In 1940, Australian P. A. Yeomans proposed an observation-based land use model. He invented a method to manage water supply and distribution: critical line design. (Holmgren applied the critical line principle to design an ecological village in Melbourne)
Howard T. Odem (American ecologist) also contributed to the development of Pumen, especially to Holmgren. Odem emphasized the system structure in ecology, especially the maximum power principle, and advocated that any natural system tends to maximize the energy contained in it. For example, a forest has a high total heat, which effectively converts sunlight into biomass and stores it in various animals and plants; On the contrary, a wheat field contains very low energy, and fertilizer is often needed to supplement energy.
Esther Deanes advocated the practice of no tillage, which was also an early enlightenment thought.
Recently, this influence came from the vegetable fish farm and animal captivity (VAC) system in Vietnam, which is a resource recovery system supported by the government.
In the mid-1970s, Australian ecologists Bill Mollison and David Holmgren began to conceive how to develop a stable agricultural system to cope with the rapid expansion and highly destructive industrial agriculture. They believe that industrialized agriculture pollutes land and water sources, reduces biodiversity and destroys billions of metric tons of fertile soil. In the book PermacultureOne from 65438 to 0978, they advocated the concept of sustainable design of park gates.
The word "Pumen" originally meant "eternal agriculture", but it quickly expanded to mean "eternal culture", because a truly sustainable system must cover all aspects of society.
After Permaculture One was published, Mollison and Holmgren planned hundreds of park gate sites, further revised and deepened their concepts, and integrated this information into more detailed books. Morrison has taught in more than 80 countries, and hundreds of students have attended a two-week design course. By the early1980s, the concept of "Pumen" had expanded from the agricultural system to the comprehensive and sustainable human living environment.
In the middle of 1980, many students have successfully practiced what they have learned and started to learn related knowledge and skills by themselves. Various Pumen-related communities, programs, societies and research institutions have rapidly formed in hundreds of countries. 199 1 year, ABC Company filmed four episodes of TV documentary called "The Gardener of the Earth", which introduced the wide application of Pumen all over the world, and the clips of this film can be seen on Youtube.
Pumen originated in Australia and has now become an international social movement. Today, the park gate has two branches: one is the original park gate; Second, the design of the park gate. The original Pumen tried to accurately imitate the composition and operation of nature and develop an edible ecosystem; The design of the park gate applies all kinds of useful relationships in the natural ecosystem to the design basis. The result it presents may not be as "natural" as "forest garden", but it still respects various ecological principles. Carefully observe the energy flow pattern in nature and develop an efficient system. It is also known as Dr Millington and sampson Kelly.