Potted soil not only provides water and nutrition for potted trees, but also can maintain their normal breathing. When the basin soil is filled with water, the soil particles expand, squeezing out the air in the gaps between the particles, making the basin soil short of air: when the basin soil is dry or relatively dry, the soil particles shrink, the volume becomes smaller, there are gaps between the particles, and the gaps are filled with air. With the constant change of soil moisture, the air in the basin soil keeps running, so that the roots of plants can breathe normally. After each watering, the roots of trees can tolerate hypoxia in the basin soil in a short time, but if the basin soil is too wet for a long time, it will cause diseases such as root erosion; If the basin soil is dry for a long time, although there is more oxygen in the basin soil, plants can't absorb water for a long time, which is not good for the growth of trees and even dies. Therefore, the principle of "no watering, no watering, no watering" should be mastered in the watering of tree bonsai. Dry means that the soil on the surface of the basin is grayish white, and not all the soil is dry from top to bottom. Water leakage from the drainage hole at the bottom of the pool is regarded as pouring seepage.
When trees are dehydrated due to insufficient watering, the shoots will droop and the leaves will wither, yellow and fall off. If it is a conifer, the needles will become soft and lose their hard and prickly feeling. When water shortage is serious, the cortex of branchlets atrophy like goose bumps. If this happens in summer, you should immediately move the trees to the shade. After the temperature drops, spray clear water on the leaves first, then pour a little water into the basin after a while, and then pour the water thoroughly after an hour. For severely dehydrated trees, it is forbidden to water them all at once, because in the case of severe dehydration, the root cortex has shrunk and clung to the xylem, and suddenly a large amount of water is supplied, and the root system will swell due to rapid water absorption, leading to cortex rupture and tree death, which requires a gradual adaptation process. After the above treatment, it is best to maintain the trees that are seriously short of water under the shade shed for a few days, and then put tap water to dry after rejuvenation. When watering bonsai trees with tap water, if conditions permit, it is best to put them in buckets and tanks for a day before using them.
2. Most residents in remote areas and rivers, lakes and mountainous areas use river water or lake water. When watering tree bonsai with river water or lake water, we must be careful not to use polluted river water or lake water, otherwise it will be bad for the growth of trees, and in serious cases, it will lead to the death of trees.
3. Groundwater In some areas, residents use water to extract groundwater because the temperature of groundwater varies greatly. When watering bonsai trees with groundwater, it is best to put the groundwater in barrels and tanks for a day before using it.
Common terms for watering
1. The detained water is deducted from the original watering amount. Withholding water means watering less properly. Some ornamental bonsai, such as plum blossom, should be watered less in the early stage of flower bud physiological differentiation, from late May to late June, so as to slow down the growth of branches, and then watered when the new branches wilt slightly, which is beneficial to flower bud differentiation for several times. Another example is the elm bonsai, when potted or turned over, some roots are often cut off. After the root wound is treated to prevent bacteria from invading, it should be planted with moist culture soil, without watering on the same day and the next day, so as to prevent juice overflow from affecting survival or rejuvenation. You can spray water on the branches, so less water or no water 1 ~ 2 days belongs to water detention.
2. Looking for water is also called water replenishment. In hot summer, bonsai trees are usually watered once in the morning. Because the size and depth of pots are different, the size and density of leaves are different, and the evaporation of water is also different. At about 5 pm, carefully check the dryness and wetness of the basin and water the dried basin. Because water is not often seen, watering is different. The trade term is looking for water.
3. During the cultivation period, in order to make more branches grow to the ideal thickness as soon as possible, and also to make the fruit of the bonsai grow bigger after the plate is fixed, the method of increasing the watering amount is called "watering".
pomegranate
Pomegranate is a deciduous shrub or small tree belonging to the genus Pomegranate. Alias An Pomegranate, Liu Ruo, Dan Ruo, etc.
Pomegranate flowers are the first, both ornamental and edible. Pomegranate trees are very adaptable, whether planted in the ground or potted, whether on the balcony or roof, they can grow well. The leaves, flowers, fruits and roots of pomegranate can be used as medicine. Poets in the Yuan Dynasty often praised pomegranate poetry: "I was sent to Haixi by Cha, and moved to Hanyuan, a coral, for planting;" Just wait for the shade trees to close and the beads to open like fire. "This poem not only tells the origin of pomegranate, but also describes its characteristics.
Pomegranate likes light and should be placed in a sunny, ventilated and warm place. Pomegranate has a certain degree of cold tolerance, which can overwinter outdoors when planted in Beijing, while potted plants move to sleep indoors when the temperature is low in early winter.
Watering: Pomegranate is more drought-tolerant. Usually, when watering, it is dry and wet alternately, and it is thoroughly watered. During the vigorous growth period in summer, the soil in the basin should be kept moist and not short of water, but there should be no water in the basin. There is little water in winter.
Fertilization: Pomegranate likes fertilizer. It is required to apply a decomposed rare organic liquid fertilizer about 20 days from the leaf opening stage, and apply 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate once in May and June respectively. After the fruit is shaped, the decomposed liquid fertilizer can be slightly thicker to facilitate the growth of the fruit.
Pruned pomegranate has strong germination ability and can grow new branches several times a year. Last spring, strong new branches were born, which can form fruiting mother branches. This spring, new branches with terminal buds or short branches with axillary buds are easy to blossom and bear fruit. Pay attention to this characteristic of pomegranate tree when pruning branches. After pomegranate fruit is put in prison, prune the branches once according to the needs of modeling. If there are too many fruits, remove a few according to the principle of patchwork.
Fruit trees have "big and small years". There are many fruits this year, and the nutrition consumption is too high. Next year, there will be little or no fruit.
Simple propagation: Pomegranate can be propagated by sowing, cutting and layering. In order to obtain a large number of seedlings, bonsai lovers generally adopt common sowing methods. Cutting 1 ~ 2-year-old branches in spring, selecting healthy branches to cut into a section of about 10cm as cuttings, inserting them into plain sand with the length and depth of 1/2 cuttings, and pouring them thoroughly in the shade for maintenance to keep the basin soil moist.
Pomegranate bonsai 1 ~ 2 years, and Laodui pomegranate bonsai once every 3 years. It is best to turn over the pots before the trees germinate in spring. Remove half of the old basin soil and trim the roots properly. Put a few pieces of animal hoofs and a proper amount of poultry manure as base fertilizer at the bottom of the basin, and add some new culture soil.
The most common pests and diseases of pomegranate are red spider, aphid, thorn moth and so on. 40% omethoate EC can be sprayed with 1500 times water. Pests are heavier. Spray again every other week. It's under cultivation. However, watering should not be excessive. In addition to causing trees to grow white, affecting tree shape and ornamental, it is also easy to cause root rot and lead to death. Miniature bonsai has little soil, so it is particularly important to water it in time.
There are three ways to water:
1. Common watering method This is the most common and simple watering method. When watering, in addition to washing the roots with water to support them, under normal circumstances, the spout should not be too high from the basin surface to avoid washing away the soil and moss.
2. This watering method is mainly suitable for conifers, and it is used to remove dust from the leaves of evergreen trees such as bamboo and cycads in winter. Don't water the leaves of deciduous trees often. If such a tree is sprayed with water frequently, it will make its leaves fat and its branches white and long, which will affect its shape.
Spray clean water 1 ~ 2 times a day for newly planted trees or trees with newly changed pots to make up for the lack of water absorption by roots, which can improve the survival rate and speed up rejuvenation. Miniature tree bonsai is often sprayed with a small watering can. Large and medium-sized bonsai trees often use a dual-purpose large basin for watering and spraying.
3. Submerged miniature bonsai and shallow potted tree bonsai with prominent moss on the basin surface are commonly used for water supply. That is, put the miniature bonsai into a deep and large empty pot or a plastic tray with a certain depth, and then add water to the lower edge of the pot mouth of the miniature bonsai, so that the water can penetrate into the pot soil from the drainage hole at the bottom of the bonsai, and when the soil on the surface of the bonsai changes from dry to wet, it will be completely poured.
If there are many small miniature bonsai that need this water supply method, for the convenience of management, 5 ~ 6 or more small miniature bonsai are often placed in a larger plastic tray at the same time, and then water is added to an appropriate depth for soaking.
The time and frequency of watering should be flexibly controlled according to the different growth seasons, temperatures and weather changes of trees. For palms, azaleas, bamboos and other trees that want to grow in wet areas, the basin soil can be properly wet; It is best to dry the pots of pine trees, cycads and other trees. In late spring and early summer, the temperature is high and the water evaporates quickly. Most trees are in the peak growth season, which requires a lot of water, so they should be watered once in the morning and once in the evening. In late autumn and winter, the temperature is low and the water evaporation is slow. Most trees are about to enter dormancy, so the amount of watering should be relatively reduced. Water can be poured once every 3-5 days, or once every 7-8 days, around noon when the temperature is high. In the rainy season, water should be used less or not. In case of continuous rainfall, the accumulated water in the basin should be removed in time or the basin should be put down.
In addition, attention should be paid to avoid blooming flowers when watering. If chrysanthemum is watered, the inflorescence will rot; if Chinese rose is watered, the water drops will leave traces and affect the appreciation. After the flowers of many flowers and trees are washed by water, it will have a direct adverse effect on the flowering and fruiting after flowering.
There are three kinds of water for watering bonsai trees:
1. Most residents in tap water towns and economically developed areas use domestic water.
China banyan tree
Ficus is an evergreen tree, belonging to Ficus of Moraceae. The aliases are Zheng Rong, Xiao Rong and Xiao Rong.
The ground banyan tree is tall, with lush foliage, dense shade and few pests and diseases, and is widely planted in the south. Seed propagation of banyan trees, the roots are often potato-like, very strange and beautiful. During the growth of banyan trees, if the air is humid, the temperature will be high. Many air roots often grow from the trunk, and bonsai creators use this characteristic of banyan trees to cultivate excellent bonsai in various ways.
Lighting: Banyan trees like sunny, warm, humid and ventilated places, and can be properly shaded when the weather is hot in summer. In northern winter, people should be moved indoors for the winter, and the room temperature is about 8℃.
Watering: Ficus likes humidity, so it is necessary to keep the soil in the basin moist during the growing season. In summer, besides watering the basin, we should always sprinkle water on the ground to keep the local microclimate moist. But there should be no water in the basin. Water less in winter, and don't water the pot soil when it is wet.
Fertilization: apply decomposed rare organic liquid fertilizer once a month in the growing season, and apply "alum fertilizer water" once a year in May and August. Don't fertilize banyan too much. Fat branches are long and white, and leaves are not good-looking when they are big. Don't fertilize in summer and winter.
Pruning: Pruning of banyan trees should be done before germination in early spring. During the vigorous growth period of high temperature, the sap flows faster, and more white sticky sap will overflow after pruning, which is not good for the growth of banyan trees. In the growing season, long branches should be pulled out in time, and vigorous branches should be picked in time.
Simple propagation: cut the pruned branches into cuttings with the length of 8 cm ~ 1 ocm in spring, insert half of the cuttings into plain sandy soil, take root in about 2 months, and divide them into pots in the next spring.
The pot turns. In banyan bonsai, young trees turn pots once every two years, and old pile bonsai turns pots once every three to four years. It is better to turn over the pot from late April to early May, and it is not easy to turn over the pot in winter. Remove 1/2 old basin soil, cut off dead roots, short roots, short roots, sparse some over-dense roots, add some new fertile culture soil, and plant banyan trees well. Sometimes the pot tipper is used to change the shape of the tree, or to change the pot with higher appreciation value.
Pest control: Ficus microcarpa has fewer pests and diseases, poor ventilation and light transmission or excessive application of ammonia fertilizer may cause powdery mildew, and 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder can be sprayed. Insect pests happen occasionally, and 80% dichlorvos EC can be sprayed 1500 times. Or after shallow burying a proper amount of carbofuran particles in the basin soil, the water seepage effect is fast.
gingkgo
Ginkgo biloba is a deciduous tree belonging to the genus Ginkgo in Ginkgo family. Alias ginkgo, gongsun tree and duck feet tree.
Ginkgo tree is magnificent, with grayish brown bark, longitudinal crack, long handle of fan leaves, green leaves in spring and summer, golden in late autumn, simple and unique, and is a superior tree species for foliage bonsai. Ginkgo biloba is dioecious. There is a big ginkgo tree in the courtyard of Tanzhe Temple, an ancient temple in the western suburbs of Beijing. The "Imperial Tree" sealed by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty is more than 30 meters high. It is said that it was planted in Liao Dynasty, and it has been 1000 years since. Still flourishing, attracting many tourists to stop and watch.
Lighting: Ginkgo bonsai should be placed in a sunny and ventilated place. As long as the soil is moist, ginkgo trees are not afraid of the sun. Ginkgo biloba is cold-resistant, and it can be planted in the north and safely overwinter outdoors. Potters should move to a low-temperature room in early winter, as long as the basin soil does not freeze.
Watering: keep the soil moist during the growing season, but no water can be accumulated in the basin. In hot summer, ginkgo leaves are large and water evaporates a lot, so water them in the morning and "look for water" at night. In summer, besides watering the basin, we should also sprinkle water on the ground to make the local microclimate have a certain humidity. There is little water in winter.
Fertilization: apply decomposed rare organic liquid fertilizer once a month during the growing period, and do not apply fertilizer in rainy days and winter.
Pruning: The pruning of the shaped ginkgo bonsai is relatively simple, and some branches are cut short or cut off according to the needs of modeling before germination in spring. After the new buds germinate, dense branches, parallel branches and cross branches should be removed, and long branches should be cut off or shortened.
Pot turning: Ginkgo bonsai with developed root system and short tree age is turned once every 0 ~ 2 years, and the old pile is turned once every 2 ~ 3 years. The suitable time for pot turning is March. Remove 1/2 old basin soil, cut off excessively long roots and prune excessively dense roots. Combined with pot rotation, some stumps need to be replaced with larger pots, and some can also change the style of trees modeling. Put a little animal hoof or decomposed cake fertilizer at the bottom of the basin as the base fertilizer. Add some new cultural soil.
Pest control: Ginkgo has few pests and diseases. When watering and fertilizing, carefully observe whether branches, leaves and stems are abnormal and take preventive measures in time.