Special drainage system is an important factor in road construction, because if the subgrade is infiltrated by water, heavy roads will sink in.
If water freezes underground, it will expand and crack the road.
And if the soil is frozen by water, the pavement will expand and crack.
In order to protect the highway from this kind of damage, drainage pipes called culverts will be laid on the subgrade where strong water flow is expected.
In order to protect the expressway from the above damage, it is required to lay drainage pipes in the form of culverts in some places with more water flow.
The shape of the subgrade itself makes the middle of the completed road higher than the sides.
The subgrade itself is designed, so the middle of the completed road is higher than the sides.
Then water and melted snow will easily flow from the surface to drains or ditches.
Then water and melted snow can be easily discharged from the road to the drainage pipe or drain.
The subgrade has been finally leveled and is now ready to receive the road itself.
The subgrade will be finally shaped (leveled) and then prepared for paving.
2) A bridge always gives people the satisfaction of successfully overcoming obstacles, whether it is an ancient primitive bridge or a modern bridge.
The great elegance (beauty) view of modern bridges, balanced mass distribution, harmonious proportion, orderly lines, integrity and
environment
Bridges always provide people with a satisfactory way to overcome obstacles. The most beautiful bridges we see, whether ancient or modern, are evenly distributed in quality, harmonious in proportion, beautiful in lines and integrated with the environment.
3) In ancient times, bridges usually crossed rivers at right angles, with bumps in the middle and no discrete sidewalks, and they were always built.
An arched building made of stone and wood.
In ancient times, bridges often crossed rivers at appropriate corners with arches in the middle. There are no loose paths, they are always made of stone and wooden arches.
The later development of bridge engineering is the result of structural improvement, which is allowed by the gradual improvement of understanding.
Structural analysis and design, plus the manufacture and installation of improved building materials and methods.
Later, the evolution of bridge engineering is the result of the gradual improvement of structural form, the understanding and design of structural analysis, and the improvement of building materials production and construction methods.
4) The scientific knowledge about materials and structural behaviors has been greatly developed, and computing technology has been widely used in.
Apply complex theories very quickly.
The scientific knowledge of materials and construction methods has been greatly developed, and science and technology have been widely used in the theory of manufacturing mixed materials very quickly.
In the past ten years, engineers have almost completely changed the design and construction methods of bridges. These advances apply to the short-term, medium-term and
Long-span bridge.
In the past ten years, engineers have actually completely changed the design and construction methods of bridges. These improvements are suitable for short, medium and long-span bridges.
5) The common components of substructure are abutment (usually at the end of the bridge) and pier (between abutments).
The general elements of foundation are abutment (usually at the end of bridge) and pier (between abutment).
Piers and abutments are usually located on the basis of separate construction, such as concrete extended footings or load-bearing pile groups; these
Foundations, such as concrete extended footings or load-bearing pile groups; These foundations are part of the foundation structure.
Piers and abutments are usually placed on unconnected good foundations, such as concrete laid at the bottom or supporting bridge piles; These foundations, such as concrete laid at the bottom or supporting bridge pile groups; These foundations are all bridge foundations.
Component.
Occasionally, the bridge substructure includes a series of pile bent frames, in which the piles extend above the waterline and are covered by pile caps.
In turn, it supports the main components of the superstructure.
Occasionally, the bridge structure will include a group of pile bent frames, which extend from the pile to the waterline, and the top is a pile of bridge caps, which support the important part of the superstructure as feedback.
Landlord, these are my translations, which are inevitably different from the original intention. I don't know the names of some professional industries, such as pile caps. I don't understand. To fully understand this article, we should combine our own professional vocabulary.
I just found a typo "expressway" and I typed it as "expressway company". I used five strokes, and there may be other typos. I didn't read them carefully. Please comment or ask me if you have any questions.
30680544 1, are you interesting? I copy mine when I eat. Can't you see I haven't finished it yet? So is copying typos.