Keywords: walnut; Mountain area; cultivation techniques
China Library Classification Number: s664.438+0.
Document id: b
Article number:1002-2910 (2007) 01-0048-02.
Dongping County was named "Walnut Town of China" by the State Forestry Administration in 200 1 year. In recent years, the arid and thin mountainous areas without irrigation conditions have been fully utilized to develop 200hm2, and the early high-yield demonstration garden in arid and thin mountainous areas was established in 200 1.
1 Basic information of demonstration park
The demonstration park is located in Nanliutun Village, Dayang Township, Dongping County, with an area of 4hm2, low hills and cinnamon soil, with a soil layer thickness of 60cm and a low groundwater level. The annual average temperature is 13.5℃, the frost-free period is 20 1 day, and the annual average precipitation is 623mm. Grafted seedlings of early-bearing walnut varieties Xiangling, Yuanfeng and Luguang were sown in the spring of 200 1 year, with row spacing of 3m×4m. It blooms and bears fruit in the second year of planting. In the third year, it produced 4 1.5kg per 666.7m2, and reached 83.5kg and 148.9kg in the fourth and fifth years respectively, with remarkable economic benefits.
2 Main cultivation techniques
2. 1 landscape architecture
Before planting, dig 80cm square planting holes according to the plant spacing, and apply 30kg of decomposed farm manure to each hole. Soak the roots in water for 24 hours before seedling raising, cut off the injured roots and diseased roots, dip them in ABT rooting powder, and apply water-retaining agent 10 ~ 15g to each point. When planting seedlings, stretch the root system and fill the soil while practical, so that the root soil is in close contact and the soil is 5 ~ 10 cm higher than the ground. Then, take out the whole tree tray, fully irrigate it, and seal it tightly with soil after seepage. Finally, cover the plastic film with 1m2, compact the soil around the plastic film and the seedling base, keep moisture and raise temperature, and ensure survival and vigorous growth. After sprouting and spreading leaves in spring, the survival of seedlings should be checked in time, and the seedlings of the same variety should be replanted in time for the plants that have not survived.
2.2 Soil, fertilizer and water management
Apply base fertilizer in annular, semi-annular or radial furrows every autumn, and the farmyard manure is 25-50kg per plant, with 50-100kg in the first fruit-bearing period and100-150kg in the full fruit-bearing period. Topdressing adopts the method of storing fertilizer water in holes. In the middle of April every year, 4-6 holes with a depth of 40-50 cm and a diameter of 30-40 cm are dug in the vertical projection of the outer edge of the tree crown, 40-60 grams of drought-resistant water-retaining agent are evenly mixed with a proper amount of farm manure and quick-acting fertilizer and applied to the bottom, and then the soaked corn stalks with a length of 40 cm and a diameter of 15 cm are buried vertically, and the periphery is slightly higher after backfilling. Top dressing 1 time in the fast-growing period of young fruit in mid-June and the hard-core period of fruit in mid-July, with 0.5kg diammonium phosphate applied to each plant, and watering after fertilization. You can also apply it after rain. After the rain in mid-June, cover the tree tray with 20cm thick wheat straw and weeds and press a small amount of soil on it. At the end of autumn, combine fertilization and turn it into a tree tray. According to the investigation, after 3 ~ 5 years of continuous grass mulching, the organic matter content in 0 ~ 40 cm soil layer increased by 25%.
2.3 plastic finishing
Trunk dewatering and natural open-heart pruning are adopted, and the dry height is fixed at 100 ~ 120 cm, which can be increased to 150cm when there are intermittent crops. Pruning should be done after fruit picking and before defoliation, and young trees should be pruned after budding and leaf spreading in spring to avoid bleeding. The pruning of young trees is mainly based on shaping and crown expansion, leaving a short section of 40 ~ 50 cm for each main branch. Generally, well-developed branches can be appropriately cut short, and crowded branches can be thinned out; If the growth potential of the back branch is stronger than that of the original branch and the direction angle is good, it can replace the original branch; If it is almost long, it should be removed as soon as possible; If the back branches are weak, they can be cultivated into fruiting branches. Valuable tendrils can be released slowly, and then recovered and cultivated into fruiting branches. After entering the full fruit stage, shrink the fruiting branches, sparse the branches of diseases and pests, dead branches and weak branches, solve the illumination problem in the inner room and prevent the fruiting part from moving out.
2.4 flowering management
The flowering period of walnut male and female flowers is different, so artificial pollination should be carried out by spraying method. From late March to early April, when the male flowers began to sprout, 90% of them were thinned out. Young trees and first-bearing trees have few male flowers, so there is no need for thinning.
2.5 Pest control
The main pests and diseases are walnut anthracnose, walnut black spot disease, walnut rot disease, walnut limb moth, cloud spot beetle and tumor moth. Clear the garden in winter, cut off diseased branches and dead branches, and destroy or bury them deeply. Spraying 3 ~ 5 times of stone sulfur mixture on walnut during germination. Cure walnut rot in dormancy period, and apply bactericide if it is more clear. During the occurrence of walnut black spot and anthracnose, 200 times of Bordeaux mixture or 800 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder were sprayed. Spraying 25% diflubenzuron 3 1500 times solution at the early stage of fruit eating; Remove the fruit in time and destroy it centrally. Spraying 50% phoxim 1500 times solution or killing 5000 times solution during larval occurrence (late June to early July). Timely inspection found that Anoplophora yunnanensis drilled a hole, and after removing feces, pesticides were injected into the hole for poisoning.