Tank fire control system includes periscope, sight, laser rangefinder, tank night vision device, high and low machine and steering gear, gun stabilizer and fire control computer with various sensors. We will introduce them one by one.
1. periscope
Periscope for observation can be divided into two types: non-magnifying and magnifying. The periscope without magnification is based on the imaging principle of plane mirror in optics, which consists of a mirror body and a lower mirror. According to the need to change the relative position of the upper and lower mirrors, periscopes with different periscope heights can be made, and some can also be made into rotating and pitching mirrors to rotate the perimeter and expand the observation range. The tank is equipped with a captain's observation periscope, a gunner's periscope used by gunner and second gunner for search and observation, a driver's periscope and an amphibious tank high periscope.
Periscope with magnifying function can increase the observation distance. It consists of upper and lower mirrors and objective lens group, reticle (with or without), eyepiece group and mirror body. There are daytime vision, day and night exchange, day and night combination, light measurement and ranging combined with day and night vision, and image stabilization, aiming and ranging combined systems.
The command periscope is installed in front of the turret control tower and can rotate with the control tower and pitch relative to the control tower. Command periscope is a combination of periscope and telescope, which can not only observe near targets, but also zoom in on distant targets. It is a telescopic observation instrument used by the commander to observe the battlefield, search and indicate the target, determine the distance between the gun and the target and measure the deviation of the projectile.
2. Vision
Tank gun sight is an optical instrument for gunner to find the target, aim at the target directly, measure the distance, correct the projectile deviation, observe the battlefield and observe the impact point when manipulating the gun and juxtaposing the machine gun. Most tank gun sights are straight telescopic sights with optical hinges. It consists of an objective lens group, a reticle, an optical hinge, a zoom system, an eyepiece lens group and a mirror body. It is installed on the left side of the gun, the lens part is fixed on the sight bracket on the left side of the gun rack, and the eyepiece part of the eye is fixed on the movable hook in front of the gunner's seat, which is convenient for the gunner to aim. When the gun is pitching, the movable hinge in the middle of the lens barrel makes the objective end of the lens pitch with it, aiming at the target through the oval opening in the front of the turret. Glasses are equipped with eye protection and forehead pads to ensure that the tank will not hit passengers when it bumps. This kind of sight can usually enlarge the target by 7 ~ 10 times (to identify distant targets and improve aiming accuracy) and 3.5 ~ 5 times (to observe the battlefield and search for large-field targets), and the magnification can be changed according to different needs. This kind of sight can only measure the distance of targets (such as enemy tanks) with a known size of 2.7 meters in advance, and its accuracy is low. The distance error of 1000 meters is 80 ~ 100 meters. On tanks equipped with advanced fire control system, this sight is only used as an auxiliary aiming device, that is, it is only used when the advanced fire control system fails.
In the fire control system of command ceremony that appeared in recent years, gunners used independent stable sight or image-stabilized laser ranging sight, such as EMSE- 15 integrated sight for gunners on Leopard II tank. Monocular periscope with two magnifications (for example, 8 times and 16 times), Nd: glass laser rangefinder, and equipment for stabilizing the line of sight. The stable main line of sight has a certain range of motion in the direction, and the high and low direction depends on the correction angle of the gun aiming angle. The stabilization of the line of sight is mostly achieved by stabilizing the mirror in the parallel light path. After the light comes in from the entrance window, it is reflected by the mirror, imaged on the reticle through the lens and right-angle prism, and observed by the observer through the eyepiece and prism group. The general working process of this command ceremony fire control system is as follows: the gunner aims at the target through the control device, and the artillery automatically follows the line of sight at this time. After aiming at the target, range and track. Then, the fire control computer calculates the advance angle according to the input distance, target speed, inclination angle and various trajectory correction parameters. This advance angle information is only transmitted to the turret and gun drive system to drive the gun to the allowable ignition advance position. Once the gun enters the permitted shooting position specified by the computer, it will automatically fire. In order to judge whether the gun enters the permitted firing position, a coincidence circuit or a firing gate circuit with logic judgment function is generally set in the system. Because this kind of sight has an independent sight line stabilizer, the gunner directly controls the sight line instead of the gun, and what needs to be stabilized is often only a prism or a mirror base, and the mass is very small, so the stability accuracy of the sight line is very high, reaching 0.2 dense position, far exceeding the stability accuracy of the gun, which greatly improves the shooting accuracy and can realize the shooting of moving targets during marching. It must be pointed out that the line of sight is independent of firearms, which improves the dynamic accuracy but reduces the static accuracy.
The combination of laser rangefinder and day-and-night sight and the stability of sight enable gunners to determine the target distance and shoot the target accurately no matter day or night, whether in situ or in progress. American XM-803 tank is equipped with this sight. When it is off-road at a speed of 32km/h, the line-of-sight error values in both horizontal and high and low directions are less than 0.5miles. The tank gun has a fire control system composed of this kind of sight and other advanced fire control components. No matter how bumpy the tank is, it can ensure a high first hit rate.
3. Laser rangefinder
Laser rangefinder is an instrument that uses laser to measure the distance between tank and target. The accuracy of laser ranging is higher than that of visual or optical ranging, and the accuracy is not affected by distance. Laser rangefinder is small in size, light in weight, easy to operate and use, and easy to master; Strong anti-interference, but in the case of poor visibility in dense fog and serious laser attenuation, it is impossible to range.
What is the principle of laser rangefinder? As we all know, distance = speed × time. The laser rangefinder is designed according to this basic principle. When ranging, the laser rangefinder emits laser pulses to the target, and part of the energy is reflected back to the laser rangefinder due to the diffuse reflection of the target. The laser rangefinder measures the time t from emitting the laser pulse to receiving the echo laser pulse, and then can calculate the distance s from the laser rangefinder to the target. Because the speed of light c is about 300,000 km/s, and the laser travels back and forth once in the time t measured by the laser range finder, 1/2Ct is the distance s from the laser range finder to the measured target. However, due to the extremely fast speed of light, its running time of hundreds of meters and thousands of meters cannot be accurately measured by clocks and watches. A time scale oscillator (quartz crystal oscillator) can be used to measure time. The oscillation frequency of this oscillator is extremely high, for example, it can generate 30 million crystal oscillation pulses per second, and the duration of each pulse is 30 millionth of a second. When ranging, while emitting laser pulses, the counter starts to record the number of crystal oscillator pulses until the echo laser is received. If * * * records n pulses, then n×3× 10-7 seconds is the time for the laser pulse to travel back and forth between the laser rangefinder and the target. Obviously, this method can accurately measure the time t, and thus calculate the precise distance of the target.
There are many kinds of laser rangefinders with different performances. But its structure includes power supply, laser, laser transmitting optical system (transmitting telescope), laser receiving optical system (receiving telescope), electric control system (photoelectric element, amplification and shaping, gate control circuit, time scale oscillator, counter, etc. ), distance display and so on. The working process of laser rangefinder is as follows: turn on the power supply, and the laser rangefinder and its time scale oscillator begin to work. At this time, because the door is closed, the pulse signal of the time scale oscillator cannot enter the counter. When the rangefinder aims at the target and the gunner presses the trigger button, the laser emits a very strong and narrow laser pulse. The laser emitted by the laser is divided into two paths: one path passes through the emission optical system to further reduce the divergence angle of the laser beam, and then it is emitted and transmitted to the target through the atmosphere; On the other hand, a small part of the laser beam immediately enters the photosensitive surface of the photoelectric element through the reflection of the sampling prism as the emission reference signal (sampling signal or main wave signal) to calibrate the departure time of the laser beam. The reference signal reaches the photoelectric converter (photomultiplier tube, etc.). ) and converts the optical signal into an electrical signal, that is, the optical pulse becomes an electrical pulse. After this electric pulse is amplified and shaped, it is sent to the timing system and the electronic door of the electronic counter is opened. At this time, the pulse signal of the time scale oscillator enters the counter, and the recorder begins to record the number of pulses (that is, to start timing). However, due to the diffuse reflection of the target, a part of the laser pulse directed at the target always reflects back from the original path and enters the receiving optical system. The laser pulse (received signal or echo signal) returned by the target also enters the time measurement system through photoelectric converter and amplification shaping circuit. The echo signal pushes the electronic door to issue a close command, so that the electronic door is closed, and the pulse signal of the time scale oscillator cannot enter the counter, and the counter stops counting (stop counting time). The counter of the time measuring system converts the recorded pulse number into the distance through the decoding circuit and displays it through the distance display, and the displayed number is the distance of the measured object. At the same time, the measured target distance information is automatically input into the fire control computer.
The laser ranging sight can be calibrated with the tank weapon through the indicator in the sight. Independent laser rangefinder is a rangefinder based on the principle of telescope. The receiving telescope and the transmitting mirror telescope each have their own optical elements. The main engine (receiver and transmitter) is usually installed in the armored box outside the tank turret, and its control part is located in the working position of gunner and conductor. Independent laser rangefinders usually aim at targets with the help of tank guns. At this time, the optical axes of the two must be the same (both aim at a target at the same time). In other words, after the gunner aimed at the target through the sight, the laser rangefinder also aimed at the target. As long as you press the laser emission button, you can measure the distance of the target and display the distance value on the distance display, which is very convenient to use.
The laser rangefinder used in modern tanks has a ranging range of 300 ~10000m, and the ranging error is 5 ~10m. It can range from 6 ~ 12 times per minute to 1 times per second, and the reliability of ranging in various climatic conditions is 99%. It can work normally at -40℃ ~+50℃. However, due to the narrow laser beam, it is difficult to aim at the target, and it is difficult to measure the real target distance when the target is hidden and there are smoke belts, trees, mounds or crops (the target is still visible). At present, some people have the ability to "select" data, which is solved by the occupant control, that is, in one launch, they can choose to read the data returned for the first time or the second time or the third time and discard other data. The carbon dioxide laser rangefinder used in American M- 1 tank is relatively simple, with high ranging efficiency and safety to human eyes. After the rangefinder and thermal imager are integrated, it can measure distance day and night. Therefore, it is an ideal laser rangefinder.
4. Night vision equipment
In the late World War II, the Germans installed an instrument on the vehicle to make the vehicle run at high speed without turning on the light at night, thus sending the V-2 rocket to the front line at night, successfully avoiding the surveillance and air strikes of the allied forces. This instrument is the earliest night vision device for tanks. The active infrared night vision device now evolved from this. The so-called tank night vision device is an instrument for tank crew to observe and aim at night by using infrared rays or amplifying natural low light. Modern tanks mainly use active infrared night vision devices, passive infrared night vision devices and low-light-level night vision devices.
(1) active infrared night vision device
Infrared night vision device is a night vision device that uses infrared rays emitted or reflected by targets (objects and people) to observe. Modern tanks are equipped with infrared night vision devices for drivers, captains, gunners and gunners. Active infrared night vision device uses its own infrared light source (infrared searchlight) to illuminate the target, and converts the infrared reflected by the target into visible light image, which consists of infrared searchlight, observation mirror and power supply. Due to the low temperature of natural objects, the radiated infrared energy is very small, which can not meet the imaging requirements of the instrument, so infrared searchlights or incandescent searchlights with infrared filter glass are needed to emit infrared radiation invisible to human eyes. The working principle of the active infrared night vision device is that when the power supply is turned on, the infrared searchlight emits infrared rays to illuminate the front target, and the objective lens of the observation mirror in the active infrared night vision device receives the infrared rays reflected by the target, forming an infrared optical image of the target on the photocathode surface of the infrared photocell, transforming the invisible infrared target image into a visible target image by the image converter, and displaying it on the fluorescent screen, so that the human eye can observe the target image through the eyepiece of the observation mirror. At present, the sight distance of infrared night vision goggles for tank drivers (aiming at tanks) is 60 ~ 100 m, that for captains (aiming at tanks) is 800 ~ 1000 m, and that for gunners is 1200 m, and some of them can reach15000 m. Active infrared night vision device has infrared searchlights to illuminate the scene, and the light beam will cause obvious contrast between the scenes, so the image is blurred, which is beneficial to observation but easy to expose itself (infrared searchlights emit infrared rays, which are easily found by infrared detectors), leading to fire attack. The observation range is limited to the illuminated scene, and the sight distance is also limited by the size and power of the searchlights, so the infrared searchlights are easily damaged, so they are gradually replaced by various passive night vision devices.
(2) Low light level night vision device
Moonlight, starlight, galactic light and atmospheric glow at night are commonly known as "twilight". An instrument that uses the low light in the night sky and magnifies it so that human eyes can see the target image is called a low light night vision device. The overall structure of LLL night vision device is basically the same as that of active infrared night vision device. The only difference is that the infrared light source-infrared searchlight is omitted, so it is a passive night vision device. The key component of LLL night vision device is the image intensifier, which converts the scene image that human eyes can't distinguish under weak nightglow illumination (its illumination is lower than 0. 1 lux) into the visible scene image that human eyes can see. The working principle of LLL night vision device is that the objective lens of its optical system receives the natural LLL reflected by the target and forms a very weak optical image of the target on the surface of the first-stage photocathode of the image intensifier. After the target image is enhanced by an image intensifier (its brightness gain is usually tens of thousands of times), it can be displayed on the last screen for people to observe. Low-light-level night vision device has the advantages of simple structure, small volume and low power consumption, especially it does not need artificial infrared light source, and it is safe and reliable to use, and it is not easy to be exposed, which improves the concealment of tanks at night. It is an obvious proof that the British army finally occupied the island with the help of this night vision equipment during the Falklands War. However, the observation effect and working distance of the low-light-level night vision instrument are greatly influenced by the natural illumination (brightness of starlight or glow) and atmospheric transparency of the surrounding environment, and it can hardly work in full darkness. Compared with the active infrared night vision device, the image is not as clear as the latter. Especially the dense clouds and smoke near the ground and the non-directional scattering in the sky will obviously reduce the illumination and contrast of the scene and seriously affect the observation effect. Therefore, some tanks are also equipped with active infrared night vision devices or passive infrared night vision devices. The LLL night vision device with cascaded image intensifiers can basically meet the tactical performance requirements, but it will be blurred when it encounters muzzle flame and explosion flash, and finally the image will be distorted and it will have to be interrupted from time to time. A device with electron multiplication function is inserted between the photocathode and the fluorescent screen of the image intensifier, which can avoid the blur caused by flash. At present, the night vision distance of advanced low-light-level night vision instrument has reached 1600 meters under starlight and 2700 meters under moonlight. If the image intensifier is placed in front of the TV camera tube, then the TV can work in weak light and become a fully passive night vision device. This is the PZB-200 tank sight on the Leopard I tank. This sight consists of a TV camera installed above the tank gun, two monitors located in front of the commander and gunner, a console and a connecting cable. When the illumination is 10-4 lux, the scope can be used to shoot at the distance of1500m.
(3) Passive infrared night vision device
As we all know, rattlesnake's eyes have degenerated into blindness, but it can quickly catch mice and other small animals, because the small "buccal fossa" heat-sensitive organ (heat source locator) between rattlesnake's eyes and nose can receive infrared radiation from small animals. When the ambient temperature changes to 0.003℃, it can feel it and orient itself to guide rattlesnakes to hunt. Passive infrared night vision device is developed according to this phenomenon. It is a night vision device for people to observe, which uses infrared detectors to receive the radiation differences between the target and the background, and then forms a visible image for display. The weak infrared light source emitted by human body and tank engine exhaust can be used for observation and aiming. Because it works in the thermal infrared band of 8 ~ 14 micron, it can record the thermal radiation distribution image of the scene at room temperature and convert it into visible light image for display, so it is also called thermal imager. Both M- 1 and Leopard II tanks are equipped with thermal imagers.
Passive infrared night vision device uses optical scanning technology and solid semiconductor materials sensitive to far-infrared radiation to convert infrared energy radiated by ground objects into electrical signals, which are converted into electrical signals after processing and amplification, and then converted into visible light images after processing and amplification. The thermal radiation from the target is irradiated on the scanner through the input optical lens group (unfocused) and focused on the detector through the infrared parallel objective lens. The detector converts the thermal radiation signal into an electrical signal. The electrical signal is converted into visible light by the light emitting diode after being correspondingly amplified. The light of the LED is controlled on the back of the scanning mirror through the parallel lens. In this way, in any case, it is necessary to mechanically ensure the synchronization of receiving thermal imaging and LED imaging. Therefore, a "thermal image" generated in the LED assembly and combined by the scanner can be seen. The function of the refrigerator is to improve the sensitivity of the system and reduce the thermal radiation of the detector itself.
Passive infrared night vision device itself has no infrared light source, and only relies on the thermal radiation generated by the temperature difference between the target and the background, so it is not affected by the natural lighting conditions in the surrounding environment; It can be used to observe the target through fog, rain, snow, even through sparse jungle, detect the position of hidden vehicles and artillery through camouflage, and even identify the "hot mark" outline left by the plane that just got up at the airport; Good concealment, not easy to be found and interfered by the enemy, safe and reliable to use; No blinding effect will be caused by muzzle flame, bomb explosion, etc. For tank engines, newly launched gun barrels, gun barrels and other strong heat radiation source targets, the line of sight can reach several kilometers. The sight distance of passive infrared night vision devices equipped with modern advanced main battle tanks is generally 1200 ~ 1500m, with a maximum of 3000m. However, the thermal imager needs additional refrigeration equipment, so it is not easy to ensure timely replacement; The gas cylinder that cools the detector is not easy to get, and the pollution of the refrigeration system after changing the bottle is also a problem, and the angular resolution is still relatively low, so it is difficult to identify the target details; The temperature contrast image it displays is different from the visible light contrast image, so people are not used to observing it; Under the cover of a smoke screen containing anti-infrared drugs or a camouflage device equipped with anti-thermal infrared reconnaissance, the enemy may be able to maneuver as usual.
In a word, because tanks are equipped with these night vision devices, they can see the surrounding targets clearly at night, so tanks become experts in night fighting.
5. Direction machine and high-low machine
Maneuverability and stability of tank guns are the first concerns of people. Modern tanks are equipped with power transmission devices to ensure the fastest aiming speed and ensure the rapid transfer of fire from one target to another. In addition, the gun needs a minimum stable aiming speed to ensure accurate aiming. The minimum aiming speed of modern tanks ranges from 0.05 to 0. 1/s, while the rapid turning speed of turrets has been increased to 30/s and above.
A generation of tank guns has two sets of operating mechanisms that can be used. One set is manual operation, in which the gunner shakes the steering gear with his left hand and the high and low gears with his right hand for tracking and aiming; The other is electric control, which is electro-hydraulic in vertical direction and controlled by gunner, and the horizontal direction is controlled by gunner through motor amplifier. The former is reliable, but slow, and modern tanks are reserved for backup. The latter can realize high-speed tracking and accurate aiming, and is a common mechanism. Early tanks only had manual operating mechanisms.
(1) turret direction machine
Most tank guns are mounted on rotatable turrets. In combat, the turret should be able to rotate at the same speed, so that the artillery can aim at the target that appears at any time, and the turret should also be able to rotate at a low speed to aim at the target accurately, or rotate at any speed so that the artillery can track the enemy's moving target, aim roughly or aim while moving, and so on. Turret steering gear is used to turn the turret, which is generally controlled by gunner. However, in modern tanks, in order to make the captain directly turn the gun to the new target direction when he finds a new target, so as to improve the fire maneuverability, he can directly control the turret other than the gunner when he grows up.
Turret steering gear is generally composed of turret seat ring, steering gear reducer and driving device. Turret seat ring is equivalent to a large centripetal thrust ball bearing, which is used to support the turret and make it rotate flexibly relative to the car body. When traveling, in order to fix the turret reliably, the turret traveling fixer is adopted. Directional machine gearbox is referred to as directional machine for short. It is fixed on the turret and directly used to drive the turret. The driving device is used to drive the gearbox of the steering gear. Modern tanks are driven by power when they quickly transfer fire or use stabilizers, that is, by electricity or hydraulic pressure. The power-driven energy sources are Tanqueray's batteries and generators. When the stabilizer is not used or the power drive device fails and the turret needs to be rotated, it is used for driving. On the tank equipped with bidirectional stabilizer, the signal generated by directional stabilizer drives the gearbox of steering gear through power drive device. At present, the speed of the steering gear can be fast or slow, and the turret can usually rotate at any speed of 0.05 ~ 30/s, which is very flexible.
(2) high and low machine
The high-low machine is fixed on the left side of the gun mount, which is used to give modern tank guns a high-low shooting angle of-10 ~+20. Elevator is mainly composed of deceleration mechanism, safety coupling and release device. The deceleration mechanism is used to give the gun high and low shooting angles and aim the gun. The safety coupling is used to protect the high and low machine parts from damage when the gun bumps violently during the tank movement. The release device is used to separate the worm and the worm wheel.
When aiming by hand, turn the wheel, and the power makes the gun pitch around the trunnion through the deceleration mechanism. When aiming with the stabilizer console, the release device separates the worm from the worm wheel, so the gun is not controlled by the high and low machine, and the stabilizer can be used for high and low aiming. When the height stabilizer is used, the gun can aim at the pitch within the speed range of 0.07 ~ 4.5/s, quickly change the shooting distance and accurately capture the target.
6. Gun stabilizer
When a tank runs on a bumpy or tortuous road, the gun will deviate from the aiming angle, that is, the shooting angle, due to the vibration of the car body or the turning of the tank. In this case, even if the target is found through the sight, it is difficult to control the gun high and low machine and the directional machine to complete accurate aiming and accurate shooting in a short time. Therefore, it is necessary to install an automatic adjusting device to ensure that the aiming position of the gun will not change because of the vibration of the car body. This device is the gun stabilizer, which can stabilize the gun and the parallel machine gun at a given shooting angle and direction. Gun stabilizers are divided into one-way and two-way types. Only the one-way stabilizer, also called the height stabilizer, can stabilize the height of the gun. It is a bidirectional stabilizer, which can not only stabilize the height, but also stabilize the direction. Most modern main battle tanks are equipped with bidirectional stabilizers. The gun bidirectional stabilizer can automatically keep the gun and the parallel machine gun at a given height and direction when the tank is moving, and improve the shooting accuracy when it is moving. A console can achieve high-low or horizontal aiming, which is both light and stable; The commander can directly control the stabilizer to indicate the target to gunners other than gunners; When the gun does not need stability, the turret can be driven by the electric drive mechanism.
So, why can the gun stabilizer protect the gun from the bumps of the car body? It's like people sitting in a car with a TV on. People can feel the car tilting left and right or pitching back and forth, and they will drive the body to tilt or pitch in the opposite direction through the nervous system, thus offsetting the influence of shaking and bumps. Tank gun stabilizer is a device equivalent to this function of human body. It consists of a sensing mechanism and an executing mechanism. The sensing mechanism equivalent to human sensory organs is specially used to measure and feel the angle and speed of tank swinging left and right or pitching back and forth. The actuator is equivalent to human hands and feet, and measures the horizontal swing, pitch angle and pitch speed of the tank body according to the sensing mechanism, so that the gun body swings and pitches in the opposite direction to offset the shaking and bumps of the car body.
The gun stabilizer is composed of gyroscope group, console, power cylinder, hydraulic amplifier, motor amplifier and turret motor. Here is an example to illustrate its simple principle: for example, if the fire control computer determines that the firing angle of the gun is 0. 1, then the gun stabilizer in the high and low directions will stabilize the barrel at 0. 1. Because the barrel is affected by the up-and-down vibration of the car body, the high and low angles will inevitably change. If the height of the barrel platform is 0.05, the sensing mechanism in the high-low stabilizer, such as gyroscope, will immediately feel the change of barrel 0.05 and turn the change into an electrical signal. After amplification, the barrel will rapidly rotate downward by 0.05 through the motor, power cylinder and other actuators, and return to the original position of 0. 1. At this time, the sensing mechanism has no signal output, the correction force disappears immediately, and the barrel no longer rotates. Because this correction process is completed in a short time, although the barrel has changed due to the bump and vibration of the car body, the combined force of correction will keep the tank gun within the allowable range of the predetermined shooting angle. The working principles of bidirectional stabilizer and unidirectional stabilizer are basically the same, both of which use the fixed axis of gyroscope to stabilize and the precession of gyroscope to aim. The difference is that in order to stabilize the direction of the gun, the installation direction of the gyroscope is turned by 90. Stability accuracy is the main index to evaluate the gun stabilizer. It is reported that the stability accuracy of M- 1 tank and Leopard II tank is 0.2 ~ 0. 15, and the stability accuracy of directional aiming is 0.4 ~ 0.3.
7. Fire control computer
The fire control computer is an instrument that automatically gives the firing angle of artillery, a data processing system and the core part of the fire control system. After searching for the target with a sight, the gunner aimed at it and measured the distance from the sun with a laser rangefinder. The distance data will be automatically input into the fire control computer, and the fire control computer will calculate the trajectory according to the target distance, the selected missile type, the internal and external trajectory data, and the correction values such as barrel wear, trunnion tilt, air temperature, propellant temperature, wind force, wind direction and muzzle velocity. (It can be measured by various sensors or set manually). The calculated aiming angle and direction advance angle are sent to the sight, and the scale is automatically set. At the same time, it outputs electrical signals to control the gun stabilizer to give the gun aiming angle and direction advance angle, and automatically adjusts the gun position. The gunner can fire after aiming twice in the sight. Except for initial aiming, secondary aiming and missile selection, all other working procedures are automated, which not only shortens the firing time of the artillery, but also improves the firing accuracy of the artillery, and increases the shooting rate within the range of 1500m by more than 70%, and can still maintain the shooting rate even if the range is doubled.
There are many kinds of fire control computers, and the digital electronic ballistic computer is more advanced. Because it can not only command and control the shooting of tank guns, but also command and control the launching of anti-tank missiles, which is beneficial to the use of missile weapons in tanks; It can meet the requirements of enhancing tank firepower better than analog computers, and is universal with airborne and shipborne computers. The electronic ballistic computer has high calculation accuracy and has the ability of memory storage and logical judgment.
The fire control computer consists of input equipment, arithmetic unit, memory, controller and output equipment. Simple fire control computer doesn't even have memory, and it uses distance decoding to control operation. The input device is used to input raw data and calculation programs. The memory is used to store and record the original data, operation steps and intermediate results. An arithmetic unit is a device that performs arithmetic and logical operations on code. The controller is used to realize the connection and control of all parts of the machine and ensure the automatic calculation process. The output device is used for outputting the calculation result.
The principle of ballistic computer is the same as that of abacus: to calculate a problem, first get the task book (equivalent to the input device of the computer), and then take the data recorded on paper (equivalent to the memory) to the abacus (equivalent to the arithmetic unit) in sequence as needed. People touch the beads with their fingers to decide what to do (equivalent to the controller), and finally write the calculation results in the report (equivalent to the controller). But the fire control computer is different from the abacus: the abacus is calculated one by one, and the processing of intermediate results should be considered. The fire control computer can automatically perform hundreds of thousands of operations per second. The main battle tank equipped with such an advanced integrated fire control system can accurately and quickly determine the shooting direction and high and low angles of the artillery, ensuring that the artillery can quickly aim at enemy targets (stationary or moving targets) and destroy them.