This article is written by Ni Liufang.
When it comes to northern Jiangsu, many people have the impression that it is backward and poor than southern Jiangsu, and it is an "underdeveloped area". In fact, in the Qin and Han Dynasties, it was just the opposite. Northern Jiangsu is far more advanced and rich than southern Jiangsu, which is an "underdeveloped area".
In this land of northern Jiangsu, the Han Dynasty sealed many relatively rich countries such as Chu, Wu, Surabaya, Jiangdu, Guangling, Pengcheng and Xiapi. These fiefs were basically discovered in modern times, and only the ancient Surabaya country located in Siyang County today is the most secretive and has no trace.
According to historical records, Surabaya is a small country between Wu Chu and China. In the fourth year of Ding Yuan (BC 1 13), Liu Shun, the youngest son of Changshan, was named King of Sishui by Liu Che, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, which governed three counties: Ling, Siyang and Yuxian, including Lianshui and Huai 'an in the east and Suyu in the west.
Map of Siyang County in Qing Dynasty (called Taoyuan in ancient times)
Why should Liu Che set up Surabaya between Wu Chu? Mainly draw lessons from Han Jing's "Seven Kings Rebellion" and regard Surabaya as a chess piece in the center of Wu Chu. One is to weaken Wu Chu, and the other is Wu Chu. Once there is an uprising, Surabaya can send troops.
It can be seen that although Surabaya is small, it plays an important role in the wrestling of vassal States.
Shang Liu reigned in 15, and was succeeded by his son Liu Anshi after his death. Liu Anshi died after only one year in office. Liu He, another son of Shangliu, succeeded to the throne because he had no children.
Liu reigned for 20 years. After his death, he was named monarch by his son Liu Zong. Then it was passed on to Liu Jun and Jing Liu.
Situation Map of Siyang (Taoyuan) County in Early Qing Dynasty
In the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (AD 9), Liu Jing, the last king of Surabaya, was abolished, and the country of Surabaya was abolished the following year.
During the Western Han Dynasty, the kingdom of Surabaya spread from Shang Dynasty to Jing Liu, where it was divided and ruled by six kings in five dynasties 123.
After Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiujian built the Eastern Han Dynasty, he returned to Surabaya in the second year of Jianwu (AD 26) and named his uncle Increased Liu the king of Surabaya. Three years after Increased Liu's death, that is, in 37 AD, only 12 years remained.
In this way, the Surabaya Kingdom of the Han Dynasty existed for 135 years.
Location map of Chu, Siyang and Guangling (red box)
There are clear records in the history books, but the imperial city and tomb of Surabaya have not been discovered by archaeology, which has become a big mystery, so that some people doubt whether Surabaya really existed.
In 2003, a mysterious ancient country that disappeared for nearly 2,000 years was exposed-the tomb of King Surabaya was discovered by archaeology.
The discovery of the tomb of King Surabaya can be said to have been "forced" by contemporary grave robbers.
Before the archaeological excavation, grave robbers in the area where King Surabaya's tomb was located were crazy, and grave robbers from other provinces such as Henan and Shandong and grave robbers from Siyang, Huai 'an and Xuzhou visited from time to time.
Modern cave theft
Surabaya Wangzhong is located in Sanzhuang Township (now Sanzhuang Town) of Siyang County.
There are many protruding mounds on the ground. Locals call it "pier", and there is a legend of "pier 7749".
Around 2000, when the local cultural relics department conducted an investigation, more than 40 mounds were found in the area between the Xingxi branch canal in the east of Sanzhuang Township and the Xinxing Mahe River in the north and lizhuang village in the south, with a width of 2,500 meters from east to west and a length of 7,500 meters from north to south.
These mounds are all mounds sealed by Han tombs, which means that more than 40 mounds, that is, more than 40 Han tombs, are named "Sanzhuang Han Group".
Sanzhuanghan group
In fact, there are more than 40 tombs in Sanzhuang Han Group. Yin, a famous archaeologist at that time, led the "East China Cultural Relics Team" in Siyang in AD 1950, and found more than 70 mounds (Han tombs) in Sanzhuang and its surrounding areas.
From south to north, these Han tombs are regularly distributed on both sides of a central axis, passing through the northern cities.
It is roughly divided into five groups, and each group is centered on a larger grave, surrounded by many buried graves.
Schematic diagram of Daqingdun and Chendun positions
Combined with the site in the south 10, it is suspected to be the site of the Guolingcheng in Sishui, and the archaeological community in Jiangsu has long speculated that it may be the Wangjialing District in ancient Sishui.
But speculation is speculation, but there has been no physical archaeological discovery.
On June 5438+065438+ 10, 2002, the museum and relevant departments of Suqian and Siyang jointly set up an archaeological team to rescue Chen Dun in Sanzhuang Han Group, where grave robbers visited.
The owner of Tomb No.1 in Chendun is a woman surnamed Zhang. Although more than 100 cultural relics have been unearthed, no valuable cultural relics related to Surabaya have been unearthed.
"Zhang" lacquer box unearthed in Chendun
In order to find Surabaya, both local and archaeological teams hope to "dig another one". The next excavation of Daqingdun in Sanzhuang Han Group is to confirm the academic needs of Surabaya.
The reason for publicity is, of course, "forced by the Han group to rob the tomb, Siyang" and "rescue excavation"
Xu (fourth from left) was interviewed by the media in Sanzhuang Han Group.
The excavation of Daqingdun is "excavation", and what is more serious is "excavation". The archaeological team actually holds an expired excavation permit. When I was a cultural journalist, I exposed this incident and caused an uproar in China.
Xu, the curator of the museum, dares to think about this problem. In order to find a suitable excavation object, he visited the Han group in Sanzhuang, looked at several mounds around, and chose the larger one-Daqingdun.
The mound in Sanzhuang looks like a hill from a distance.
Daqingdun belongs to the second tomb group in Sanzhuang Han Group from north to south, with Daqingdun as the center and six overlapping Han tombs around it.
Facts have proved that Xu had a good eye and made the right choice-the owner of the tomb was really the king of Surabaya.
After deciding to excavate, it became the "Joint Archaeological Team of Han Tomb in Daqingdun, Jiangsu Province". In fact, it is still a group of people who excavated Chen Dun, and the leader is still Lu of the Natural Museum.
Excavation adopts the method of "uncovering the top".
Excavation site of Daqingdun Han Tomb (after the earth seal is completely removed)
First, dig a 5-meter-wide north-south trench on the east side of Daqingdun. When the trench was dug 8 meters below the pier top, the tomb pit was found, and then the pyramid-shaped mound was found.
The tomb gate is just south of the tomb pit, with a width of 4.20m and a length of10m.
A two-story grave pit was found on the west side of the tomb.
The earth seal of Daqingdun is similar to other Han tombs, and the coffin is filled with green plaster mud with excellent waterproof performance. After being covered with green paste and mud, it is very rammed. The final depth of celadon gypsum and the total length of the pyramid-shaped mound are not clear because they have not been excavated to the end (this is very irregular and violates the basic archaeological requirements of "bottoming out"), but it is known that the thickness is more than 4 meters and the sealing is very particular.
Excavation site of Daqingdun Han Tomb (main coffin opened)
On top of the green paste, artificial soil is filled layer by layer and compacted.
The tomb of the King of Surabaya is a big wooden tomb with a pit slightly 5 degrees south to west.
After all the sealing soil is removed, the tomb pit. The tomb pit is basically square, with a length and width of about 18.5 meters.
The mausoleum consists of the main tomb, the southern tomb, the eastern tomb and the western tomb.
The main cavern is 5.70m long, 4.40m wide and1.70m high. Strangely, I don't know what it means to put a wooden post vertically in the middle of the coffin.
Wood from Daqingdun Han Tomb
During excavation, the excavation was carried out 5 meters below the sealed mound, and no stolen holes were found; Archaeologists are glad to find the stolen hole after digging 8 meters. But two days later, I was unhappy-there was a stolen hole.
This is an early stolen hole, which is very big. The diameter of the upper opening is about 10 meter, and the diameter of the lower opening is also 1.5 meter. It is more appropriate to call it a thief's pit.
It is conceivable that this was not done by one or two grave robbers, but a "collective grave robbery" after Surabaya.
The stolen hole is under a layer of logs placed side by side.
The excavation site of Daqingdun Han Tomb shows that the coffin is complete.
These Woods have not been specially treated, they have roots and tips, and they are very messy. Why is there a layer of wood in the enclosure? It was not found in the excavation of large Han tombs before. Is it because the grave robbers placed it for the collapse of the security pit and the convenience of taking things?
But careful observation doesn't look like it. A few pieces of wood were sawed off artificially, forming two stolen holes, all the way to the main tomb-the wooden pillar vertically inserted in the middle of the coffin, probably put in when robbing the tomb.
This layer of wood may be used to reinforce the soil above the tomb and make it harder to be stolen, but it points the way for grave robbers-that is, the tomb.
At the excavation site of Daqingdun Han Tomb, the level of soil seal is very clear.
The archaeologist removed a piece of wood and continued to dig down.
First, we dug the south outer mound.
At this time, an unexpected surprise came. Ancient grave robbers did not steal the coffin from the south, and the funerary objects were well preserved. More than 100 funerary objects were unearthed, including two national treasures.
A wooden house model is the only architectural specimen of Han Dynasty found in China so far, which fills the gap in the history of ancient Chinese architecture and provides the most authentic specimen for the modern reconstruction of aristocratic houses in Han Dynasty.
Unearthed site of wooden building model of Daqingdun Han Tomb
This is a complete courtyard, 286.5 cm long and 239 cm wide. There is a gate in front, and there are cloisters in the south, east and west of the yard. The main building is located in the north and is a two-story corridor building. Although it is an architectural model, it is unambiguous, exquisite in workmanship and exquisite in carving. After nearly 2000 years, doors and windows can be opened and closed freely when unearthed.
The other is a staggered crossbow made of gold, silver and copper, which is praised as "one of the crossbows in China" by cultural relics experts.
One of its preciousness lies in the craft and the wrong gold and silver technology; Second, in the design, there is a mosaic of two birds with one stone, which means "kill two birds with one stone". The idiom "kill two birds with one stone" originated a thousand years earlier, not from Sun Sheng, a Sui general who was good at archery.
"Kill two birds with one stone" on the crossbow machine, one of China.
Continue to dig, found that other piers are well preserved, no:
There is also a space (commonly known as "mezzanine") between the main room and the south outer room, which is also filled with funerary objects.
When the main tomb was opened, the archaeologists turned from joy to sadness and were disappointed-just like the speculation that they had just seen the stolen hole, it was empty!
The main tomb is divided into two rooms, the east and the west, and each room has a coffin-which also broke the burial custom of the Western Han Dynasty emperors and nobles sharing the same tomb.
The queen's coffin is in the East Hall, and the king's coffin in Surabaya is in the west. The coffin is obviously larger than the queen's tomb, and the decoration of the coffin cover is complicated.
Daqingdun Han Tomb Excavation Site
There is nothing in the two coffins. They are empty.
Strange, even if the grave robbers stole all the funerary objects, they would always want the bones. But archaeologists didn't even see a tooth or a hair.
Looking at the coffin side, archaeologists basically understand.
It is speculated that the tomb of the king of Surabaya did not rot, and the tomb robbers dragged the king and queen wearing burial clothes out of the coffin and hung them from the stolen hole outside the tomb to find their belongings ... Therefore, archaeologists found that both coffins were empty.
Jinyu clothes (modern replica)
Some people want to know that when the prince dies, they will be buried in jade clothes. Why didn't even a jade garment or other lost jade articles be found in the tomb of King Surabaya? The reason is also here.
However, in and around the old stolen cave outside the coffin, archaeologists found some cultural relics, including lacquerware, bronze, gold, jade and horn. These should be the things left over from the robbery, among which lacquerware is a few cases. Decorated with patterns such as rolling grass by gold and lacquer painting techniques, the appearance is exquisite and incomparable, which can be compared with the seven lacquer enamels unearthed from the Han tomb in Chendun before.
More than 660 pieces of lacquered wood, bronze, iron, pottery, jade and other cultural relics were unearthed from the tomb of King Sishui, including 549 pieces of lacquered wood, most of which were fine wood carvings of the Han Dynasty.
Riding a colored figurine
Lacquer wood figurines and horses formed several groups of honor guards of the Wang family, which were magnificent.
Why is it so serious that so many things can be dug up? In fact, lacquered wood, such as wooden figurines, was neglected in the early grave robbery, worthless and useless, and it was a precious cultural relic in modern times.
Judging from the well-preserved peripheral coffins, ancient grave robbers should know something about the distribution of funerary objects in the tomb of King Surabaya, and do not rule out that it was made by migrant workers or their descendants who participated in the construction of the tomb that year, otherwise they would not give up digging the coffins and burial pits.
Being a civilized dog is very vivid.
At the end of the excavation of King Surabaya's tomb, there were still no cultural relics and words that could prove the identity of the tomb owner. Why did you learn later that the tomb owner was Surabaya King?
This is another unexpected discovery.
When cleaning up the slate of the main tomb, archaeologists who like photography noticed the words "King Surabaya's Tomb" and "Wang Zhai" on the slate as soon as they found small figures on it.
The board says "Tomb of King Surabaya" (the same is true on the left).
The words were branded at the bottom of the board and were not found by migrant workers when they translated.
Which generation of Surabaya King will it be? Some scholars speculate that this is Wang Liujun or the sixth generation Wang Liujing. However, from the disturbed soil dug out of the tomb, the migrant workers screened out a silver seal of the turtle button with "Liu Sui" printed on it, which complicated things again.
Among the six kings of Surabaya, there is no Liu Sui, and the seal of the turtle button is not the seal of the princes. It is speculated that Liu Sui should be a trusted minister of Surabaya and should be banned. The king of Surabaya should be a golden seal. It is estimated that it was stolen by early grave robbers.
External excavation site
Daqingdun excavation site
The above is about whether civil couples really have no children, and about the sharing of archaeology. I hope this will be helpful to everyone who has finished watching "Can Men and Women Lovers last"!