1. Classification of narratives
(1) From the content and expression method:
①Simple narratives
②Complex narratives< /p>
(2) According to the different writing objects:
① Narratives that focus on writing about people
②Narratives that focus on narratives
③ Narratives mainly describing scenes:
④ Narratives mainly focusing on objects
(2) Explanatory text: using description as the main expression, used to introduce or explain things A literary style that describes the state, nature, structure, function, production method, development process and causes, merits and demerits of events.
1. Classification of explanatory texts
According to the description object (content)
①Explanatory text of physical things
②Explanatory text of affairs
③Scientific essays
Divided into language expressions
①Plain expository essays
②Literary expository essays
2. Expository essays Characteristics
(1) Highly scientific in content
(2) Clear and organized in structure
(3) Rigorous in language Accuracy
(3) Practical writing
Practical writing is a practical style that meets the actual needs of daily life, work and study, has a certain format, is short, concise and popular.
1. Types of practical writing
(1) Letters
General letters, special letters (letters of thanks, letters of praise, letters of condolences, letters of introduction, open letters , letters of certification, applications, proposals, proposals,
letters of appointment), telegrams, remittances
(2) Notes
Diaries, reading notes < /p>
(4) Promotional categories
Advertisements, speeches, blackboards, news, communications, product manuals
(5) Announcements
Enlightenment, posters
(6) Etiquette categories
Invitations, greetings (congratulatory letters, congratulatory messages), condolence messages, letters of condolence,
(7) Deeds< /p>
Receipts (receipts, IOUs, receipts, IOUs, leave notes, message notes, etc.), contracts (agreement), conventions,
(8) Biography
Biography, local chronicles, family history (school history, village history)
(4) Argumentative essays
Argumentative essays use argumentation as the main method, through facts, A common style of writing that directly expresses the author's views and opinions.
(1) Classification of argumentative papers
According to content purpose:
①General political papers
②Comments
p>③Essays (essays, talks, notes)
④Reflections after reading
According to the argument method:
①Thesis
< p> ②Refutation of thesis[Edit this paragraph] Elements of composition
Six elements of composition
You take one shot, I take one shot, don’t forget the time to write;
You take two shots, I take two shots, and keep the location in mind;
You take three shots, and I take three shots. Writing the characters well is the key;
You Shoot four, I shoot four, and write down what happened in detail;
You shoot five, I shoot five, and the reasons are clearly stated;
You shoot six, and I shoot six, and what is the result? Lost;
Accumulate good words and sentences, which are easy to use when writing;
Remember the six elements of composition, and you will be able to write a good composition.
[Edit this paragraph] Writing method
1. How to write the beginning: Everything is difficult at the beginning, and the same is true for writing essays, but the beginning of the article is very important. Commonly used methods include the following:
(1) Background method: explain the time, place, scene and other background of the event.
(2) Character method: explain the main characters or related characters to be described in the article.
(3) Topic syntax: Put forward a point of view or argument as the topic to be clarified or discussed in the article.
(4) Question method: Use questions to introduce the content of the article to attract the reader's attention.
(5) Surprising grammar: Start with a surprising sentence to arouse the reader's interest.
(6) Story method: Start the article in the form of telling a story, and develop the article on this basis. Multiple language narratives can also be used for argumentative essays.
(7) Data method: quote proven numbers to arouse topics.
(8) Quotation method: quote famous quotes or common idioms, proverbs, etc. as the beginning of the article.
(9) Definition method: It is common to define the title and then explain it in detail through examples, logical reasoning and other methods.
2. How to write the text
(1) Deductive method:
From general to specific. Put universal and general sentences at the beginning of the paragraph. The other sentences in the paragraph are the embodiment of the topic sentence and the specific explanation of the topic sentence.
(2) Induction:
From the specific to the general. Starting from specific and individual cases, general rules can be summarized.
3. How to write the ending
(1) Brief evaluation or conclusion: The last few sentences of the article summarize the content of the article and further affirm the central idea of ??the article or the author's point of view.
(2) Repeat the topic sentence: Return to the central idea or topic sentence of the article to achieve the effect of reaffirming or emphasizing.
(3) End with a rhetorical question: Although the form is a question, the meaning is affirmative, has an obvious emphasis, and can cause readers to think.
(4) Put forward prospects or hopes: Put forward prospects or hopes for the future, and call on readers to take action for this purpose.
(5) End with quotes from famous people, proverbs, and common idioms.
[Edit this paragraph] Improvement skills
Writing ability is an important part of human language expression ability. Therefore, in the process of Chinese teaching, it is very important to cultivate students' writing ability. .
My teaching targets are mainly intermediate-level students. During the teaching process, I found that the students’ writing mainly has the following problems:
1. Limited vocabulary and inability to write in detail Express: "My mother is a good mother. She is not only very good to me, but also very good to everyone. She is such a good mother." Simple repeated words obviously limit the expressive power of language.
2. Limited expression ability, difficult to organize an article with complete structure and coherent tone
. Because students are not yet familiar with the thinking and expression habits of Chinese, when they transition from writing a single sentence to organizing an article and expressing coherently in Chinese, they often seem to be unable to do so, and the articles they write are often fragmented or incomplete. express one's intention.
3. I don’t know what is written in my article. This is a very special phenomenon that mostly occurs in Chinese children. It looks like a well-written essay, but its author doesn't know how to read it. Why? Because the composition is written with the help of parents, and the choice of words and sentences reflects the parents' thinking. Such composition exercises do not function as exercises at all.
4. Afraid of writing. Some students perform well in reading, dictating, and even constructing sentences, but because they are afraid of writing, they almost give up studying Chinese after several years of study.
In front of such teaching objects, only explaining how to review questions and how to organize materials seems to be far away but does not quench the immediate thirst. Because they still have a series of obstacles to overcome before they start writing. If they are not helped to overcome these obstacles, writing will only be possible on paper. In teaching practice, I found that changing the writing procedure from "thinking-writing" to "thinking-speaking-writing" is one of the effective ways to help students overcome these obstacles. This change means that the teaching focus for this specific group at this time cannot only be on "writing", but should first do the first two steps: "thinking" and "speaking", that is, preparation and guidance before writing. Since these activities are based on students as the main body, we can also call them "pre-writing practice".
The focus of pre-writing practice is to guide and help students to speak correctly in Chinese what they want to write according to the requirements of a certain composition. The procedures and functions of pre-writing before writing are as follows:
1. The preparation stage is actually the "thinking" stage. Before starting to write, arrange the title and thinking outline of the composition in the form of homework, such as the composition "My Favorite Person/Object", which requires students to think in advance: Who/what? What characteristics does he/it have? Why do you like it? She/it?
Wait. Since most students in middle and lower grades have limited vocabulary, it is difficult to express them directly in writing. Appropriate preparation can allow students to have a prior understanding of the content they want to cover, especially some related words and expressions. and familiarity to ensure that classroom discussions can be fully carried out. At this stage, many students first think with the help of their mother tongue, and then translate it into Chinese. The influence of their mother tongue will leave more or less traces, thus affecting the expression effect of Chinese. Therefore, the following link becomes more necessary and important.
2. Oral composition and classroom discussion, that is, the "speaking" stage. This is to allow students to verbalize their ideas in class, and then conduct class discussions and teacher comments. Each composition discussion should focus on the topic and theme from vocabulary, sentences, structure and other aspects, determine several key points, solve the problem step by step, and accumulate and improve bit by bit. The functions of this activity are as follows:
(1) Improve students' overall expression ability starting from oral expression. Ye Shengtao once said: "Spoken words are words, written words are words.
The text is related to the language, so it cannot be referred to in a partial way. It should be combined based on the reasons. "Any language is divided into two parts: "language" and "wen". "Yu" is expressed in listening and speaking, and its essence is the application of language thinking. "Wen" is expressed in reading and writing, and its essence is the written expression of language thinking. . The rule of language learning is to first "language" and "literacy". Oral language is the foundation, and students' written expression ability can only be developed based on effective oral training.
(2) Successful" Saying "and commenting" can help students build a small thematic vocabulary library in every writing exercise. For example, when writing "My favorite person/thing", students can use inspiration to let them think about it. On the basis of this, verbally introduce the person or thing you like: What is he/it like? What aspects do you like about him/it? Classify these words and write them down on the blackboard and explain them, such as about the appearance of the person/thing. Words, words about the character of people/things, words about the quality and behavior of people/things, etc. Then let students read and memorize them. In this process, students accumulate and build up a small vocabulary library. It clears vocabulary barriers for the next step of writing, and at the same time broadens ideas, enhances expression effects, and improves expression skills.
(3) The difficulty of learning Chinese is not only that Chinese characters are difficult to remember and write, but more importantly. The biggest problem is that the huge differences in expressions and thinking habits between Chinese and Latin languages ??bring confusion to students. What we often encounter is that students can read and write, but they cannot speak or write correctly. Chinese sentences. For example: "I am Wei Ming, I am 16 years old"; "Dawei and I will go to the bookstore first"; "We parked the car on the side of the road", "I ran away to go home" and more. Some even write sentences like "My friends are as kind and friendly as dogs" because they don't understand Chinese culture. "Shuo" starts with oral expression and trains its correct expression method, word order and correctness through demonstration, explanation and correction. Appropriate terminology guides students to enter the real Chinese realm and write articles that conform to Chinese habits.
(4) The training steps of speaking first and writing later are helpful in promptly correcting elementary errors in expression and achieving the goal. *** The effect of simultaneous improvement. "Speaking" is carried out in the classroom in the form of discussion speeches. This form can give more students the opportunity to learn from others' strengths and be inspired by them. At the same time, due to the effectiveness of oral expression. "Informality" means that it is much easier to correct than written writing. It allows students to make mistakes, correct each other, self-correct, and correct problems at any time through timely comments by teachers and students. ***Learn lessons together and avoid similar problems from recurring in compositions
(5) Effective pre-writing practice can help students overcome psychological barriers and improve their motivation for writing. Many students become afraid of writing and hate writing because they cannot write well, which leads to a vicious circle. In this link, through "talking", each student can prepare certain skills and psychology before writing. When students are ready to write, their self-confidence will increase accordingly, and their enthusiasm will naturally increase accordingly.
When students can express their most basic meaning orally in a more appropriate way, tell them. Just write whatever you say, try to write down what you say, and then process and modify it, it will be a very good article. Practice has proven that this targeted training is very effective in improving students' Chinese writing and expression levels.
[Edit this paragraph] Benefits of writing compositions
In fact, educating children from an early age on how to write good compositions will be of great benefit to their future. Let’s just talk about it briefly.
Benefit 1: Writing compositions requires thinking, which cultivates children’s ability to think about problems. If you are given a composition topic, you need to organize the materials according to the composition topic. This also exercises children's organizational skills.
Benefit 2: Writing essays can train children’s reading and analytical skills. When organizing and collecting materials, you must read them. If you don’t read them, you won’t know whether the materials are appropriate or not. It's time to write an essay, so it's too late for you to look for information. Therefore, children's reading ability is developed. This is also the benefit of writing essays for children.
Benefit three: Writing can broaden children's thinking, allowing children to open their minds and imagine whatever they want, and then write it down. This cultivates children's thinking and expands it.
Benefit 4: Cultivate children's language expression ability and better organize speech.
There are many more. In short, writing has many benefits for children, so parents must cultivate their children's interest in writing. Give your children a good future.
[Edit this paragraph] Key points in essay writing
1. What are the principles for determining the topic of an article?
Articles must meet the needs of social reality and reflect the spirit of the times. The spirit of the times refers to the spirit that promotes the advancement of the times and embodies the characteristics and development direction of the times in a certain historical period. The theme should grasp the pulse of the times, answer pressing questions raised by the times, and reflect advanced ideas.
To reflect the truth and essence of objective things. The theme should faithfully reproduce the original appearance of objective things, not stop at the appearance, but should profoundly remind the internal regularity of things.
The author’s subjective conditions must be considered.
This mainly means that the author must be familiar with and understand the object of writing, and the author must have initial feelings and strong enthusiasm for writing.
2. How to correctly refine the theme?
Refining the theme is to use various ways of thinking to deeply explore the inherent meaning of the article materials in order to form some unique thoughts or principles. To refine the theme, you must do the following: 1. Based on all the materials, extract the correct ideas and viewpoints from all the materials you have. 2. Discover the essence of things, abandon appearances, discover the inner meaning of things, and reflect the essence and regularity of things. The author should stand at the height of the times, gain insight into the essence of things, and deepen the depth of exploration; the author should also consider the expressive functions of various articles such as narrative, discussion, explanation, and lyricism, and explore the essence of things from different aspects. 3. Choose novel and unique angles to explore new ideas in things. New angles refer to new observation angles (exploring the subject from different sides) and new understanding angles (expressing the author's unique insights).
3. Briefly describe the relationship between the material and the theme.
Materials are the basis for refining and forming themes. The theme is refined and determined in the process of analyzing and researching the material. The material is primary and the theme is secondary. 2. Materials are a means of expressing deep themes, and themes are expressed or proven by certain materials. 3. The selection and organization of materials are restricted by the theme. Before the theme is formed, the materials play a decisive role in refining the theme; once the theme is determined, it becomes the most important basis for selecting or arranging the materials. The selection, elaboration, and transformation of the materials should be subject to the needs of expressing the theme to prevent the materials from being inconsistent with the theme. Out of touch.
4. What are the basic requirements for material selection?
To meet the needs of the theme. The materials should be selected to serve the theme and should not be divorced from or contradictory to the theme. 2. Be true and conclusive. The authenticity of materials refers to the authenticity in the strict sense and the reality that reflects the essence of things. The authenticity of the material means that the material is both accurate and used appropriately. 3. Be typical. Typical materials are materials that unite individuality and exclusivity, concreteness and universality. It is specific, individual, and can reflect the essential characteristics and universal significance of similar things. 4. Be novel and vivid. The materials strive to be concrete, full of intimacy and suspense, are little-known new discoveries, and adapt to the characteristics of the style (narrative materials are concrete and have strong appeal; argumentative materials are general and logically persuasive; expository materials To reveal the characteristics of the object.
5. What are the basic requirements of the structure?
Completeness. The parts of the article should be relatively complete and should not be unreasonable. Incomplete; each part must occupy an appropriate position in the article. 2. Coherence means that the parts of the article are interconnected in content and form, and there is a close connection and reasonable transition in the language form. 3. , Rigor. There are strict logical connections between the parts of the article, and they cannot be contradictory or unrelated to each other. 4. The structure of the article is flexible, lively, and not rigid.
6. Describe the basic principles of structure
The structure of narrative articles is closely related to the stages and order of the development of things, and forms an original order that conforms to the objective process. The concept of time and space; argumentative articles reflect the process of understanding things from phenomenon to essence, from part to whole, from analysis to synthesis. The structure is often to raise questions and draw conclusions. 2. The idea is consistent with the author's thinking. The author's thinking process must abide by the common laws of people's thinking, and embody the author's unique understanding and feelings of things. 4. The structure should be adapted to the stylistic characteristics. Narrative articles write about people in the order of time and space, while argumentative articles focus on horizontal classification or vertical in-depth.
7. The basic content of the review structure
The content of the structure includes hierarchy and depth. There are three major aspects: paragraphs, transitions and anaphora, and beginnings and endings. The hierarchy is the overall arrangement of the ideological content of the article, unfolding the structure and steps of the article, and is the structural unit that expresses meaning; the paragraph is set by the author in the article, starting with the paragraph. The space form is a relatively independent structural unit. The paragraph should maintain a single meaning, a complete content, and an appropriate length. Transition refers to the common transition methods between paragraphs and levels. : Use related words, use transitional names, and use transitional paragraphs. There are two common situations where transition is needed: one is when the content changes, and the other is when the expression changes. Structural means. There are three common situations of anaphora: beginning and ending anaphora (which can be divided into two types: point anaphora and solution anaphora), and mutual anaphora in quotations (which can be divided into two types: distant anaphora and near anaphora). An important means of making the structure rigorous and lively can make the chapter flexible and dense, the context coherent, and the key content strengthened.
The role of a good beginning of the article: it is beneficial to express the theme and expand ideas; it is beneficial to attract and attract attention. Guide the reader. Common ways to start an argumentative essay are to get straight to the point, explain the writing background or motivation, and twist into the topic. The function of a good ending is to wrap up the whole text and make it memorable. The main ways to end an argumentative essay are: summarizing or restating the argument; raising hopes or issuing a call; and ending with a visualization.
8. What are the types of article structures?
The narrative type is structured based on the time and space sequence of the existence and development of things. It can be divided into two types: normal time and space and abnormal time and space. Argument type, using the internal causal connection of concepts as the main basis of the structure. It can be divided into total fraction type, parallel type, progressive type, etc. Explanatory type, laying out things in their own inherent order. Comprehensive type, often with one structural type as the main one and other types as well.
9. Comparison between first-person narrative and third-person narrative.
The first person narrates in the tone of the person involved, which facilitates the author to fully express his thoughts and feelings, and makes people feel cordial and real when reading. Its limitation is that it can only describe what "I" saw and heard, and it is difficult to describe things that "I" have not personally experienced, and the breadth of reflecting life is limited. The third person is narrated in a third person's voice as an outsider. It is not limited by the scope of the narrative and can reflect life in a broader way. Its limitation is that it lacks the intimacy of the first person.
10. What are the common narrative methods?
Sequential narration: A narrative based on the sequence of occurrence and development of characters’ experiences or events. 2. Flashback: A narration that puts the ending of an event or a prominent part of the event in front, and then narrates the development of the event in chronological order. 3. Narrative insertion: inserting another narration of related events into the narrative process, and then continuing the narration with the original main line. 4. Supplementary narration: A narrative that makes some supplements to previous events without developing the original plot. 5. Parallel narration: describe two or more things that happened at the same time in parallel and in parallel.
11. Briefly describe the basic requirements of narrative.
Explain clearly: clearly explain the six elements of time, place, person, event, cause, and result. 2. Clear clues: The clues are a reflection of the author's ideas in organizing the material, and are the running thoughts and context in the development of the narrative characters and events. Narrative clues can be arranged according to various styles such as time development, space transformation, problem division, changes in thoughts and feelings, or according to a specific object. 3. Appropriate detail: The primary and secondary details of the narrative material are summarized to suit the needs of expressing the theme. 4. Ups and downs: refers to the twists and turns of the narrative, which are full of changes and fascinating.
12. What are the requirements for description?
1. Clear purpose: describe based on expressing the theme, characterizing the characters, and exaggerating the atmosphere. 2. Outstanding features: Use the art of "drawing eyes" to capture the essential characteristics of the object of description and characterize it. 3. Both form and spirit: The harmonious unity of form and spirit not only realistically expresses the external appearance and mood of the object, but also reveals the inner details and spirit of the described object.
For the guidance on some of the above writing methods, candidates need to carefully understand and handle them flexibly according to the materials and requirements of the test paper.
How to practice the basic skills of composition well
If students want to write well, they must practice the basic skills of composition in a down-to-earth manner since childhood.
How to practice the basic skills of composition well?
The predecessors have summarized several effective experiences for us, namely: observe more, read more, practice writing more, think more, and revise more.
Observe more: that is to say, we should pay attention to observe life and be a thoughtful person in life. In a letter written by Mr. Lu Xun in reply to a discussion about how to write an article in the "Beidou" magazine, the first article was "Pay attention to various things, look at more, and don't just write when you see something." For the people, animals, and plants around you, The scenery... must be observed carefully.
Read more: The ancients said: "Reading thousands of volumes, writing is like a spirit." When you are young, you can read and recite some good articles, which can be remembered for a long time, and you can also learn some composition methods. Mr. Lu Xun said: "Any great writer who has been evaluated, his works all explain 'how it should be written.'" Mr. Lu Xun also advocated "breadth and breadth". In addition to reading literature books, you should also read some history, Books on geography, science and technology to increase knowledge and expand horizons. When reading, you must also develop the habit of seriousness. Don't just look at things and don't ask for a thorough explanation. You should work hard to gain something from every book you read.
Practice writing more: As the saying goes: "A good memory is not as good as a bad writing." Now, many students have begun to write observation diaries and take reading notes. This is good and should be persisted. The late writer Lao She warned us: "To lay a good foundation, the first step is to learn to 'note' and remember one thing every day." "The best tips are to 'write every day' and 'take a pen every day', even if It doesn’t matter if you write a few dozen words.” Because “after you develop the habit, you can grasp the key points even if you don’t remember them. Over time, you will have more things in your stomach.” If you don’t practice, your hands will become weak. The more you practice, the more you write, the more practice makes perfect.
Think more: Mr. Lao She said: "When you read an article, think carefully after reading it. People who can write articles can use one word to express several words, and they will find a suitable one. When reading an article, if you just think about it and don’t think about it carefully, you won’t be able to realize its benefits. "You have to think about it when reading an article, and you also have to think about it when you pick up the pen, and the result is not to write a thousand words. , digressing thousands of miles, even after writing a few sentences, I can't finish writing, so I have to "squeeze toothpaste", think about a sentence, write a sentence, and ramble. How can I write such an article well? Only by thinking more can we produce wisdom, by thinking more can we write profound articles, and by thinking more can we write articles vividly.
Revise a lot: Revision is an important part of writing. If writing an article is compared to producing a product, then modification is an essential "process" in the production process. Some people say that good articles are made by editing them, and this makes sense. In an article, what needs to be changed and what does not need to be changed? We must proceed from reality and carefully add, delete, and modify the article that has been written in terms of conception, material selection, chapter structure, language, punctuation, etc. , making the article more perfect, more thorough, and more accurate to reflect objective reality. Students who are new to writing essays should develop the habit of careful revision.
The "five more" mentioned above are not the "secrets" and "tricks" of writing, but the common sense that you must know to practice the basic skills of composition well.
So, what are the basic skills of composition?
[1] Practice the basic skills of composition - learn to review the topic
1. Review the object clearly.
When the teacher sets the question, don’t rush to write. You should read the question carefully and understand the requirements of the question exactly. Is it about people or events? Is it about scenes or objects? Is it a diary or a letter? Is it a practical article or an imaginative article? Once these are clarified, the composition will have a basic direction. Some of the topics are very obvious, such as writing about people and events, and you can tell them at a glance. For example, "My Mother" and "My Respected Teacher", you can tell at a glance that they are written about people. Another example is "An Unforgettable Thing" and "An Event That Happened in Summer Vacation". You can tell at a glance that they are about events. Another example is "Beautiful River", which you can tell at first glance is a depiction of scenery. "Cute Puppy" is something you can tell at first glance. "A Letter of Proposal" is a practical essay, and "I am in 2211" is an imaginary essay. However, some titles, such as "Winter Morning", can be used to describe scenes or events; "On the Road to School" can be used to write about what happened on the way to school, which is mainly about recording events, or it can be used to express the characters through what happened. As for ideological quality, it is mainly about writing about people.
2. Scope of review.
When reviewing the topic, we must also clarify the time, space, quantity, object and content limitations of the author’s selected materials. If you are unclear about these scopes and ignore the restrictions of certain aspects of the topic, it will be easy to go off topic when writing. For example, "Summer Life Slices" limits the scope of material selection - summer vacation life; "My Good Friends" identifies the object of the narrative - good friends; "Happy Sunday" stipulates the time of material selection - Sunday; "Travel to Xiangshan" stipulates the location of the material selection - Xiangshan; "Recording an Incident in Primary School Life" limits the number - one incident, and cannot write two or three incidents.
For complex composition topics, you must learn to analyze the grammatical structure. For example, "A Meaningful Life I Have Experienced" is a relatively complex topic. It includes four requirements:
①The content of the article should be mainly about "I";
< p> ② You are required to write about a period of life you have experienced, not just your thoughts;③ You are required to write about a period of life, not just one day or one thing;
④ It is required that the life you write about should be meaningful, not ordinary or dull.
Review the scope of the composition, including which style of writing is more appropriate. For example, "Being a good student who is civilized and polite" requires writing an essay to clearly explain why we need to be civilized and polite; "New Fashions I See" requires writing a narrative essay to describe in detail what is happening in society. Or a new trend that you saw with your own eyes in school; "How to Raise Rabbits" requires you to write an explanatory essay to tell the general knowledge about raising rabbits; "Notices and Notes" requires you to write a practical essay to introduce the importance and importance of notices and notes. Writing method.
3. Key points of approval.
After reading the essay question, think about what should be the focus of the question. For example, "Lei Feng's deeds educated me". The focus of this topic is on the word "education". It is necessary to write "Lei Feng's deeds" and what "education" "I" received from it. If you only write about Lei Feng's deeds without writing about the education of "me", it will become Lei Feng's story; if you write about the education of "me", it will only express determination, which will also invert the emphasis and not highlight the focus.
[2] Practice the basic skills of composition - learn to give a good title to the article
1. It must be consistent with the ideological content of the article, and do not "the title is wrong."
For example, if you want to record a wonderful football match, but the title of the article is called "Little Football Fan ×××", instead of focusing on recording events, you will focus on writing about people. This is called "the title is wrong." ”, shifting the “center”.