There are few virgin forests in China, mainly concentrated in natural forest areas in the northeast and southwest. From the forest appearance, coniferous forests and broad-leaved forests account for about half of the area, with the former accounting for 49.8%, the latter accounting for 47.3%, and the remaining 3% are mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests, as described below:
1 coniferous forest
Coniferous forests are widely distributed in China, but zonal coniferous forests are only found in northeast and northwest corners and subalpine coniferous forests in southwest and southeast Tibet. The rest are often secondary coniferous forests, such as various secondary pine forests, and more are artificially constructed, such as Chinese fir forests. These coniferous forests are not only rich in plant components, but also home to a large number of animal species and become habitats and shelters for many endemic species.
A. boreal coniferous forests and subalpine coniferous forests
They are regarded as high latitude horizontal zonal vegetation and low latitude subalpine vegetation types respectively. The distribution area and geographical environment are very different, but they all belong to the sub-frigid zone type, and their appearance, composition and structure are very similar.
A. Larch Forest There are two varieties of Larix gmelinii 10 species in China, and the main constructive species are Larix gmelinii, Larix principis-rupprechtii, Larix Taibai, Larix kaempferi and Larix principis-rupprechtii.
B. spruce-fir forests Most spruce-fir forests in China belong to the mountain vertical belt type, which is widely distributed and has the largest volume. The main constructive species in Northeast China is Picea crassifolia. Alpine spruce, red spruce, stinky fir, white spruce and green spruce in North China. From west to northwest, there are Picea crassifolia, Picea tianshanica and Abies sibirica in turn. There are mainly Lijiang spruce and western Sichuan spruce. Rabdosia rubescens), Linzhi spruce (Linzhi spruce variety forest) and P. brachytyla in the southwest mountainous area. Bulbous breviscapus var. Complanatus, Picea crassifolia, Picea purpurea, Abies Bashan and Abies Minjiang. Abies Minjiang, Abies flavescens, Abies longibracteata, Abies longicornis, Abies Himalaya, Abies Cangshan, Abies Fabry, Abies Yunnanensis, etc.
C. The main constructive species of pine forest is Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica. Mongolian spruce, short spruce and Siberian spruce.
D Sabina vulgaris, Sabina przewalskii, Sabina pingensis, Sabina tibetica and Sabina vulgaris are the main constructive species of Sabina vulgaris, Sabina przewalskii, Sabina przewalskii, Sabina przewalskii, Sabina przewalskii and Sabina macrocarpa.
B. Warm temperate coniferous forest
Mainly distributed in North China and Liaodong Peninsula, the main constructive species are Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus densiflora, Platycladus orientalis and Pinus bungeana.
C. subtropical coniferous forest
There are many types, such as Pinus massoniana, Pinus yunnanensis and Pinus yunnanensis varieties. Pinus tenuifolia, Pinus Simao, Pinus armandii, Pinus Alpine, Cunninghamia lanceolata (Cunninghamia lanceolata), Cryptomeria fortunei, Cypress (Cedar), Cedar (Cedar), Cedar, Hemlock (Cunninghamia lanceolata) and Silver fir (Silver fir).
D. tropical coniferous forest
There are few tree species, most of which are scattered, so they are not forests, such as Latoson, Pinus tabulaeformis and Rosa roxburghii.
2-needle broad-leaved mixed forest
A. Korean pine broad-leaved mixed forest
Korean pine broad-leaved mixed forest is a zonal type in temperate regions of China, mainly distributed in Changbai Mountain and Xiaoxing 'anling Mountain areas in the northeast, extending eastward to the coast of Amur Prefecture in Russia and northern Korea. The main constructive species are Korean pine and some broad-leaved trees. Such as Juglans mandshurica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Tilia amurensis, Acer mono, and Ulmus pumila. Japonica rice and so on.
B. hemlock broad-leaved mixed forest
Mainly distributed in subtropical mountainous areas of China. It is a vertical zone forest type in the transition from evergreen broad-leaved forest to subalpine coniferous forest, which mainly includes Hemlock longibracteata and Hemlock North China mixed with FAGACEAE plants. The mountain area in the west of subtropical zone is at a high altitude, and a special mixed forest belt of conifers and broadleaves is formed between 2500-3000 m above sea level, and the mixed forest of rhododendrons and broad-leaved trees often occupies the main position.
broad-leaved forest
A. Deciduous broad-leaved forest
Widely distributed in temperate zone, warm temperate zone and subtropical zone. The main forest types in North China and Northwest China are deciduous and broad-leaved mixed forest, oak forest, Populus davidiana forest, Calophylla microphylla forest and Elaeagnus angustifolia forest. Chestnut forest, alder forest and Liquidambar formosana forest formed by the destruction of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest; The secondary forest types of northern coniferous forest and subalpine coniferous forest are Populus davidiana and Betula platyphylla, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, Ulmus pumila and Pistacia chinensis, which are developed in subtropical mountainous areas and subtropical limestone mountainous areas.
B. evergreen broad-leaved forest
Evergreen broad-leaved forest is a zonal type of subtropical humid forest region in China, with rich species. As far as higher plants are concerned, they account for more than 1/2 of the national species. The dominant species of evergreen broad-leaved forest is not obvious, and it is often composed of multiple species. There are Cyclobalanopsis glauca forest, Quercus forest, Runnan forest, Guilin with thick shell, Schima superba forest, Abidine maple forest and Manglietia forest.
C. hardwood evergreen broad-leaved forest
In western Sichuan, northern Yunnan and southeastern Tibet, there are residual communities similar to the Mediterranean hardwood evergreen broad-leaved forest, mainly distributed on the sunny slopes of mountains at an altitude of 2000-3000 meters. The common types in general mountainous areas are Quercus acutissima forest in Sichuan and Yunnan, Quercus acutissima forest in Huangshan, Quercus acutissima forest in Longshan, Quercus microphylla forest in western Sichuan and Quercus acutissima forest in Tibet. Cotinus coggygria forest, Cotinus coggygria forest and Cotinus coggygria forest are common in valley areas.
D. deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest
The species composition of this forest is quite complicated. It can be divided into several different types, such as deciduous evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest distributed in the north subtropical region, which is mainly found in the mountainous evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest at the altitude of 1000 ~ 1200m to 2200m in the eastern subtropical mountainous area, and limestone evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest distributed in the subtropical limestone mountainous area.
E. monsoon forest
The zonality of China monsoon tropics represents vegetation types, most of which are distributed in arid hilly platforms, basins and river valleys. Most of them are long-term derivative communities. Such as Chinese toon (Chukrasia tabularis) forest, C. tabularis varvelutina forest, tung tree forest, tung tree forest and Erythrina tree forest. The most common forests are kapok, Albizia Albizia, terminalia chebula, cornucopia, Liquidambar formosana and Schima wallichii.
F. Rainforest, seasonal rainforest
Most of them are distributed in mountainous areas above 500 ~ 700 meters above sea level in tropical areas of China. The mountainous areas around Hainan Island are dominated by Pittosporum and Lithocarpus, while the mountainous areas in southern Yunnan are mostly Pittosporum and Xiacao. Limestone seasonal rainforests are mainly distributed in the south of Guangxi, and there are many kinds.