First, the landscape design "scenery", furnishings, settings, planning;

1, meaning, strategy and tactics of "plan".

Landscape design is the planning strategy of landscape architecture.

Specifically, landscape design is a process of using landscape art and engineering technology to create a beautiful natural environment and life and entertainment environment by transforming the terrain (or further building mountains, stacking rocks and managing water), planting flowers and trees, building buildings and arranging garden roads within a certain geographical scope.

Landscape design is a subject that studies how to deal with the complex relationship between nature, architecture and human activities by means of art and technology, and achieve a harmonious, perfect, ecologically sound and picturesque state.

Garden development trend: Based on the principle and practice of ecology, it will be the development trend of garden design.

In the development of human social life, the relationship between man and nature: relying on nature-using nature-destroying nature-protecting nature-how to learn the theory of garden art and the creative method of garden design by imitating nature artificially.

We must combine theory with practice, and theory guides practice. Successful practice accumulation will in turn promote the further development of garden art theory;

3. Improve artistic concepts and aesthetics, learn from the achievements of sister arts, broaden your horizons, and achieve "comparison" and "analogy";

4, hands-on, brains; Read more books, ask more questions, be brave in practice and innovation.

Second, the basis and principles of landscape design

(1) The ultimate goal of landscape design is to create a picturesque, comfortable, healthy and civilized leisure environment. On the one hand, gardens are space arts that reflect social ideology, and gardens should meet the needs of people's spiritual civilization; On the other hand, gardens are social welfare undertakings and the reality of real life. Therefore, it is necessary to meet the needs of people's material civilization for good rest and entertainment.

1, scientific basis Any garden art creation process should be carried out in accordance with the scientific principles and technical requirements of related projects.

2. The social demand for gardens belongs to the category of superstructure and should reflect social ideology.

3. Functionality requires landscape designers to create a garden space with beautiful scenery, environmental sanitation, healthy taste, comfort and convenience according to the aesthetic requirements, activity rules and functional requirements of the masses, so as to meet the functional requirements of tourists for sightseeing, rest and fitness and entertainment activities.

4. Economic conditions Any garden project is closely related to the economy, so economic conditions are an important basis for garden design.

To sum up, if an excellent garden work wants to turn from ideal to reality, it must be closely combined with scientific, artistic, economic conditions and social needs, coordinated with each other and comprehensively planned, so as to achieve the best social, environmental and economic benefits.

(2) The application of the principle of economy and beauty is the principle that landscape design must follow. Although the world landscape art has the general content and characteristics of world culture and the unity of landscape art, there are natural isolation, social isolation and historical psychological isolation among all ethnic groups in the world, so the landscape art of all ethnic groups has formed different artistic styles, that is, landscape forms.

Traditional form

1), regular (integral, geometric, symmetrical, architectural)

Before the appearance of British landscape gardens in the18th century, western gardens were dominated by regular patterns, among which Italian terraced gardens in the Renaissance and French "Lenotre" plane geometric pattern gardens were the representatives.

Basic characteristics of conventional gardens: topography and geomorphology

(1), in the plain area, composed of flat land and gentle slope at different altitudes;

(2) In mountainous and hilly areas, it consists of terraced fields, sloping fields and stone steps.

Its section line is a combination of straight lines. 2. The central axis of the whole garden has obvious central axis in plane planning, and is symmetrically or quasi-symmetrically arranged according to the central axis. The division of gardens is mainly geometric.

3. Water body (waterscape)

Its outline is geometric, mainly round and rectangular. The revetment of water body is mostly made of plastic and sometimes carved; The types of waterscape are plastic pools, plastic waterfalls, fountains, wall springs, canals and so on.

4. Architecture emphasizes the axis of architectural control. Most of the main buildings and single buildings adopt the symmetrical and balanced design of the central axis, and the main buildings and secondary buildings form the main axis and secondary axis system combining squares and roads, forming the overall pattern of controlling the whole park.

5. The squares of the road square are mostly regular and symmetrical geometric shapes, and the squares on the main axis and the auxiliary axis form a space with clear priorities; The road is straight, broken or geometrically curved. Squares and roads form a grid-like and annular radial geometric layout with symmetrical or asymmetrical axes. Its curved part has a center and is an arc. The main axis of the building and the axis of the square are often combined into one.

6. The planting design conforms to the general pattern of axis symmetry. The trees in the whole garden are mainly equidistant determinant and symmetrically arranged, and the pruning modeling of trees mostly simulates architectural modeling, animal modeling, hedges, green walls, green doors and green columns, which is a prominent feature of regular gardens.

Regular gardens often use a lot of hedges, green walls and jungles to divide and organize space; Flowers are often arranged in flower beds and flower belts with patterns as the main content, and sometimes in large flower beds.

7. Garden sculptures, vases, lanterns, railings and other decorations adorn the landscape. Sculpture always stands at the beginning, intersection and end of the axis. Sculptures in western traditional gardens are mainly arranged outdoors with figures, which often form the main scene of water with fountains and pools. In short, formal gardens emphasize artificial beauty, rational beauty and order beauty. Give people a neat, solemn, majestic and cheerful landscape effect. Because it is too strict, it has a deterrent effect on people, making people stiff, with little change in space and clear vision.

2) Natural gardens (landscapes, irregularities and landscapes)

The typical representative of natural gardens is the natural landscape gardens in China. Since Shang and Zhou Dynasties, China gardens have experienced several generations of development. Whether it is a palace or a private house, it is mainly based on natural landscape gardens. Royal gardens developed in the Qing Dynasty and have been preserved to this day, such as the Summer Palace and chengde mountain resort. Private gardens, such as Humble Administrator's Garden and Master's Garden, are all representative works of natural landscape gardens.

The main features of natural gardens are 1, topography and geomorphology: natural gardens pay attention to "piling because of high mountains" and "digging lakes because of low mountains", pursue local conditions, give priority to utilization, supplemented by transformation, and strive to "create the world".

The section line of the terrain is a natural curve.

2. The water body in the natural garden is an independent space, with its own scenery, various forms and accessible to people. The outline of the water body is a natural curve, and the waterfront is a slope with a natural curve. If the revetment is set, it is also made of natural rocks. The main types of natural garden waterscape are: river, lake, pond, marsh, pavilion, stream, stream, continent, island, harbor, bay, waterfall, falling water and so on. Near the building or according to the needs of landscaping, use some stones to build a straight or broken line revetment.

3. Most single buildings are symmetrical or asymmetrical balanced layout; Buildings or large buildings often adopt asymmetric balanced layout. The whole park is not controlled by axis, but some parts are still handled by axis.

The architectural types of natural gardens in China are: pavilions, corridors, pavilions, boats, buildings, pavilions, pavilions, terraces, towers, halls and halls.

4. The road square is composed of asymmetric buildings, rocks, trees and forest belts, and the plane and vertical section of the road are natural curves. Except for some squares in front of the building, the open spaces and squares in the garden are natural.

5. Planting natural gardens requires that the beauty of natural plant communities be reflected. No rows are planted and trees are not pruned. Single planting, cluster planting, group planting and forest planting are the main forms, and the arrangement of flowers is mainly in the form of flowers and flowers. There are flower stands in the yard.

6. Most of the garden sketches use natural peaks, rockeries, rockfills, bonsai and statues, and they are often focused on the landscape. Inscriptions, stone carvings, cliff carvings, plaques and couplets are very important to the formation of the unique "artistic conception" of China gardens. Pursuing nature is higher than nature.

In short, the natural garden space is changeable, the terrain is complex, and the front and back of the mountain are self-contained and fascinating; Natural gardens pursue nature, giving people a relaxed and cordial feeling.

In fact, there are few absolute regular formulas and natural formulas. Only when their proportions are close, the difference between regular formulas and natural formulas is called mixed formula.

In the mixed garden, the whole garden does not or does not control the axis of the whole garden, only local scenic spots and buildings are symmetrically arranged with the central axis; The whole park has no obvious natural landscape skeleton and cannot form a natural pattern.

Generally speaking, the conventional layout is arranged according to the needs of the overall planning and the terrain of the original flat place. In the original topographic zone

This work is very complicated, with rolling hills, valleys and depressions. , and combined with the terrain planning into a natural style.

With the development and evolution of new forms in Europe, with the development of plant ecology and the understanding of plants, people have shifted from artistic enjoyment to scientific utilization of plants; The understanding of the biological chain links the ecological balance park together.

After the liberation of China, the people's government gave new life to landscaping, established the purpose of gardens serving the public, and repaired and opened the royal gardens. After studying the former Soviet Union in an all-round way, street trees have sprung up widely in major cities all over the country, and small gardens and street green spaces have also sprung up widely, but most of them are axisymmetric, and the activity space is like candied haws.

Later, freestyle appeared, that is, the free combination of active spaces, without strict symmetry.

In Shenzhen, abstract gardens have appeared again. This kind of garden

The new form strives to achieve:

(1), emphasizing openness and extroversion, coordinating with urban landscape, facilitating public sightseeing, making the form suitable for modern people's life, behavior and psychology, and embodying a distinct sense of the times;

(2) Simple and smooth curves are dominant, but straight lines and broken lines are not excluded. It absorbs its concise and lively pictures from western regular gardens, and extracts smooth curves from traditional gardens in China, which is flexible and lively as a whole;

(3) Emphasize abstraction, implication and artistic conception, and seek the likeness of God rather than the likeness. It is neither divorced from the concrete image nor from the aesthetic taste of the public. It abstracts the natural scenery such as rocks, waterfalls and flowing water in China gardens, making them more regular and decorative, and continuing the tradition of classical gardens in China.

(4), pay attention to the big effect, pay attention to big space, big color contrast, so as to achieve concise and lively, after the completion of the construction can achieve immediate results;

(5) Pay attention to plant landscaping, make full use of natural and geometric plants for composition, and create abstract graphic beauty and color beauty through the change of plane and elevation, so that the works have exquisite stage effect;

(6), the change of the body is rich in artificial decoration beauty, that is, good at change and coordination, not a mere formality. In order to improve the accuracy and rigor of construction, the basic shape should be followed by rules;

(7) Novel form, unique conception and originality, which are absolutely consistent with traditional gardens.

We call this form abstraction, that is, abandoning individual non-essential attributes from many concrete things, extracting the same essential attributes, simplifying and summarizing the object modeling, refining it into a very concise form, or becoming a symbolic symbol.