The special microclimate environment and soil conditions in Dazeshan created the excellent texture of Dazeshan grapes.
1. Climatic conditions: Daze Mountain is like a natural barrier, blocking the influence of cold air in the north and buffering the cold and warm air flow in winter and summer. The west is connected with Bohai Plain, and the sea breeze blows, forming a unique climate with moderate rainfall. The annual average temperature 1 1.9 degrees, the average rainfall of 649.6mm, the effective accumulated temperature over 4000 degrees, the sunshine hours of 2694 hours and the frost-free period 179 ~ 200 days are very beneficial to the growth of grapes.
2. Soil conditions: The soil in Dazeshan is brown soil, and the parent material of the soil is mostly granite and gneiss weathered alluvium, and the soil is mortar and gravelly soil, with coarse and loose particles, large gaps, good air permeability, good tillage and large temperature difference between day and night. The soil layer is mostly 30 ~ 60 cm thick, and the surface organic matter content at 20cm is 0.7 ~ 1.0%, the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen is 50 ~ 90 ppm, the available phosphorus is 50 ~ 100 ppm, and there is no lime reaction. Grapes produced in these soils have bright colors, thin skin and tender flesh.
During 1994, the atmosphere, water quality and soil of Daze Mountain were systematically measured by Shandong Environmental Monitoring Station and Wuhan Monitoring Station, and it was concluded that the soil, atmosphere and water quality of Daze Mountain met the requirements of green food environment. The quality of agricultural ecological environment in its grape-producing areas is good, and the ecological balance is maintained well. The grapes produced meet the standards of green food.
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Corner of Dazeshan Grape Festival
When the cultivation of Dazeshan grapes began, there is no detailed written record. According to local legend, Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, named longan grape "Lion's Eye" to avoid taboo, and there is no historical data to test. However, grapes have been listed as one of the main fruits in Pingdu Fuzhi, which was compiled in the fifth year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty. Based on this calculation, the history of grape cultivation in Daze Mountain is at least 300 years. Sanshan Dongtou Village, Tanjiakuang Village, Panjia Village, Tuanshizi Village and Jiuyuan Village were the earliest planted villages. It was widely planted in the late Qing Dynasty, and the main varieties were longan (lion's eye) and willow seeds, which have been supplying raw materials for the original Qingdao winery. After 1980s, grape cultivation became the main business of Dazeshan Town, grain crops stopped growing and wine varieties developed rapidly. Yantai Changyu, Qingdao Huadong, COFCO and other grape production enterprises set up planting bases in this town. The planting area of Dazeshan grape is more than 30,000 mu, with more than 200 varieties and an annual output of more than 50 million kilograms. The main varieties are Zeyu, Zexiang and Rose, and the main varieties of wine grapes are Beichun, Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon. Grape industry has become the economic source of farmers in Dazeshan town. The large-scale popularization of grape bagging technology in Daze Mountain has greatly improved the quality of grapes and taken an important step towards pollution-free and green pollution-free
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Dazeshan Grape (Figure 3)[ 1]
The grapes produced in Dazeshan have several characteristics: first, the ears are large and full, and the color is bright, which makes people feel beautiful and envious, so they are favored; Second, it is refreshing and delicious, dense and crisp, moderately sweet and sour, and pure in flavor. The pulp is soluble, and the rich juice in the mouth comes out, which is comfortable and delicious, and the meat is very dense. Even longan, a variety with low sugar content, can be cut into pieces with a knife without the overflow of slurry, which is called "cutting"; Third, the sugar content is high, 17 ~ 23.5%, the highest is 33%. Each kilogram of grapes can provide 700 ~ 900 calories for human body, which can not only be eaten raw, but also be a good brew. Fourth, it has the medicinal value of eliminating diseases, strengthening the body, tonifying the interior and benefiting qi, and prolonging life. According to laboratory tests, it contains 0.5 ~ 1% organic acid, 0.5 ~ 0.9% protein with a PH of about 3. 1, 0.3 ~ 0.5% minerals, and contains many vitamins, ascorbic acid and amino acids. Regular consumption has the effects of softening blood vessels, moistening skin, losing weight and preventing cancer. As the saying goes, "a steady head looks beautiful, but a knife can't cut water." The mouth is sweeter than honey, and the mouth is full of fragrance. "
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Dazeshan Grape (Figure 4)
The standard of ear grain: the ear is neat and uniform, and the size is moderate; The fruit is well-proportioned, large and fully developed. It has typical colors: for example, red varieties (Jingxiu, red soil, etc. ) has bright red-purple skin, purple-black varieties (rose fragrance, Kyoho, etc. ), black varieties (Moldova, Jingya, etc. ), and white varieties (Maru, Zexiang, Victoria, etc. ) have yellow-green or milky skin. Sugar content and sugar-acid ratio: soluble solid content of berries (refractive sugar content) 15% ~ 18%, titratable acid content 0.5% ~ 0.7%, sugar-acid ratio (25 ~ 35): 1, and wine grape content 21%. The fruit contains aromatic substances: rose fragrance has a strong rose fragrance, European varieties have a faint fragrance, and American and European and American hybrids have different degrees of strawberry fragrance.
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Dazeshan grape bagging
Two table grape varieties, Rose Fragrant and Zexiang, in Dazeshan won the gold medal in the second National Agricultural Expo 1995. 1variety Dazeshan grape won the title of gold medal product at the World Horticultural Exposition held in Kunming in 1999. China's first bottle of "single variety, year and place of origin" wine, Huadong Chardonnay, won many gold medals in international competitions, and Gail, president of London Wine and Food Association, praised it as "the best dry white wine in China". Qingdao Huadong Wine Co., Ltd. won the gold medal in the World Wine Elite Competition held in Brussels, Belgium for two consecutive years. In September 2005, Dazeshan Town was designated as "National Agricultural Standardization Demonstration Park" by the Ministry of Agriculture. In 2006, Dazeshan Grape won the only first prize among the three fruit varieties recommended by Qingdao at the Olympic Recommended Fruits and China Famous Fruits Exhibition, and was named as "China Famous Fruit". In July 2008, Dazeshan Grape passed the certification of "Geographical Indication Protection Product". In September, 2009, Dazeshan Town was named "the first town of fresh grapes in China" by China Agricultural Society.
Editor's introduction to this paragraph: Since 1950s, the grape varieties in Dazeshan have been improved, and more than 300 kinds of grapes have been introduced and cultivated one after another, and more than a dozen kinds have been cultivated in a large area. Among fresh food species, Zexiang and Rose Fragrant are the most cultivated and have the largest yield. Longan, Jiazhou, Rose Dew, Kyoho, Red Tide, Kuroshio (Black Grains, Autumn Black, lapierre), Red Chicken Heart, Vineyard Queen, Italy, Phoenix 5 1, Zaohong, Honglianzi, Red Banana, Dabao, Milk, Nezha, Rizamat, Fuji Mino and YafRosa. [3] Rose fragrance
Rose grape
Hamburger beef patties
Alias: purple rose fragrance, Hamburg musk, Hamburg musk, Mascate musk, musk, etc.
Origin and distribution: Eurasian species. There are many theories about its origin. It is considered that Si Nuo, a British breeder, was bred by crossing Alexander and Heihan in 1866. It is a world-famous variety and widely distributed, especially in European countries. China was first introduced to Yantai, Shandong Province on 187 1 by American missionary Ni Shi, and then introduced to western Europe on 1892. All major grape producing areas are cultivated, especially Dazeshan, Pingdu, Tanggu and other places in Tianjin, which are famous local products.
Fruit characteristics: the ear is medium-sized and conical, with a length of 17 ~ 20 cm and a width of 8 ~ 17~20cm, which is about 390g stable and can reach1300 g at the maximum; Berries grow moderately and compactly, with moderate size, oval, purple-black-purple, weighing 320-420 g. In fruit powder, the skin is slightly astringent, the inner soft juice is rich, and there is a strong musk flavor. Sugar content 140 ~ 180 g/L, acid content 7.8 ~ 9.2 g/L, juice yield 80%. Each fruit has 1 ~ 3 seeds; It ripens at the end of August in Dazeshan area, with the growth days of about 145 days and the effective accumulated temperature of 3300℃. Dual-purpose variety.
This variety is a world-famous variety for fresh food, wine making and juice making. It is widely distributed in China and has a long cultivation history. There are a set of relatively perfect cultivation and management techniques in various places. Red and white wine brewed with rose fragrance is of good quality and is processed into famous wine (musk type) in many parts of the world. China Changyu Wine Company and Tianjin Dynasty Wine Company both use it as raw material for brewing high-grade wine. [5] Ze Yu, Ze Xiang
Zeyu, Zexiang [6]
Alias: 1, Zeshan 1, No.2, Zeshan No.2.
Origin and distribution: Eurasian species. Originated in China. 1956 was bred by crossing Chinese rose with longan by Shao Jiyuan and Zhou Jun, senior agronomists in pingdu city. It is one of the main cultivated varieties in Dazeshan area, and it is a local famous product, with a small amount of cultivation in northwest China.
Fruit characteristics: the ear is medium and large, conical, with shoulders, with a length of 18cm and a width of 12cm, with an average ear weight of 450g and a maximum ear weight of 800g；; Berries are compact, medium-sized, oval, yellow-green, fully mature and golden yellow, weighing 400 g ~ 500 g; Thick skin, slightly crispy inside, musk flavor, sweet and sour taste; Sugar content 180 ~ 190g/L, acid content 5.5 ~ 6g/l; Each fruit has 1 ~ 3 seeds. It matures in the middle of September in Dazeshan area. The growth days are 160 days and the effective accumulated temperature is 3600℃. Fresh food types.
The comprehensive performance of this variety is excellent, from mid-September to165438+1October. Long-term supply to the market, excellent quality. Very popular with growers. The white wine brewed with it is an excellent variety for fresh food and wine making. Zexiang and Zeyu are just granular (Zeyu is oval), which is slightly different from the mature period and basically very similar. [7] Kyoho
Kyoho Grape [8]
Origin and distribution: mixed species in Europe and America. Originated in Japan, it is a hybrid of Japanese gods Kang Shi and Moritani. Named 1945, it was introduced to China in the early 1960s. It has become one of the main varieties in Japan. China's large-scale cultivation has become the main fresh food species. In China, the cultivation area is even close to more than half of the grape cultivation area, which is the most common in the market. Because of its strong moisture resistance, it once changed the history that grapes could not be planted in the Yangtze River basin in China.
Fruit characteristics: the ear is medium to large, conical, and there are auxiliary ears in some cases. The ear length is 25cm, the width is 15 cm, and the ear weight is 300 ~ 400 g, and the maximum can be more than 1000g; Berries are immature, uneven, oversized and oval, weighing 900 ~1300 g; The peel is medium thick, purple-black, with a lot of fruit powder, soft juice, fleshy sac, faint strawberry fragrance, short brush, red color, easy threshing and sweet taste; The sugar content is140 ~160g/l, and the acid content is 7 ~ 8g/l; Each fruit has 1 ~ 2 seeds. The average growth days are l30 ~ 135 days, and the effective accumulated temperature is 3000 ~ 3200℃. Fresh food types.
This variety has strong growth potential, strong adaptability and stress resistance, high yield and moderate quality of fresh food, and is deeply loved by growers and consumers everywhere. Since its introduction in the 1960s, all parts of China have accumulated experience in the cultivation and management of Kyoho grapes, forming a "Kyoho fever". [9] Longan
Longan grape [10]
Alias: autumn purple, lion's eye, cat's eye, tiger's eye, purple grape, etc.
Origin and distribution: Eurasian species. Originated in China, it is an ancient and extremely late-maturing fine variety. It is cultivated all over the country, especially in Lanzhou, Gansu, Qingxu, Pingdu, Shanxi, Zhuolu, Changli, Zhangjiakou and Yulin, northern Shaanxi. It is also a famous grape producing area in China. According to the textual research of Grape Science edited by He Puchao: "According to the existing grape variety list, nothing with the same name has been found, so it is reasonable to think that longan is probably the seed brought back from Dawanguo by Zhang Qian in that year and bred in China." In the early days of the People's Republic of China, longan accounted for more than 95% of the whole grape planting area, and it was almost the only cultivated variety before the Opium War.
Fruit characteristics: the ear is large, conical, with forked shoulders, the ear length is 20 ~ 23 cm, the width is 14 ~ 16 cm, the ear weight is 430 ~ 820 g, the berries are growing, the grains are large, nearly round, neat, purplish red, the weight of 100 grains is 550 ~ 650 g, and the skin thickness is medium. The sugar content was 160 ~ 192g/L, the acid content was 80 ~ 95g/L, and the juice yield was 72%. Each fruit has 1 ~ 3 seeds. /kloc-0 matured in Dazeshan from late September to early October. The growth days are l60 ~ 185 days, and the effective accumulated temperature is 3300 ~ 3600℃. Edible and brewing varieties.
This variety is an ancient and famous wine-making variety in China, which matures late and is fresh to eat. The wine brewed with it is of good quality. The famous Great Wall dry white wine is made of it, and it is also a good variety of sparkling wine and sweet wine. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, longan grapes in Dazeshan were sold in large quantities to Yantai Changyu Company and Qingdao Winery (Meikou Winery). In 1950s, Qingdao Wine Company even established a grape fermentation station in Dazeshan Town. The brewed Qingdao dry white wine is pale yellow, clear and transparent, mellow and refreshing, rich in nutrition, and has the effect of treating anemia. It has been supplied to China's embassies abroad for many years, and it is highly appreciated. [ 1 1]