1. The significance of grape pruning
Pruning is an important measure in grape cultivation, and it is a scientific artificial induction to adjust the contradiction between growth and fruiting, senescence and renewal, and establish a relatively balanced and unified relationship. Reasonable pruning can not only grow well, but also bear good fruit early; It can not only prolong the fruiting life of fruit trees, but also renew, rejuvenate and delay aging.
Pruning is to regulate the movement of water and nutrients in fruit trees and improve their physiological activities. Transforming vegetative growth into reproductive growth. Pruning is not only a single pruning, but also can be combined with other measures to promote local and overall physiological activities through pruning. Enhance the ability of root system to absorb nutrients and water, enhance the transportation function, and keep the tree strong and high yield year after year.
Improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, strengthen assimilation and reduce diseases. Pruning can change the direction of branches, remove redundant branches, make new branches evenly distributed on the frame surface, make full use of space, improve lighting conditions and enhance photosynthetic efficiency. Only by comprehensively applying various cultivation measures on the basis of shaping and pruning can the goal be achieved. Keep learning in the process of pruning and carefully observe the pruning reaction of fruit trees. As the saying goes, learning from trees with an open mind means carefully observing the reaction after pruning, from practice to practice, so as to better serve agricultural production, change old ideas, establish new fashions, make inventions, create things and make progress.
2. The role of grape pruning
Grapes keep a relatively stable balance under the condition of natural growth, that is to say, the ground keeps a balance with the ground. After pruning, this equilibrium relationship was broken, which caused the changes of shoot and root system, whole and part, and re-established a new equilibrium relationship. Any technical measures in grape management, such as fertilization, irrigation, etc., are the process of changing all parts of fruit trees with the cooperation of external environmental conditions, that is, the transformation process from quantity to quality.
1. Pruning has a double effect on fruit trees.
The object of pruning is all kinds of useless branches, but its function is not the branches themselves, but the whole tree. Locally, only one branch was removed, and the first bud of the incision grew vigorously, but overall, the growth of the whole tree and root system was inhibited. This role of promoting local inhibition of the whole is the dual role of pruning. Pruning can promote the local area, mainly because the number of buds decreases after pruning, which changes the original distribution relationship of water and nutrients, so that nutrients and water are supplied to the retained branches and buds; At the same time, through pruning, the ventilation and light transmission conditions were improved, the photosynthetic efficiency was improved, and the nutritional level of the remaining branches and buds was improved.
2. Adjust the fruit yield to ensure high quality and high yield.
The yield is determined by pruning. However, the yield is too high, which exceeds its own carrying capacity, affects fruit varieties, affects flower bud differentiation and branch maturity in the current year, and is not conducive to fruit and growth in the next year.
3. Cultivate a reasonable tree structure so that the tree will always be strong.
The purpose of plastic pruning is to cultivate a reasonable tree structure, prune in all seasons, adjust and maintain the tree body, and make the tree body strong forever, with high yield and high quality every year.
3. Four seasons pruning of grapes
1, pruning time
A long time ago, people didn't know enough about grape pruning technology. They usually use winter pruning, but ignore the four seasons pruning. Now they have changed their old ideas and adopted new pruning techniques to do four-season pruning to solve the problems of light and closed shelves. Reasonable control, maintenance, use, supplement and consumption maintenance, so that the tree body can achieve nutritional balance.
(1) crop pruning. That is, the early season bud wiping method erases multi-head buds, fine buds and budding buds, which plays a role in preserving nutrients, so that the preserved buds can get all nutrients, commonly known as maintenance.
(2) Summer pruning. The fruiting branches and vegetative branches are cored, slightly treated, rolled in turn, and then formed into spikes, sparse spikes and sparse grains.
(3) Pruning in autumn. The task in autumn is to pick the core for the second time, remove closed branches, thin branches and branches with low lignification, adjust the amount and light of branches, improve the lighting conditions, and make the shelf surface more transparent.
(4) pruning in winter. Grapes are pruned the most in winter and the branches are removed the most. Winter pruning is an effective method to determine the future annual output.
2. Pruning standard
According to variety characteristics, tree strength, tree age, frame type and yield. There are thinning, short cutting, medium cutting, long cutting, ultra-long cutting, double branch regeneration and single branch regeneration.
(1) thinning: thinning twigs and useless branches.
(2) Short pruning method: that is, 2-3 buds pruning, that is, pruning newly loaded young trees in flat stubble.
(3) Medium pruning method: 3-5 bud pruning, that is, in order to occupy space and increase the amount of branches and leaves, medium pruning is adopted.
(4) Long pruning and ultra-long pruning of 6-12 buds are generally used for the extension of main vines, for example, the main vines cultivated in a shed need to extend into the shed.
(5) Regeneration of two branches: on the basis of pruning last year, each branch is pruned with 1-2 buds. However, the regeneration of double branches needs to be carried out when the main vine has space, otherwise it will lead to the closure of the shelf surface, the increase of invalid leaves and the consumption of nutrients.
(6) Single-branch update: that is, one of the original two branches is cut off, one branch is reserved, and the reserved branch is shortened, which is called single-branch update.
(7) Big update and small update: Big update is to cut off the old vine from the base, keep a budding branch, and cultivate it into a fruitful mother vine. A small update is to replace weak branches with strong ones. Make the tree forever young and prolong the fruit-bearing life.
4. Grape pruning steps
The rhythm of grape pruning can be summarized in four words; Three look, two sparse, one cut, four delay, five stay.
1, three look: look at the characteristics of varieties, look at the strength of trees, and look at the relationship between trees.
2, two sparse: sparse sprouting branches, twigs, pest branches, useless branches.
3. Three-cutting: according to the standard of cutting amount, determine the appropriate branch amount and cut the annual branches short.
4. Four extensions: extending and pruning the main vines of grapes. The longest steel wire shall not exceed the second steel wire of the scaffold, and the cutting thickness shall be kept at about 0.8CM.
5. Five leaves: that is, the amount of leaves. In the traditional pruning method, the number of leaves per square meter is 8- 12, and the most accurate number of leaves is 6-8. Reducing the number of leaves is not as good as increasing the number of grains, that is, leaving fewer branches and buds and letting nutrients supply the reserved branches and buds. Both the United States and Ukraine are learning Japanese grape pruning techniques. Except the space is full, the rest are pruned with sticks, and the result is hidden buds, with high yield, higher quality and better benefits.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) pruning time
Pruning is usually done one month after defoliation, when the nutrients have returned to their original positions. But it depends on whether the varieties have strong stress resistance and can survive the winter safely, such as red grapes, crimson, golden fingers, white heart and so on. It is necessary to bury the soil to prevent cold, and the pruning time should be advanced or trimmed with leaves. At the end of June165438+65438 at the beginning of February, the soil should be buried after pruning to prevent winter damage. So that other varieties are generally pruned at 65438+2- 1 month.
Matters needing attention in pruning intransitive verbs
(1) The cut should be smooth and stubble-free, and the thickness of the cut should be 1-2CM to avoid the winter buds from drying.
(2) Protect the wound, and smear the wound with wound protectant or white latex.
(3) Sparse large branches and leave short piles to avoid freezing injury, and pull out short piles in the second year.
(4) avoid the wound, so as not to hurt the tree, and bleed in the second season, making the tree weak.