Our school has made great achievements in research-based learning for many years, but it also exposes some problems, which exist in almost all aspects of our activities.
First, choose a topic. The topic selection is the most critical step in the research. Choose a good topic that is conducive to operation, and the research will be half successful. If the topic is not good, there is no hope of success. Note that (1) is of moderate size. Our classmates often choose too many topics. The topic chosen by some students is "Research on Automobile Problems". Automobile problems can include the history of automobile development, automobile manufacturing, automobile driving, automobile maintenance and so on. Every question can be written in a big book. How do our students learn? However, if the topic is narrowed down to "How to deal with emergencies in driving", if the situation can be explained in detail, can many novice drivers consult you and write a book without worrying about finding readers and selling it?
Some students' mountain investigation in Jimo is also a big topic. There are too many mountains in Jimo to investigate. You can only find it in local chronicles, such as jimo city's, and copy other people's things without studying them. But if we narrow down the topic, we will only study one mountain, such as its shape, rock properties, what kinds of plants are there, and so on. Teacher Gao Xinzong of the teaching and research section has studied the wild ornamental plants in Jimo, which is of great significance. The garden department can't find you when you do such an investigation? The topic of the drug research report chosen by our classmates is too big for any of us to undertake such a big task.
(2) Don't be too difficult. If some students choose the topic of "searching for the past and searching for the present", do you know what schools of thought are there? What's the point of not knowing? The top 100 schools are Confucianism, Taoism, France, Mohism, Ming, Yin and Yang, Agriculture and Military. Books that a hundred schools of thought contend are obscure and the most difficult to read. Some people study a classic all their lives and become great scholars, such as Zheng Xuan, who wrote several books, such as Mao Shijian, who became great men in ancient and modern times. He once taught at Jimo Kangcheng College. When the experimental high school was named, it was suggested to be called Kangcheng School, but it was not adopted. Now it's called experimental high school. Jimo already has an experimental school, plus an experimental high school. Who can tell the difference between ordinary people? As for Taoist works, I'm afraid our classmates can't read notes. There are many comments from Confucius about treating people with things in The Analects of Confucius. You can introduce it and make an evaluation, which will not only increase your knowledge and improve your research ability, but also cultivate you with civility and courtesy in your activities. There are many expositions about ecological protection in Mencius. If our classmates are good at classical Chinese, we can write a short essay about the environment with Confucianism. Some students drew up a study on tourism resources and tourism development in jimo city, which was both large and difficult. If you change to a certain place, it is best to develop a farmhouse or an idyllic tour in your hometown. The topic is small, so it is easy.
(3) It should be research-oriented. Our classmates chose a topic "Collection and Identification of Seeds and Fruits". I don't know where I got some words and pictures. There are apples, oranges, cherries and so on. Why not glue them together? Let everyone know? They even know the children in kindergarten. Doing research? But there is no research text. Some students also chose to "collect the deeds of patriots in ancient and modern times" and put together some related words. The research process is a process of collecting data, processing the data through reasoning and analysis, and finally drawing a conclusion. Splicing data is only the first step of research. Our classmates only took the first step, the latter two steps were more important, and the more difficult two steps were not taken. It is neither a paper nor a research report. It's just some words piled up together
However, if the above topic is changed, and "collecting and identifying seeds and fruits" is replaced by "identifying seeds of radish, Chinese cabbage, Chinese cabbage, moss and rape", all the processes are there, which is not only of research significance, but also of practical significance. Because the seeds of these vegetables are difficult to identify together, a lot of research is needed to summarize their key characteristics and differences. You can focus on the story of a patriot, and it would be better if it is not known to ordinary people. If you can tell us the story of this famous person in Jimo, you can send it to Jimo in ancient and modern times. Jimo Ancient and Modern is a publication edited by Shi Zhiban. It is published several times a year and only once this year. The reason is that there are no good articles. If our classmates can collect information about the history of Jimo that people didn't know before, you can write an article. I can help you revise it and recommend you to publish it. I am also a contributing editor of this publication. I am required to provide manuscripts in each issue.
(4) be fresh. The topics selected by the above students, such as Investigation Report on Drug Problems, Interview with Ancient Scholars, and Research on Automobile Problems, are old-fashioned and lack of new ideas. And the pollution source of the ink river. Our former classmates do it every year and then do it again. It's meaningless unless they can surpass them. In recent years, the jimo city Municipal Government has made great efforts to harness Mohe River. If it is changed to control Mohe, there will be new ideas. For example, the above "Identification of Radish, Cabbage, Cabbage, Moss and Rapeseed" introduces a Jimo figure who is not well known by others and investigates several folk stories, all of which are innovative. Some students have investigated the customs of Jimo, and it is also novel to investigate marriage customs, funeral customs and festivals. In addition, we should start from ourselves and investigate students' bad study habits or living habits, which will not only study the opposite sex, but also inspire students.
Second, collect information.
Information is divided into literature, word of mouth and physical objects. If you want to study a historical figure or event, or a literary work, it is quite old and there is no other information to look for, just use words. To study Han Xin, we need to consult Historical Records, Hanshu and Zitongzhijian, and at the same time read the research results of contemporary scholars about him. The data comes from monographs, and the source should include author, title, data category, publisher and version, such as Shu Zhenbang. A brief history of ancient northern nationalities in China [M]. Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House, 1979. From the point of view of the paper, there are the author, the topic classification of the article, the published publications, the number of issues and the page number. Such as Chen Tongxie. Overview of Roman slave society [J]. Wen Shizhe,1956 (11) 38. If it is an ancient document, it can be annotated as Historical Records of Emperor Gaozu. Information from the Internet should have a URL, which is recorded as a footnote.
If you want to study a real-life problem, you must do field research. Just go to the scene and ask.
The most important process of investigation is interview, and the interview should pay attention to skills. It is best to do it when they are free and in a good mood. The interviewee's unwillingness to receive you is the most difficult process. In the past, many students used mobile methods, such as helping them to do something, and so on. Interview the old people, chat with them and make them happy. In short, we should learn to create opportunities and make use of them. Even if you study the problems in your life, you should consult some documents. For example, if you want to do a survey on "rural domestic garbage disposal", besides making a detailed investigation on the current situation, how can you know what harmful substances are contained in the garbage and what harm these substances have to the human body and the environment, so that people can know? You can't sample and test yourself, you can only check the literature. Many of our classmates can't see the shadow of literature in the investigation report, which is wrong. What literature to look up, you should indicate the source.
Collecting information should also go straight to the theme, focus on the center and give consideration to the edge. The first is to get to the point. For example, the survey of Jimo customs designed by our classmates is entitled "Can you name five traditional customs in Jimo?" This is to the point and the center of investigation and research. The questionnaire says, "Do you often talk about customs with others?" , is a marginal problem far from the center, with it, it doesn't matter if you don't have it. There are many central problems and few peripheral problems. The questionnaire should be concise and to the point, so that the respondents can answer it easily. For example, our classmate's questionnaire "How much do you know about Jimo customs?" It's hard to answer. There are countless customs. You ask how many, who can say? "Do you take customs as a part of your life?" Not easy to answer. I saw the questionnaires designed by students, with too few central questions and too many peripheral questions.
Customs cover a wide range, including holiday customs, wedding customs, funeral customs, etc., all of which are dissolved in daily life and courtesy communication. You can choose a small number of them. For example, you can ask the old people "How do you celebrate the New Year (Lantern Festival, February 2nd, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, June 1st, June 6th, Mid-Autumn Festival, September 9th)" and how did you get married before. For example, wedding customs and burial customs, you can ask young people, "Things in customs should be eliminated and those should be kept." "Do you think it is good for children of the dead in rural Dai Xiao to wear hemp now?" And so on, so that the content will be there and the evaluation will be there. Such questions should be in the form of oral questions and answers, and should not be designed as questionnaires, because no one can answer your paper.
Can be designed as a questionnaire can generally have numerical statistics, such as investigating students' study habits, you can design such a topic:
1, are you satisfied in class, or ()
A. strive for complete mastery B. be satisfied with understanding C. neither can be done.
2. Your attention during class ()
A. concentrate and don't be distracted. B. occasionally wandering. C. frequent wandering
Third, data analysis and processing.
Give the papers to the whole class, collect them after answering, make statistics and work out the percentage. This is processing data. In addition, classifying messy things is also processing data.
Fourth, writing. Generally speaking, there are three forms of words formed in the final stage of inquiry learning: investigation report, research report and essay. The three forms are similar in nature and all express scientific research results. They are all serious and rigorous. They list facts and explain the truth. This is their same value orientation. Therefore, the rhetorical devices in literature are generally unnecessary. The style is slightly different, the investigation report, research report, purpose and means are listed separately, and the small paper integrates them into writing, so knowing one of them, the other two are basically the same.
(1) investigation report
The investigation report can summarize the positive typical experience, investigate a certain problem existing in society and make some neutral topics. The investigation of a social custom is a neutral topic. Generally, it is divided into two parts: status quo and suggestions. A part can be divided into several parts. Its structure, sub-topics, the person in charge of the investigation team and the members of the team, general situation, fact description, fact analysis, conclusion and handling opinions or suggestions.
Appendix:
Investigation and thinking on the collection and treatment of rural domestic garbage in XX city
(signature) xxx xxx xxx
(Summary) In 2009, our city carried out a large-scale rural "five modernizations" project, and made great progress in rural garbage disposal. However, due to some bad living habits of farmers, it is difficult to get rid of them at once, and this problem still plagues the improvement of sanitation. In view of this problem, we conducted an in-depth investigation and made some thoughts on this basis, in order to provide a basis for the decision-making of towns on this issue.
(factual description) 1. Present situation of rural garbage disposal
At present, the wastes harmful to rural environment are 1. Domestic garbage includes kitchen waste and fly ash. 2. Construction waste; 3. Chemical wastes: waste batteries, waste fluorescent tubes, waste water silver thermometers, medical wastes, waste films, pesticide bottles, etc. 4, farmland orchard garbage, plant branches and leaves, straw and smoke generated by burning straw.
Garbage has caused great harm to the rural environment and polluted the surface water environment. Dumped domestic garbage and leachate from garbage ponds and landfills will pollute water bodies, especially in villages near rivers, where a large amount of garbage and its mixture with water are mixed with river water.
2. Groundwater pollution. Domestic garbage will decompose a large number of toxic substances such as acid, alkali and heavy metals, which will cause groundwater pollution after infiltration.
3. pollute the soil. The infiltration of landfill leachate causes soil pollution, which in turn affects the quality of agricultural products.
4. Atmospheric environmental pollution. The fermentation and decomposition of domestic garbage will produce a lot of biogas. This biogas not only contains malodorous gases such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, but also contains harmful substances such as formaldehyde.
5, causing the spread of pests and diseases. Mosquitoes, flies, birds and mice move in garbage ponds and landfills, which will bring pathogens in garbage to other places.
6. Harmful perception. Garbage ponds and landfills are often messy, and scattered plastic bags and papers are disgusting.
(Fact Analysis) Second, the crux of rural garbage collection and treatment
(1) Management is not in place. Although the municipal and town governments have sanitation institutions, the management scope is mostly concentrated in urban areas and town centers, and the management in marginal areas is not in place.
(2) Lack of financial support policies. Due to the lack of funds, the cleaning staff and facilities in rural areas are uneven, resulting in a mixed environment.
(3) The relevant laws and regulations are not perfect. There are few laws and regulations on rural domestic garbage disposal, which brings difficulties to management according to law.
(D) Farmers' health awareness is not high. It has become a habit for farmers to litter, and they don't realize their obligation to maintain a good sanitary environment.
(E) Lack of overall planning for rural garbage disposal. There is no long-term city-wide plan for the collection, transportation and treatment of rural garbage, and to varying degrees, each town and village has its own "politics".
Third, the constraints of centralized treatment of rural domestic waste
(1) Farmers live in relatively scattered places, which determines that the cost of centralized garbage treatment in rural areas is much higher than that in cities. City 1 km2, which can accommodate seven or eight thousand people. The population of more than a dozen villages in rural areas is not comparable to that of a residential area in the city. Decentralized living, first, the cost of purchasing facilities is high. The per capita allocation ratio of sanitation facilities such as garbage cans, transfer stations, compression buildings and transport vehicles is much higher than that of cities. Second, the running cost of the system is high. The garbage collection and transportation distance is long and the transportation cost is high; Third, the cleaning staff is either insufficient or wasteful.
(B) the town and village economic capacity is weak. In villages lacking industry and commerce, due to the abolition of agricultural tax, village collectives basically have no economic resources and cannot bear the cost of garbage collection, transportation and treatment; If this cost is passed on to farmers, many farmers cannot afford or are unwilling to bear it.
(3) Lack of mature and effective treatment technology. There are three commonly used garbage disposal technologies: one is landfill. Simple landfills generally dump garbage into abandoned stone pits and soil pits, causing leachate to pollute the soil, biogas to pollute the atmosphere, breeding rats and flies to spread pests and diseases. The second is composting. Using static fermentation process, although the investment and operation cost are low, it is still unbearable compared with villages and towns; Moreover, its environmental protection facilities are incomplete and there are many hidden dangers of pollution, which will cause "secondary pollution". The third is incineration technology. This technology is only suitable for garbage with an average low calorific value of not less than 5000 kJ/kg, and the investment cost is very high. At present, it is only used in a few cities such as Shenzhen. Therefore, under the existing technical conditions, there are not many effective and applicable technologies for us to choose.
(Conclusion, handling opinions or suggestions) IV. Countermeasures for centralized treatment of rural garbage
(a) garbage collection and disposal should adhere to the four principles.
1. Establish a garbage disposal model with government input as the main input and farmers' personal input as the supplement. The government is responsible for the construction of landfill sites and sanitary facilities, and the cost of garbage collection, transportation and treatment is shared by the government and individual farmers.
3, first pilot, and then push away. Select 2-3 towns with different situations to carry out pilot projects, and improve the deficiencies in the pilot process, sum up experience and gradually promote them.
4. Combination of prevention and control. We should not only pay attention to the control measures such as garbage cleaning, removal and harmless treatment, but also pay attention to the reduction and recycling of garbage. The reduction measures include: promoting clean vegetables to households, reducing the use of disposable consumer goods and refusing to use over-packaged goods. Recycling measures include: promoting straw gasification, straw silage, garbage sorting and recycling, organic garbage composting and so on.
(B) Rural domestic waste treatment can adopt three operation modes.
1, urban treatment mode. Towns around the garbage disposal site can choose to adopt the methods of household cleaning, village collection and urban transshipment to transport the domestic garbage of each village to a large garbage disposal site.
2. Multi-town * * * building * * use mode. According to the location, the municipal government unified planning and construction of the landfill for * * * between several towns. Waste mines and stone pits can be used for landfill, and the process can be between simple landfill and sanitary landfill. Pollution prevention meets the national environmental protection requirements.
3. Rural treatment mode. In remote villages, administrative villages or natural villages are used as units, and garbage pits (ponds) are used for landfill or incineration, and simple landfill pits or incinerators (kilns) are built nearby, and composting can also be carried out.
Text is the main release form of investigation report, but if it is made into film and television, it can also be done. The specific practice of the latter can refer to CCTV's Focus Interview. Text is the main release form of investigation report, but if it is made into film and television, it can also be done. The specific practice of the latter can refer to CCTV's Focus Interview.
Junior Middle School Students' Research Learning Training (2)
(2) Research report
The writing of research report is basically the same as that of investigation report. It consists of several parts: topic, author (all members), tutor, brief background description (how the topic was put forward), purpose (purpose and significance of doing the topic), task (several tasks needed to complete the topic), method (measures and methods to complete the above tasks), data analysis and conclusion (further reasonable suggestions). These aspects are generally written. In addition to text, the publication form can also be supplemented by pictures or images.
(3) Small papers
A small composition is an argumentative essay, which is not necessarily limited to a certain format. You can make the problem clear and how to write it. However, the essay is a scientific article, which pays great attention to the rationality of structure and the rigor of logic. Writing should be rigorous, one is one, the other is two, and you can't exaggerate the facts and express too many emotions.
Judging from the investigation reports and compositions written by students, there are two major problems. One is that they can't process information, but they have a lot of things in their hands. For example, students learn from the Shandong people in Water Margin, and watch the TV series Water Margin again and again. The novel has been read countless times, and the material extracted from it is thick and large, but the final text is less than 300 words. Investigating the pollution source of a river, four or five people walked for a week, interviewed dozens of people and recorded tens of thousands of words. As a result, hundreds of words hit the point. Studying a cultural heritage, listening to several people's lectures, consulting countless materials, and investigating again and again, the final small paper or research report is not a scribble, but only a few scribbled materials, and has not formed any slightly valuable views.
Let's talk about the second question, that is, the result will not show. The research process and the expression process are both related and relatively independent. Because they are two independent processes, according to Marx, their respective methods are different. But most of our classmates confuse the two processes when expressing their grades. What should be expressed is the result, not the process. The small essays on history and literature written by the students I met ignored the focus of grades, and most of the words were used to describe the process. This paper introduces how school leaders care about and support his research, how parents attach importance to his research, who gave him much guidance, how many days he checked the materials, how many times he watched videos, what difficulties he encountered and how he overcame them ... thousands of words of articles, dozens of words of arguments and hundreds of words of arguments. Real related words do not account for one third of the total length. A man was once an apprentice to his father-in-law. He wants to learn how to make wooden cases, but the lid and the box always don't match. He tried several ways to do it, but in the end he failed to solve the problem. Finally, his mother-in-law hurt her son-in-law. She said, I saw your father do it, so you can do whatever you want. If you are a carpenter, you can't make boxes. The part you want to hear is how the carpenter works hard and doesn't eat or sleep every day. Of course it is. What did my mother-in-law say? Mother-in-law said it was done and cut. What the paper wants to write is the most critical part. What he wants is the result and its argument.
How to use the data, that is, how to write the collected data into the article, and draw ideas according to the data, I will specifically operate the students to see.
Information: The Analects of Confucius
Study first.
Confucius said, "Disciples are filial, and younger brothers are younger. They sincerely believe that they love people all the time, but they are kind. I have spare capacity to study literature. "
Xia Zi said, "A moral person will change his color. Parents can do their best, and gentlemen can bring him to health. He keeps his word to his friends. Although I have not studied, I will call it learning. "
Second in politics
Meng Wenxiao. Confucius said, "No violation." Fan Chi, his son, told him: "Ask me about filial piety, and I said' no violation'." Fan Chi said, "What is it?" Confucius said, "People are born with courtesy; When you die, you will be buried and sacrificed. "
Meng asked about filial piety. Confucius said, "Parents only worry about their illness."
Ziyou asks filial piety. Confucius said, "Today's filial piety means that it can be raised. As for dogs and horses, both can be kept; Disrespect, why not? "
Ask xiaoxia. Confucius said, "Color is difficult. Have you ever thought that it is filial piety to have a hardworking disciple and a gentleman who eats and drinks? "
Or Confucius said, "Zi Xi is not a politician?" Confucius said, "The book says that filial piety is filial piety, brotherly friendship and administrative affairs." Is it also the government, and it is the government? "
Yongye 6 th
Confucius said, "When you are away from home, you must be responsible to your officials. If you go in, you will be responsible for your father and brother. If you dare not say goodbye to the funeral, why do you want to say goodbye to me? "
Eleventh senior
Confucius said, "Filial piety is Min Zikai! People are not in the words of their parents. "
Ji Ziran asked, "Are Zhong You and Ran Qiu ministers?" Confucius said, "I take Zi as a different question. I have asked what I want." The so-called minister: serve the king with Tao, and stop if you can't. Today, the minister came to ask for it. "said," but those who follow it? Confucius said, "It is disobedient to kill your father and your king. "
Yang Huo is 17th.
My son asked me, "Three years of mourning is a long time. If a gentleman is not polite for three years, the courtesy will be bad; If you don't have fun for three years, have fun. The old valley has gone, the new valley is rising, and the time has passed. " Confucius said, "A husband eats his husband's rice, and a wife eats his wife's brocade. How can he be safe with his daughter?" Say, "Ann." "Female Ann is for it! husband
The loss of a gentleman is unwilling to eat, unwilling to listen and uneasy, so it is not for him. Today's daughter is safe,
Then do it! "Kill me. Confucius said, "It's unkind to do it! The child was born for three years, and then he was separated from his parents. To lose a husband for three years is to lose the whole world. Come on, have three years of love for your parents? "
Lutz XIII
Ye Gong Yu said to Confucius: "Our party is straight, its father is busy with sheep, and his son proves it." Confucius said, "The straightness of our Party is different. The father is the son, and the son is the father, straight in it. "
Confucius said, "Let my parents give me some advice. If you don't follow your wishes, you don't respect or complain. "
Confucius said, "My parents are here, so I won't travel far. You must travel well. "
Confucius said, "It is filial piety not to change your father's ways for three years."
Confucius said, "You must know your parents' age. One is happy and the other is afraid. "
Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about politics. Confucius said to him, "Jun Jun, minister, father and son." Gong said, "Good! I believe that there is no monarch, no minister, no father, no son. Although I have millet, I want to eat it. "
Confucius said, "Boy! What's Mo Xue's poem? Poetry can be aroused, observed, grouped and resented.
The content and position of Confucius' filial piety thought
In the Analects of Confucius, Confucius mentioned "filial piety" in more than 30 places, which shows his emphasis on filial piety. He was very specific about the content of filial piety.
In order to support his parents well, he said, "color is difficult." If something happens, I will take care of it myself. Mr. Wang has wine and food. "(the second is politics) and stay with your parents. "Parents, don't travel. You must travel well. " To serve your parents, you should have sincere feelings. "You must know your parents' age. One is happy and the other is afraid. "On the one hand, knowing their parents' age makes them happy to enjoy a long life, on the other hand, they feel too old to leave. When parents died, sadness came from the heart. "The loss of a gentleman is unwilling to eat, unwilling to listen, and restless, so it is not for him." (Yang Huo 17)
Parents can admonish their mistakes, and if they are not accepted, they can't resent them. "Parents a few suggestions. If you don't follow your wishes, you don't respect or complain. " (Founder IV) Covering up for parents, "Ye Gong Yu said to Confucius,' Our party is straight, its father is busy with sheep, and its son proves it." Confucius said:' The straightness of our Party is different. The father is a hidden son, and the son is a hidden father' ". (Luz 13)
Father's will can't be violated when he is alive, even if he is dead. "If you don't change your father's way for three years, you can be said to be filial." (standing fourth)
Be polite to your parents. "Meng asked filial piety. Confucius said,' There is no violation.' Life, things with courtesy; When you die, you should be buried with courtesy and offered with courtesy. "(2) The so-called' taking people by courtesy' must first provide parents with a better economic life than themselves, and also be kind, that is,' color is difficult'." (2) for politics, "ritual burial" means "don't be reluctant to mourn" and try to do a good job in the funeral. He is in favor of the popular custom of worrying for three years. His apprentice is advocating changing the mourning period from three years to one year. Confucius was very disapproving and made a rude criticism. (See Yan Yuanshi) To parents. "Today's filial piety, is can keep. As for dogs and horses, both can be kept; Disrespect, why not? "(political second)
In Confucius' thought, filial piety is the highest moral conduct and code of conduct, comparable to loyalty to the monarch. He said, "It is disobedient to kill your father and your king." (Advanced XI) "Poetry can be aroused, observed, grouped and resented. Your father is that thing, and your father is that thing in the distance. " (Yang Huo, 17th) "Parents can try their best, but gentlemen can." . (learning first)
Filial piety is the natural affection of children to their parents, which has been sublimated into an important social thought after being advocated by Confucius. Confucius advocated caring for parents, being full of true feelings, maintaining one's prestige and respect, etc., which satisfied the psychological demands of children to repay their parents and provided a theoretical basis for parents' requirements for their children's obligations. However, the children he advocated mourned for their parents for three years. Later, it turned out that during this period, officials had to resign and go home to worry, and rich people were stationed next to their parents' graves. There were many strict taboos in life, which was too much. In addition, he advocated that father and son should cover up the scandal of stealing sheep from each other, which was also unacceptable.