Pomegranate trees often germinate two or three times in autumn, and many new shoots grow, which makes the crown branches dense, causing poor ventilation and light transmission, causing slow fruit growth and poor coloring, and also affecting the formation of flower buds on inner leaves and short branches. Therefore, it is particularly important to strengthen autumn pruning. Here is a brief introduction to the main points of pruning:
Thinning: Continue to prune dense, overgrown and diseased branches and tillers. It is required that the light spots under the canopy are sparse and evenly distributed on the ground, accounting for 10% ~ 15% of the projected area of the whole canopy. Ensure that the fruit can directly see the light, so that the leaves and short branches in the inner room can see enough light to quickly form flower buds. Bury or burn the cut branches of pests and diseases.
Root pruning: one of the characteristics of pomegranate tree senescence is root senescence and decline, so it is very necessary to prune the root system year by year according to the fruit situation of pomegranate tree. From mid-June, 5438+ 10 to June 165438+ 10 (after fruit picking and before defoliation), organic fertilizer can be applied in combination with autumn holes, and annular or parallel ditches (depth 50 ~ 100 cm) can be dug around the crown.
The following is an article about the annual management of pomegranate trees, which can be used for reference.
The key to high yield of pomegranate is technology.
Pomegranate is the king of fruits with edible and medicinal value, which is suitable for both field cultivation and garden cultivation. Pomegranate trees are drought-tolerant, warm and light-loving, and high temperature is needed for fruit development and maturity, and low temperature is not strict during hibernation; In the growing season, more water is needed; The requirements for soil are not strict, and the application scope is wide. Flat land, mountainous area and sandy land can be planted, but sandy soil or loam with deep and fertile soil layer and rich organic matter and slightly alkaline soil with good drainage are suitable.
Pomegranate is a long-lived and adaptable tree species. In order to obtain high-quality and high-yield products for a long time and obtain high economic benefits year after year, it is necessary to select excellent varieties and carry out reasonable cultivation management according to the requirements of pomegranate tree species on environmental conditions.
I. Spring management
Spring management is the foundation of a year. After spring, the soil began to thaw and pomegranate roots began to grow for the first time. We should do the following work well: first, fertilize in spring, irrigate in spring when it is dry, accumulate nutrients and enhance tree potential; Second, continue to do a good job in clearing the garden that was not completed last year; The third is to do a good job of pruning branches.
1. Water and fertilizer management
From the end of February to the beginning of March, the germination-promoting fertilizer (germination fertilizer), which is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, is mainly applied to provide sufficient fertilizer for germination, so that the leaves can spread out quickly after germination, promote flowering and improve the fruit-setting rate.
As the temperature rises, cultivated land should pay attention to moisture conservation to prevent spring drought. At this time, the root system of pomegranate tree has begun to move, the juice has begun to flow, and the aboveground part is about to sprout, which is a critical period of water demand. Before germination in spring, water should be watered once in combination with fertilization. Germination water is of great significance for improving germination uniformity and promoting the rapid growth of organs in early spring. When the surface layer of soil is slightly dry, weeding and loosening the soil once will make the fertilizer and soil better combine and play a role, and make the trees grow vigorously.
2. Continue to clean the garden
After spring germination, all the dead branches, branches scattered on the ground and fallen leaves in the orchard were burned. Plant protectants can be used to spray trunks and branches to keep warm, disinfect and prevent frost, prevent overwintering bacteria from landing on trees, restore the life command system of trees and wake up early.
pollard
Pruning pomegranate trees in spring is carried out in the bud stage from germination to flowering, usually from late April to late May. At this time, the flower buds of the fruiting mother branch have sprouted fruiting branches and buds. The main task of pruning is to adjust the ratio of fruit branches to nutrient branches. You also need to prune branches of pests and diseases, which can be done at the same time as thinning buds. At the same time, the dense sprouting buds, stems, tillers and sprouting branches above and below the main branches should be erased to facilitate ventilation and light transmission and save nutrition.
Second, summer management
After entering May, the leaf area of the crown has been formed, the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves is increasing day by day, and the buds are becoming more and more obvious. Flowering begins in the middle period and blooms in large quantities in the later period. The first batch of flowers are mainly leafy branches and short branches, and the side flowers open late. The nutrition competition of trees is fierce, and the opening of a large number of degraded flowers is a great threat to fruit setting. Foliar fertilizer should be sprayed in time, combined with fruits and vegetables, and irrigated when necessary to ensure water supply in the early growth stage. Generally, it is sprayed once before flowering, once in young fruit period and once in fruit expansion period for the best effect. It can not only promote flowers and strengthen pedicels, but also protect flowers, fruits, fruits from falling.
June is the full flowering period of pomegranate trees, and protecting flowers and fruits is the center. We must control overgrowth. We can keep trees strong by pinching, twisting, thinning and pulling branches, and cut off dense, overgrown and diseased branches. Summer pruning should grasp the opportunity. Generally, girdling and girdling have the best effect from late May to early June. However, traditional girdling and girdling methods do great harm to pomegranate trees. In order to solve this problem, after the ring cutting, the ring cut can be coated with the flower-promoting king No.2 (a northern product), which can make the wound heal quickly, control the tip, protect the flowers, effectively prevent the fruit from cracking and completely eliminate aging. There is relatively more rainfall this month, but pomegranate trees like drought and fear waterlogging. In case of continuous rain, we should do a good job in the drainage of pomegranate garden, so that pomegranate garden can produce high-yield and high-quality fruits in the case of drought and flood.
In July, young fruits began to swell, and water and fertilizer management was strengthened. During the fruit expansion period, when topdressing, apply appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer, more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, mainly ternary compound fertilizer, to promote the rapid growth of young fruits, promote the formation of flower buds at the same time, irrigate after fertilization, replenish water, and prevent dried fruits and fruit drop. Fruits continue to grow in August to prevent pests and diseases. Pomegranate dry rot can be sprayed with 1: 1: 200 times Bordeaux solution or 700 times solution of 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder and 800 times solution of 25% benomyl EC. The main pests are peach fruit borer and peach fruit borer, which enter the peak period from early July to early August, and 40% mancozeb 500 times solution, 40% thiophanate-methyl 800 times solution or 40% carbendazim gel suspension 500 times solution can be sprayed. If pests and diseases are found underground, they should be removed in time and treated centrally.
Third, autumn management
After entering September, the fruits are close to maturity and are harvested one after another. It is forbidden to abandon the garden after harvest. Because fruit trees consume a lot of nutrients from germination to fruit maturity, the tree is weak and it is difficult to resist pests and diseases and freezing injury. If management is not strengthened, it will directly affect the output and quality of next year.
1. Apply base fertilizer in autumn
It should be carried out after fruit harvesting and before soil freezing, usually from mid-September to mid-June. When applying, mix the fertilizer with the soil and irrigate it properly. Base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, such as manure, manure pile, green manure, crop straw and so on. If appropriate amount of available nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer is added, the effect will be better. Applying base fertilizer can enhance tree vigor and increase reserve nutrition.
Clean orchard
After the fruit is harvested, the dead leaves scattered in the orchard should be cleaned up, and the dead fruits, residual fruits and pests should be buried deep or transported out of the orchard for centralized destruction. At the same time, the ground should be kept clean, loose and free of weeds, so as to reduce the source of the disease and prevent it from becoming a natural carrier of pomegranate dry rot, fruit rot and insect pests.
After cleaning the orchard, a new type of high-fat film emulsion can be sprayed on the whole tree, which can effectively protect the fruit trees from cold and freezing, prevent diseases, prevent corrosion, inhibit the reproduction of germs and restore the physiological vitality of plants.
3. Strengthen pest control
The main disease that harms pomegranate is pomegranate dry rot, and the pathogen of dry rot mainly overwinters on the dry fruit of trees. In order to prevent the re-infection of dry rot and other germs, pomegranate peel should be scraped off in time after picking. After scraping, the plant surface protective agent "Shujiangjun" should be applied with a brush, and then the trunk and branches should be sprayed with Shujiangjun emulsion to disinfect the whole garden to prevent the germs from falling on the trees, so that the diseased skin quickly dries up and the diseased skin infected with dead spores begins to fall off. The "tree-protecting general" can also be mixed with various pesticides or foliar fertilizers to prevent various cortical lesions and prevent virus replication and infection.
Do not use omethoate and dichlorvos to control pomegranate pests, because pomegranate trees are sensitive to these pesticides. For aphids, peach borers, red spiders and fruit eaters, the dead fruits on the trees and under the trees should be thoroughly removed, burned or buried before the fruits are picked and germinated. Scrape off the old warped skin on the tree, plug the tree hole with 1∶ 1 clay and 50% phoxim mixed mud, and smear the cracks on the trunk to minimize the number of overwintering pests.
Fourth, winter management
From fruit picking to soil freezing (10- 12), combined with deep ploughing in autumn, irrigation after applying base fertilizer will promote the decomposition and transformation of organic matter and benefit the nutrient accumulation of trees; Differentiation and development of flower buds in winter and spring; Pomegranate trees overwinter safely.
Prune pomegranate trees in winter, after defoliation and before germination. Focus on removing roots and tillers, and cut off long branches, over-dense branches, weak branches, pest branches, drooping branches, cross branches and overlapping branches. Pomegranate trees should be pruned reasonably according to different age and tree potential, and the following points should be paid attention to when pruning:
1. In the first year after planting, all branches and leaves are preserved, and trees and roots are raised to promote growth.
2. In the second year, select the tree to keep the backbone branches, and remove all the slender branches on the trunk and the buds on the ground. Pay attention to keep and use the branches on the tree as much as possible. Generally, short knots cannot be used, and branches that are too dense can be thinned out.
3. For early fruit trees, attention should be paid to cultivating lateral branches and fruiting branches, with light pruning and thinning as the main methods; Remove strong branches, leave moderately weak branches, remove upright branches, and leave horizontal oblique branches; Remove the branches of diseases and pests, leaving strong branches; More thinning and less cutting or no cutting, reversing and slow cutting. , make the crown moderate, and achieve the purpose of good flowering and fruiting.
4. Trees in full fruit period should maintain the original crown structure and grow moderately and robustly. For the branches that are too strong in the upper part of the periphery, the growth should be slowed down, and the excessive side branches should be thinned or shrunk as appropriate. The growth angle of almost erect trunk branches should be increased. In order to keep the growth of the tree, the regeneration branch group can be updated in turn.
5. When pruning pomegranate trees in winter, all branches of diseases and pests should be thinned or cut off to reduce or eliminate the source of reinfection.
6. The wound caused by pruning should be closed in time to prevent dryness and pollution. By covering the callus with an antiseptic film, the tree body forms a protective film; Inward, the bacteria in the tree suffocate and die, outward to prevent the invasion of pests and diseases; Protect the growth of wound healing tissue and make the tree recover well.
In a word, pomegranate trees like fat, water and sunshine. As long as fruit farmers take measures to meet the needs of fruit development, they can get higher economic returns on the basis of small investment.