaped mound with a height of 40-50 cm and a bottom diameter of 1m will be erected at a fixed point according to the planting row spacing.
Slope landscape construction
The problems of soil fertility and soil and water conservation can be solved by building contour terraces, contour ditches or fish scale pits in sloping fields. Contour terraces are suitable for slopes of 100-25 degrees, contour ditches are suitable for slopes of 6- 100 degrees and slopes with deep soil layers, and fish scale pits are suitable for steep slopes and complex terrain where it is difficult to build horizontal terraces or contour ditches.
Lemon colonization
Planting density-generally 3 m× 4 m, 55 plants per mu is appropriate. Planting period is generally in spring and autumn, and transplanting in autumn should be carried out in September-65438+10. Before planting, dig planting holes (ditches) with specifications of 60 cm× 60 cm× 60 cm, and apply 30-50 kg of organic fertilizer, 0.5- 1 kg of calcium superphosphate or more than 20 kg of decomposed human and animal manure to each hole, mix the fertilizer and soil evenly, and cover the soil to make a planting pier with a height of 20 cm. When planting, remove the grafting film of the seedlings, trim the damaged roots, and cut off the long main roots and tender late autumn leaves. Make a small nest on the planting pier, put the seedlings, trim the roots while covering the soil, gently lift the roots of the seedlings, and gently press the soil to make the roots closely connected with the soil. The planting depth should be consistent with the mud mark in the seedling stage, the root neck should be exposed from the ground, the root water should be poured thoroughly, and covered with straw, straw, green manure or plastic film for heat preservation and moisture retention.
Post-factory management
It takes about half a month for seedlings to survive after planting, so it is advisable to water them frequently without topdressing during this half a month. After surviving, Qin Ying should check to ensure that the soil is wet and not touching the ground, and promote the growth of roots and new buds. After a small number of new buds grow, manure cleaning water can be applied. [8]
Young tree management
soil management
Every winter in leisure season, combined with shallow ploughing and soil cultivation, 40-60 cm long and 60-80 cm deep fertilization holes 1-2 are dug outward at the drip line of the tree crown, and compost (or manure) 100kg/m2 is applied, and mixed with the soil evenly, which is beneficial to cultivating the developed absorption roots of young trees and enhancing the nutrient absorption function of trees.
Fertilizer and water management
Young trees-apply fertilizer 5- 10 times a year to be diligent and thin. The type of fertilizer is mainly available nitrogen fertilizer, with phosphorus fertilizer, potassium fertilizer and human and animal manure. From the germination of spring shoots in March to the emergence of autumn shoots in September, 30% decomposed human and animal manure was applied every month/kloc-0. Annual young lemon trees are usually applied with 80g of nitrogen, 40g of phosphorus and 30g of potassium every year, and the annual increase is about 10g. 2-4-year-old young trees, the fertilization period is concentrated before each shoot. Fertilize 5-6 times a year, and spray 3-4 times on the leaves at the tender branch stage.
Young tree shaping
The dry height of lemon is about 40-50 cm. When the grafted seedlings germinate in spring or mature in summer, pick the core at the full bud of the branch tip 40 cm above the ground to promote 4-6 new shoots to sprout at 25-40 cm to form branches. If the new shoots are not ideal and there are few branches, the buds can be smeared 1-2 times to promote the trunk to send new branches. When the branches are mature, select the strong branches from the upper part as the first main branch, leave them 20-25 cm long, cut off the top part, and use the rest as auxiliary branches.
Adult tree management
Fertilizer and water management
The principle of fertilization is to apply spring fertilizer as soon as possible, stabilize fruit fertilizer as appropriate, apply strong fruit fertilizer again and supplement fruit picking fertilizer, and generally apply fertilizer 3-4 times a year. The amount of fertilization is determined according to the number of fruiting plants and the supply of soil fertilizer. If fruit trees produce 30 kilograms of fresh lemons, each plant needs to apply 0.3 kilograms of nitrogen, 0.2 kilograms of phosphorus and 0.2 kilograms of potassium a year. Fertilization methods can be carried out in holes, ditches or radial ditches. The type of lemon fertilization should be the combination of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer, with farmyard manure as the main fertilizer. Apply spring flower fertilizer when the spring shoots germinate in February and March. Give priority to with quick-acting chemical fertilizer, with organic fertilizer. Weak trees and plants with many flowers should be applied more, while strong trees or plants with few flowers should be applied less or not. Generally, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied accounts for 10%- 15% of the whole year. Apply stable fruit fertilizer from flower withering to fruit swelling in May. Foliar spraying of 0.3% urea is mostly used, and the fertilization amount accounts for about 5% of the whole year. Autumn shoots germinate in July and August, and strong fruit fertilizer is applied when the fruit expands. Available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are mainly used, combined with the application of organic fertilizer, and the fertilization method adopts hole (ditch) fertilization. The amount of fertilization should be large, with nitrogen fertilizer accounting for 40% and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer accounting for 50% of the whole year. Apply fruit fertilizer in June165438+1October after fruit picking. Organic fertilizer is mainly used, with a small amount of chemical fertilizer applied, and the method of rotary fertilizer is mostly deep application by opening holes (ditches). The application rate of nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 40% of the whole year, and the application rate of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer accounts for the whole. More than 40% in 7 years. Results The key of water management of trees is to ensure sufficient water supply in spring shoot emergence and young fruit period. In case of drought, water should be supplied immediately. If the water source is insufficient, water-saving point irrigation can be used. That is, a jar-shaped cave with a big top and a small bottom, a depth of 40-50 cm and a diameter of 30-40 cm is dug 30 cm and 3-4 directions outside the drip line of the tree crown, and the hole is filled with decomposed straw and green manure, and then a layer of organic matter and soil is compacted until the hole is 10 cm, and the hole is filled with water, and then filled with soil. In addition, the lemon tree tray can be covered with film all year round to prevent water evaporation.
Reasonable pruning
Lemon pruning can be carried out all year round, but mainly in winter and spring, supplemented by pruning in growing season. The first fruiting tree pruning is mainly based on light thinning and long planting, and attention should be paid to cultivating excellent fruiting mother branches to keep enough flowers every year and increase yield. With the increase of tree age and yield, the amount of pruning will increase year by year. In pruning, summer pruning is more used, combined with tree cultivation, auxiliary main branches and side branches are continued to be configured, extended branches are shortened, and long branches disturbing the tree are deleted as much as possible. In spring and autumn, leave weak or moderate vegetative branches as fruiting mother branches to ensure that there are enough flowers and fruits in the coming year, so that the vegetative center of trees can turn to reproductive growth in time.
Pruning of fruit trees: in summer, the buds are removed and the seeds are removed, and in winter, the pruning amount is increased year by year, so as to keep the growth balance of new shoots and fruits as much as possible and prevent fruit bearing in different years. For the fruiting branch group, the spring and autumn shoots are pruned by rotating pressure, and 8- 10 leaves are left for coring as soon as possible. When the summer buds germinate, they are wiped and put out, and the buds without buds are repeatedly wiped. Until the middle and late July, a large number of short and strong autumn buds are drained. These autumn shoots will become excellent mother branches in the coming year after thinning out the tender branches that are too dense and inappropriate. After the fruit bears, the auxiliary branches on the crown are sparse year by year. After the drooping branches bear fruit, the drooping parts are easier to grow, and the drooping parts at the top can be cut off year by year to raise the position of the branches and continue to bear fruit. For large straight branches with more tops, we can deal with them according to the principle that strong trees are sparse, middle trees are sparse, weak trees are sparse, and strong trees are short. For the adult trees that were neglected in shaping and pruning in the early stage, or the upper part of the crown was strong and the lower part was weak, pruning methods such as thinning branches, sawing large branches, serious retraction, opening the skylight, cutting and riding branches should be taken as appropriate to reduce the crown, restore the tree potential as soon as possible, and form the yield.
Guo Hua management
From July to August last year, according to the age, tree vigor, fruit bearing, rainfall and other conditions of lemon trees, autumn shoots were released uniformly to form good fruiting mother branches, and at the same time, branches and leaves were protected to prevent pests and diseases such as leaf miner. After the autumn shoots of 5438+00- 1 1 are fully mature in June, the soil should be loosened and roots should be cut off moderately to control the growth of winter shoots and promote the differentiation of flower buds.
Take timely measures to protect the fruit after the lemon tree withers. 1. Young fruit stalks can be coated with 250× 10-6 gibberellin (g A3)+400× 10-6 cytokinin, or sprayed with 50× 10-6 gibberellin+Aiduo liquid medicine, or sprayed with most liquid medicine. The second is to apply fruit-stabilizing fertilizer from flower withering to fruit swelling in May, and spray 0.3% urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the crown. 7 days 1 time, 3 times in a row, can improve the fruit setting rate. Third, beekeeping in orchards, creating a good pollination environment is also conducive to improving the fruit setting rate. Fourth, quick-acting chemical fertilizers should not be applied in May-July, so as to reduce the sprouting of summer shoots and consume the nutrition of trees. At the same time, summer shoots should be smoothed in time to alleviate the contradiction between flower and fruit growth and new shoots. Fifth, when it rains during flowering, shake the trees in time to remove the accumulated water on the petals to prevent flower retting. If there are too many fruits in the lemon tree, the fruits of the plants with too many fruits can be thinned in time from late June to early July after the second physiological fruit drop, so as to ensure the large size and high quality of the fruits and prevent the years. According to the principle of "sparse but not sparse, there are good and bad", sparse and decrypt the collected fruits, small fruits and deformed fruits. Leave 30-35 leaves and one fruit is appropriate.
Fruit bagging
The paper bag is a special paper bag for lemon, with black inside and yellow outside, and the length and width are 20cm x 15.5cm ... Choose orchards or plants with good tree potential and high management level, and choose lemon fruits with good appearance, no pests and diseases and a diameter of 30-40 cm for bagging. Lemons and spring flowers are best bagged in early July. Before bagging, fungicides (Opal, Viral Quick Clean, Sheng Da or Scofield) and pesticides (Mirex or Insect Mites) must be sprayed on the tree crown, and special attention should be paid to the prevention and control of rust ticks, scale insects and mites. If the diseases and insect pests are serious, it can be sprayed 1 time every 3 days, and bagged after the medicine is dry.
choose
Fruits should reach the required maturity before harvest. Generally speaking, the transverse diameter of lemon fruit is not less than 50 mm, and the color of lemon fruit changes from dark green to light green, even slightly light green. Flowers will be picked in late June from 65438+ 10 to mid-June 165438+ 10, in late February from 65438+February to early October of the following year 10, and in June and July of the following year. The method of double cutting is always used when picking fruits. The first knife will cut the fruit and the branches that need to be cut together. The second cut will trim the sepals, cut off the fruit stalks and cut the fruit stalks flat. Fruit picking should be done from top to bottom and from outside to inside. Don't climb branches and pull fruits at heights or far away, but use fruit ladders to help pick fruits, so as not to strain the pedicels of fruits. Gently put the fruit into the fruit basket, and when it is 90% full, replace the empty basket. From fruit picking baskets to fruit boxes (laundry lists), we must also handle them carefully. Handle with care during transportation. Primary selection should be conducted before storage, and damaged fruits, fallen fruits and pest fruits must be placed separately. Don't pile fruit anywhere after harvest, and don't spend the night in the open air.