In developed countries, the main production links of grapes have been mechanized. Mechanization is an ideal operation mode of grape production, which not only saves manpower and financial resources, but also improves the efficiency of loosening soil, plant protection, fertilization and irrigation. In order to realize the mechanization of grape production, the planning and design should be done well when the garden is built, and the row spacing, frame and road configuration should be arranged uniformly, which is conducive to the implementation of mechanized operation, reducing costs and improving work efficiency.
In recent years, the problem of grape mechanization in China has been gradually raised to the topic of grape production, which has attracted the attention of agriculture, forestry, agricultural machinery and other departments, and a number of related production equipment has begun to enter scientific research, development and production applications. In view of the present situation of grape production and the level of economic and technological development in China, it is quite difficult to realize the whole mechanization of grape production. Therefore, it is necessary to choose the appropriate breakthrough point according to local conditions, analyze and study the production requirements of each link, and gradually equip the production links from the combination of agricultural machinery and agronomy according to the current requirements of grape planting, so as to realize the breakthrough of each link and promote the development of the whole mechanization.
1 Orchard Planning under Mechanized Operation Mode
For the newly developed grape plantation, the mechanization of production should be considered first. For example, planting density, in order to meet the needs of mechanized operation, in Japan, the row spacing of grape cultivation is mostly 6m*4m * 4 m, and in order to improve the early benefit of vineyards, some also adopt the cultivation method of first density and then thinning. For example, in the juvenile garden, the plant spacing is 3m*3m, and 90-1000 plants are planted per1002. In the autumn of the third year, when the main branches and extended branches of adjacent trees overlap, they move intermittently, and after the intermittent movement, 30-40 trees are left every 1000m2.
In North China, the planting density, plant spacing and field width are generally arranged as follows. Planting density: generally, the row spacing of a single hedge frame is about 2m, and the plant spacing is 0.5- 1m, but there are large and small plant spacing methods, and the small plant spacing is 20-30 cm; The spacing between large plants is 70-80cm. Plant 533-667 plants per 667m2( 1 mu). On a single fence, each row of grapes stands a row of columns with a height of 2m, and an iron wire is pulled on the columns at intervals of 50cm and 6m.
Vineyards should be operated on a large scale. It is necessary to make unified planning, adjust land and concentrate on contiguous planting. Vineyard planning can be divided into large areas and small areas. The area can be as large as hundreds of acres to thousands of acres; The living area should be 30- 100 mu. Grape planting is best in the north-south direction, which is convenient for ventilation and light transmission. Leave a crack every 100m for the long line, and build an east-west working channel with a width of 2m, which is convenient for fertilization, spraying and harvesting. At the same time of planning, water and drainage systems should be arranged. Through planning, it is convenient for mechanized production.
2 Overwintering burial
Burying vines in winter is an important link in grape production in northern China, and it is also a labor-intensive operation link. Therefore, the application of burying machine in mechanized operation not only has high production efficiency and good operation quality, but also greatly reduces labor intensity and production cost, which has high economic and social benefits. At the same time, alleviating the shortage of labor force in busy farming season can achieve the purpose of wind and frost prevention, which should be the key breakthrough at present.
At present, agricultural machinery departments in Tianjin, Liaoning and other places have developed small four-wheeled tractors for grapes and grapevine planting machines with walking tractors. Simple structure, convenient operation, reliable performance, uniform and fine soil covering thickness, neat bed surface and firm buried soil. The vine overwintering burying machine developed by Tianjin Agricultural Machinery Research Institute is suitable for planting row spacing 1.8-2.0m, 2.0-2.2m and 2.2-2.5m, and the binding height of vines is required to be less than 20cm. One side of the trench is 40-50 cm away from the vine, and the width of the trench is 38 cm. The pile height can reach 25-30cm. A tractor with a supporting power of 25-30 horsepower. Fruit farmers can recover their investment and make a profit within two working seasons [1]. At present, there is also a vine-burying machine in Tianjin, which is modified from a hand tractor rotary tillage machine (the productivity can reach 6 mu/day, which is more than 6 times higher than that of manual operation, and the operation quality is better than that of manual operation, but the operator's labor intensity is high). The ditcher developed by Tianjin Jinghai Sheng Xing Machinery Co., Ltd. can also be used to bury vines. Liaoning 100PF-A-A grape overwintering plastic film has reached the required thickness after 2-3 times of soil throwing operations. Compared with manual soil covering, mechanical soil covering saves 375 yuan /hm2, and the annual net income of agricultural machinery users is 9250.85 yuan. Manual soil lifting 1 person completed the work area of 0.03 hm2/ day, and the mechanical soil covering work volume10.33 hm2/day, which was 44 times higher than that of manual soil covering [3].
When vines are buried in the soil to prevent cold, the soil should be subdivided to prevent Dacla from nesting and leaking rain; Buried vines should be prevented from damaging vines, so as to avoid diseases and affect future annual output. The location of the soil should not be too close to the root, at least about 50cm, so as to avoid the root freezing. After burying the soil for cold protection, field inspection should be carried out in winter, and the problems should be remedied in time. Irrigation with winter water in time after cold protection to ensure the safe overwintering of plants. Grape roots are often distributed in the soil layer 20-60 cm below the surface, and the depth is 100cm. Grape is easy to produce adventitious roots, and a large number of roots will regenerate near the wound after root injury, so roots can be cut properly during cultivation, but not a large number. The soil temperature for root growth is 2 1-25℃, and it stops growing when it exceeds 28℃ or falls below 10℃. Grape root system is developed, which has strong absorption capacity and nutrient storage capacity, but its cold resistance is poor, and it is more afraid of freezing than branches and vines. When the soil temperature is -4-6℃, it can be damaged by freezing or even frozen to death [2]. Once the root system is damaged by freezing in winter, the growth and fruit of branches and vines will be greatly affected in the next year. Therefore, special attention should be paid to root cold protection when covering soil in cold areas in the north.
3 intertillage
Small tractors and intertillage plows are used for intertillage weeding and topdressing. It is carried out from May to September in the growing season, with a depth of about 10cm, 4-5 times a year.
4 Plant protection
Plant protection is also an important link in grape production. At present, manual or backpack motorized sprayers are mostly used. It is required that the atomization effect should be fog-like, and the back, front and branches of leaves should be sprayed evenly. Generally, the spraying time should be before the morning dew dries to 1 1 and after 3 pm to avoid high temperature at noon. Pay special attention not to use sprayers with herbicides, so as to avoid the damage of residual chemicals to grapes.
water
There are many ways to water the vineyard. At present, flood irrigation is still used in many areas, which consumes a lot of water, which is not conducive to water saving and cost saving. Water-saving irrigation methods such as drip irrigation, infiltration irrigation and under-film irrigation should be actively promoted to achieve the purpose of saving costs and increasing efficiency. For example, drip irrigation under film has been used in fruit production in Tianjin, and the effect is very good.
6 trenching
Grape production must open fertilization ditches and planting ditches. Open fertilizer ditches and apply farmyard manure or chemical fertilizer. In general, the depth and width of planting ditch are 60cm respectively. When digging ditches, topsoil (cultivated soil) and core soil (raw soil) should be stored on both sides respectively, and they should not be mixed. After digging the planting ditch, it is necessary to combine fertilization and soil improvement, and backfill it after thawing in spring. At present, this kind of operation can be carried out by ditching machine, such as the ditching machine of Tianjin Jinghai Sheng Xing Machinery Company, which can be used not only for burying vines, but also for digging fertilizer ditches and planting ditches with different widths and depths according to agricultural requirements.
7 pruning
You can use pruning equipment to operate. Generally speaking, when cutting grapes in winter, the top cutting position should be at the place where the thickness of the main vine is 0.8cm, and the height of the remaining vine should be 70- 100cm, generally not exceeding1m. The thickness of the cutting position should not be less than 0.6 cm.
8 knotted vines
It can be bound with rattan. But at present, most of them are done by hand. Be careful not to tie it too tightly when you do your homework. The material for binding vines needs soft and tough binding materials. At present, in order to prevent the new tip from being injured by friction with the iron wire, the eight-character binding method can be used.
9 residual limb treatment
The treatment of residual branches is also a relatively labor-intensive operation link, and the treatment capacity can reach more than 1/3 of the total number of branches. Improper handling is very bad for orchards. The traditional way is burning or burying. Agronomy requires that the branches and leaves in the garden should be cleaned after pruning in winter, including fallen leaves. Burying can reduce the stock of pathogens in the garden and is beneficial to disease control. Incineration not only wastes resources, but also pollutes the environment. It's not convenient to bury the whole branch. Therefore, the residual branch crusher should be used for crushing and burying, which not only realizes the rational utilization of resources, but also eliminates the environmental pollution caused by incineration. At the same time, burying after crushing is also beneficial to the decay of residual branches and associated fertility. If the broken branches are smashed and scattered in the orchard, they can also play the role of covering, conserving soil, fertilizer, water and heat, and achieve multiple goals. Crushed branches can also be used as substrates for actual bacterial culture, or as other industrial raw materials such as plates.
10 deep turn
At present, the agronomy of grape planting requires deep ploughing in the whole garden, and the method of alternating deep ploughing is generally adopted. It is generally required to be 50cm away from plants. The nursery garden is about 30cm deep, the adult garden is about 40cm wide. Every other row for two years. Such a depth, for small machines and tools, it is difficult to meet the requirements in one operation. At present, this operation is mainly manual.
At present, there is no machinery for bagging and picking, or the current production mode is difficult to be suitable for mechanized operation and needs further research and development.
refer to
1 Hu Wei. Breaking through the problem of burying vines and promoting the mechanization of grape production. Tianjin Agricultural Machinery Information Network, 2004.438+00.338+0.
2 Qi Siru, Zhao. Wine grape cultivation. Tianjin Science and Technology Press, Tianjin: 1998 March.
3 Xu Liying, Zhang Huaiming, Jinmingqiu. 100 PF-A Performance and Benefit Analysis of Wintering Grape Mulching Machine. Agricultural machinery: 2004
4 Yang Qingshan. Illustration of grape production technology. Henan Science and Technology Press, Zhengzhou: March 2000.
5 Liu Hanzhong, Liu. High-quality and efficient grape cultivation. Golden Shield Press, Beijing: 2004.8+0.