As for the cultivation and distribution of plum blossom, the open planting areas are mainly in some cities and their suburbs in the Yangtze River basin. Extending southward to the Pearl River Basin, the southernmost point is Haikou City, Hainan Island. Go north to Huanghuai area, and now its northernmost point is Beijing. At present, there are Moshan, Wuxi Meiyuan, Suzhou Guangfu and Dongting Xishan, Nanjing Meihua Mountain, Chengdu Caotang Temple, Hangzhou Gushan, Chaoshan and Lingfeng, Kunming Xishan and Heilongtan, Shanghai Dianshan Lake and Cui Zhuang Park, Anhui Jixian and Hefei, Shandong Qingdao and Pixian, Henan Fuling, Guangzhou Luogang, Jiangsu Yangzhou and Taizhou, Guizhou Guiyang and Taiwan Province Mei Feng.
In foreign countries, there are not many plum blossoms cultivated. Only Japanese plum blossom art is popular and there are many varieties. North Korea also cultivates a certain amount of plum blossoms, which can only be seen in large botanical gardens in Europe and America. In recent years, New Zealand in Oceania is also developing the cultivation of cut plum blossoms, most of which belong to official pink type and some belong to vermilion type, and the flowering period is from June to July (southern hemisphere winter).
Small deciduous tree, as high as 10 m, often with thorns and a round crown. Dry brownish purple, with many longitudinal stripes, green branchlets or green background, glabrous. Ye Guang is ovoid to ovoid, 4- 10 cm long, with a long cone or tail tip at the top, sharp serrations at the edge, a wide wedge-shaped or nearly round base, pubescence on both sides when young, and often falling off in the later period. Most of the growing leaves are hairy only in the lower veins, but most of them are between leaf axils; The stem length is 0.5-1.5 cm; Stipules fall off. Flowers are mostly 1-2 per node, mostly sessile or short-stalked, pink or white in color, 2.3 cm in diameter, fragrant, mostly in early spring, with 5 petals, often nearly round; 5 curved pieces, mostly purple; Male and female pistils are numerous, free, densely pilose in atrium, rarely 2-5 (centrifugal skin) or absent, superior in atrium, long style. Drupe is subglobose, about 2-3 cm in diameter, yellow or yellowish green, densely pubescent and sour; The nuclear membrane has pits and sticks to the pulp, and the fruit matures in April-June. In addition to the original species, there are several plum varieties.
There are mainly the following wild plum varieties in China.
1. plum blossom: The fruit stalk is long and curved, which is a wild variety collected by Dclavay near Daping (Zeyin) in Dali, Yunnan 1888.
2. Hairy plums: There are hairs on the back of leaves, pedicels, receptacles, old pieces, ovaries and the lower part of styles. Nanping, Fujian still has an altitude of 360 meters.
There are more than 300 plum varieties in China, which can be divided into 3 series, 5 categories 16 types according to their evolution and key morphology. True plum is the direct line of plum blossom, which evolved from the wild original species of plum blossom and did not penetrate into the bloodline of other species.
There are many varieties of true plums, which can be divided into three categories according to the branch posture (straight up, drooping and twisting), namely: straight branches (straight up), drooping branches (drooping branches) and Longyou (technical twisting). Plum blossom is the most common plum blossom in China, with the most varieties and the widest range of changes, and it appeared earliest among the three categories. According to the standard of flower pattern, color and calyx color, it can be divided into seven types, namely: Jiang Mei type, palace powder type, jade butterfly type, cinnabar type, green bend type, golden sprinkling type and yellow fragrance type. Plum blossom and plum blossom are two kinds of plum blossoms with peculiar branches and strong charm. The former branches hang like weeping willows, while the latter twists like mulberries. They are all picturesque, but there are not many varieties, all of which belong to the category of jiaozi with high degree of evolution and late formation.
Plum blossoms can be divided into four types, namely, single pink drooping type, residual snow drooping type, Bai Bi drooping type and bone red drooping type. There are only 1 Longyou (Yudie Longyou) and 1 varieties ('Longyou' Mei). The varieties of apricot and plum are between apricot and plum, or more like apricot, with pits on the surface of the nucleus, which is a typical feature of plum. They are interspecific hybrids between Prunus mume and apricot or Prunus armeniaca, and interspecific hybrids of Prunus mume. Bungo of botany.
Meixi has a warm climate. However, among the flowers and trees in the south of the Yangtze River, plum blossoms are still cold-resistant and bloom early. Generally speaking, Prunus mume can't resist the low temperature below-15 -20℃, and only varieties of Prunus mume and Mume can resist the low temperature below -20-30℃. It is very sensitive to temperature. Generally, it blooms when the average temperature reaches 6-7℃ in ten days, and it is especially easy to open in advance after the first warm.
From the perspective of cultivation distribution, plum blossom is concentrated in the Yangtze River valley, which shows that it likes warmth and has certain cold resistance. This temperature-loving feature of plum blossom can also be confirmed by the disparity of flowering periods in different places, such as Haikou in June 5,438+February, Taiwan Province in Guangzhou in June 5,438+1October, Kunming in Xiamen1-February, Chengdu in Chongqing in early February, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River such as Wuhan and two lakes in February, and the lower reaches such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Shanghai in February and March, and Chengdu in Zhengzhou. From February to April, 65438, a kind of flowers and trees bloomed in the land from the south to the north of the motherland, which is relatively rare in Baihua Garden. At the same time, plum blossoms in the same place often bloom in the morning and evening with the climate change of that year, sometimes with a difference of one month or more, which is another proof that plum blossoms like temperature. For example, the flowering period in Wuhan is in the middle and late February, 1% 1 in the early March, 1982 in the late February, 1983 in the middle and late February, and 1984 in the late February. In early March, 1985 is early March, 1986 is from late February to early March, 1987 is from late October to early February, and 1988 is from late October to early February.
Plum blossoms need some low temperature stimulation during defoliation. In tropical areas where there is no winter at all, their growth and development are abnormal, showing "rhythm disorder" For example, in Haikou, Hainan Island, from June 5438+02 to June 5438+0, plum trees have both blooming flowers and budding buds, as well as mature fruits and young fruits half the size. The old leaves have not fallen, but the new buds have sprouted. To sum up, Meixi is warm and cold-resistant, and needs the stimulation of a certain low temperature in winter. The area with annual average temperature 16-23℃ is the best for growth and development.
Meixi has a high air humidity, but it avoids heavy rain during flowering. Good drainage is required, and a large number of yellow leaves or root rot can die after a few days of waterlogging. It can grow well in areas with annual rainfall of l000 mm or more; But also has certain drought resistance, which is an important biological basis for its successful introduction and domestication in Beijing.
Plums are not strict with the soil and are quite barren. It can grow in almost all kinds of soils in mountainous areas and plains, and clay loam or loam is better. Neutral to slightly acidic soil is most suitable, and slightly alkaline soil can also grow normally. Generally, it is forbidden to breed in the tuyere, especially in the north. Plum blossom is a positive tree species, and it is best to have sufficient sunshine and good ventilation. Otherwise, it is easy to cause the tree to be weak, with few flowers or even no flowers at all. Plum is a long-lived tree species, some of which have survived for thousands of years. For example, there are 20 original Song Mei plants in Chaoshan, Hangzhou, which were planted by Su Mian (1056) and finally died (1933), with an age of 877 years. The oldest existing "Longevity Plum" is Yuan Mei of Caoxi Temple in Kunming Hot Springs. It has a history of more than 700 years and bears fruit every year.
After sowing for 3-4 years, the seedlings can blossom. After 7-8 years, bloom gradually. Grafted seedlings can blossom after 1- 2 years if cultivated properly. In the first 40-50 years, the growth potential is the most prosperous, and then the growth gradually slows down and the growth potential gradually declines. Generally speaking, the flowering and growth season of plum is early, the annual development period of flowers and fruits is short, the dormant period of the tree is long, the tree vigor is easy to recover and the cultivation is easy to succeed. Plum sprouts have strong branching ability, so they are resistant to pruning. Latent buds have a long life and are easy to germinate after stimulation, so old trees are easy to rejuvenate. Shallow-rooted tree species, planted on flat land, with roots distributed in 40 cm soil layer on the surface, and planted in mountainous areas with deeper roots. Leaves will be picked after flowering, and new buds will stop growing in June-July. About after the new shoots stop growing 15-20 days (about late July. Early August), flower bud differentiation. N flower buds are mostly formed in the axils of 1 annual branches, with 1-2 per branch and 3-4 per individual.
1987 In the spring, there was a pot of' buttoned scarlet' plums in Moshan Botanical Garden, East Lake, Wuhan, which opened six in the same axil, which was really rare. Mainly according to the length, plum blossom can be divided into four levels (categories) of flower skills, namely: thorns, the top becomes thorns, and the internodes are very short; Bouquet, less than 3 cm long, often in bundles; Short flower branches. Length 4-ld cm; Middle flower branch, length11; 30 cm; Long flower branches, more than 30 cm long. There are great differences in flowering density among plum varieties. Where the proportion of bunches, thorns and short branches is high, the flowers will be dense; The same is true for axillary buds with many flower buds (2-4 per node).
Generally, in the Yangtze River valley, the single flowering period is 7- 17 days, and the group flowering period (50%-90%) is 10-25 days. However, the flowering period of different plum varieties is very different. For example, the single flowering period of' Longyou' plum is only 8 days, and the flowering period of' Gu Hong Zongzhi' group is only 8 days, which is the shortest; However, the single flowering period of' Jiaozhi' is longer than 14 days, and the flowering period of' Fenpigongfen' and other groups is longer than 20 days, which is the longest. The length of flowering period is closely related to temperature (room temperature): under the conditions above freezing point, such as low temperature, flowering period is long; The higher the temperature, the shorter the flowering period.
Grafting is the most commonly used propagation method of plum, followed by cutting and layering, followed by sowing. As the rootstock of plum, plum or peach is commonly used in the south, and apricot, apricot or apricot is used in the north.
Apricot and Prunus armeniaca are excellent plum rootstocks with high survival rate and strong cold resistance, especially in the north. Mei * * * rootstock performs well, especially it is more suitable to graft Gu Mei pile landscape with Lao Mei Shuyao as rootstock. Usually cutting, splitting, tongue, abdomen or abutment, after the rootstock germinates in spring; Abdominal connection can also be done in autumn. You can also use winter leisure to graft the tongue body with soilless rootstocks indoors, and then store it in the sand or plant it. As for docking, most of them are connected by young plum trees, which are suitable in spring and autumn. From June to September, bud grafting is often carried out, and multi-line shield bud grafting method is adopted.
When budding in the Yangtze River basin, the grafted buds can have thicker xylem. Because of the dry climate in Beijing and other places, bud grafting can have very fine xylem or no xylem at all; GJ also adopts square bud grafting ("single door") and so on. Prunus mume hardwood cuttings are mostly used in the Yangtze River basin. For example, Wuhan cuttings 10- 15 cm long 1 annual branches in June 1 1, the effect is good. The survival rate of different varieties of Maine is quite different. Generally speaking, the survival rate is the highest, which can reach more than 80%. Before cutting, if the cuttings are quickly soaked in butyric acid (500PPm aqueous solution) (5- 10 second) and then cut, the survival rate can be higher, and it can also promote the rooting of famous products such as' send spring' and' money green calyx'. Layering is a traditional method for breeding plum blossoms in Hongling Township, xian county City, Anhui Province and the vicinity of Chongqing City, Sichuan Province, which is carried out in early spring. In 1-2 years, most of the sprouting branches are girdled with sharp edges and buried in the soil for 3-4 cm. Usually only water in summer and autumn when it is dry, cut it off after autumn and plant it separately. High pressure is a method of cultivating big seedlings, which can be carried out in rainy season.
In order to cultivate rootstocks or new varieties, seeds can be sown. Harvest mature seeds in June, wash and dry, and sow in autumn. If you sow in spring, you should mix the wet sand layer to sow in the following spring. If it is used for breeding, it is better to sow with meat (or clean) in summer. Tissue culture of Prunus mume is a new and efficient propagation method. At present, Wuhan experiment has successfully cultivated plum blossom, including garden cultivation, cut flower cultivation, bonsai cultivation and delayed flowering cultivation.
The most important thing to cultivate plum blossoms in open gardens is the right place for trees. First of all, we should choose a suitable location to meet its ecological requirements. When planting, we should pay attention to plum blossom as the theme, with evergreen trees such as pine and bamboo as the background and guest scenery. Generally, 2-5-year-old seedlings are planted, and the planting method can be solitary planting, cluster planting or group planting. When planting Meilin, Meiling or Meishan in a large area, it should be planted on sunny or semi-sunny slopes with a spacing of 3- 5 meters.
It should be dense and natural. After digging tree holes and applying base fertilizer, plant and water them to strengthen management. The natural and happy appearance is suitable for plum tree shaping. Pruning should generally be mild, mainly thinning, supplemented by short cutting. During the management period, a ship should be fertilized three times, that is, from autumn to early winter, and the base fertilizer, such as cake fertilizer, compost, manure and so on. ; Apply quick-acting fertilizers as soon as possible before germination, such as human excrement and urine, urea and other "flower-promoting fertilizers"; After the new shoots stop growing (around the end of June and the beginning of July), it is necessary to properly control the water content and apply quick-acting "flower bud fertilizer" such as calcium superphosphate and potassium chloride to promote flower bud differentiation. Attention should be paid to the management of plum blossoms, including irrigation, water suppression, weeding and insect prevention.
The main purpose of plum blossom cultivation is to produce cut flowers. Most of them are planted in the open space, and the mother plants are all planted. The plant spacing can be smaller (3x3m), the main branch point should be lower (about 30cm), and it should be re-cut. Fertilize more to promote a large number of long flower branches for vase flowers and other flowers to decorate. A variety suitable for cut flower cultivation requires it to grow vigorously and bloom intensively every year. Palace pollen plum blossom should be the main cut flower, followed by green calyx type and tracts type; The cinnabar type just needs a little foil.
Plum blossoms are more resistant to pests and diseases and root cancer, and are not harmed by nematodes, which is precious. Plums tend to live longer, which is related to their less destructive pests and diseases. But there are also several common diseases and insect pests, such as powdery mildew, anthracnose, perforation and plaster disease; Gummosis; Insects such as longicorn beetles (mainly red-necked longicorn beetles), aphids c), scale insects, moths, spiny moths, Noctuidae, dead leaf moths, leaf curl moths and apple caterpillars. Therefore, we should pay attention not to plant too densely, do a good job of ventilation and drainage, and strengthen daily tending management. After the occurrence of pests and diseases, we must cure them in time. In drug control, we should pay attention to avoid spraying dimethoate on plums, otherwise it will easily cause side effects such as early defoliation. Mei is resistant to shaping and pruning, with thick branches and easy to form flower buds, which is especially suitable for bonsai cultivation. First, the surviving seedlings are cultivated in the open field for several years, and then put into pots at the end of the year. The soil in the basin should be loose and fertile, and a layer of brick wine or coarse clods at the bottom of the basin should be applied to facilitate drainage.
Prune before and after planting. The whole cut can be strong. If necessary, it can be cut with a knife, tied with brown silk, wrapped with iron wire, or even cut with an axe or burned. The principle is always "sparse, rough, curved", "vigorous and natural", and rigid programs such as "Plum with the Wind", "Plum with Tuozi", "Plum with Screen" and "Plum with Dragon Snake" are avoided. Pruning plum piles and pots should be more important than plum blossoms in real estate. Potted plum blossoms should be watered moderately. Too many leaves are easy to turn yellow, and too dry leaves are easy to turn green, which is very harmful. However, after the new technology grows to the required length (about 30 cm), it is necessary to properly control the water content and apply more fertilizer in June to promote flower bud differentiation. Before flowering, put it in the sunny place of the cold room, and then move it indoors to watch it when it is in bud. After flowering, the intensity should be cut short, and it should still be cultivated in the open field to restore vitality and enhance growth.
Plum blossoms are suitable for delaying flowering, and now Spring Festival, May Day, July 1, National Day, New Year's Day and other festivals can bloom. Plum blossom is a kind of temperature-sensitive flower, because the time is close to the natural flowering period, so it is easier to make it bloom on New Year's Day or Spring Festival. It should be noted that the temperature should not be too high, water should be sprayed frequently to keep the air humidity, and it should be placed in a sunny place. After the bud is exposed, it should be moved to low temperature, which can last for 10-20 days. If the temperature is 15-20℃, it will bloom in a week or so. In order to prolong the viewing period of plum blossoms, the room temperature should be adjusted to about lO℃. Otherwise, the flowers will wither in a few days.
If you want to blossom in May, you can put potted plum blossoms with rich buds in a cold room slightly above freezing point and gradually move them out of the room until the middle of April of the following year. If you want to blossom before the National Day, you should "withhold water" in time after the new shoots grow to 30 cm, topdressing again, and remove all the leaves, and then alternately treat the low temperature and high temperature to promote the newly formed flower buds to blossom before the National Day.
The basic tasks and directions of plum blossom breeding are:
First, cold-resistant breeding;
The second is to change the flowering period, such as breeding, early plum,' second degree' plum,' four seasons' plum and other varieties;
3. Flower and fruit breeding;
Fourth, change the plant shape and branch posture, such as cultivating dwarf, drooping branches, Longyou and other varieties;
5. Choose new color preparation varieties with double petals, large flowers and dense flowers, including all kinds of novel colors, such as dark yellow, golden yellow, orange red, colored stripes, dark green, purple black and so on;
Six, breeding new varieties of pollution resistance (sulfur dioxide, etc.). ); Wait a minute.
Plum blossom breeding mainly through the following ways:
Brief introduction: For example, in recent years, Beijing Forestry University introduced plum blossoms from Hefei and Wuhan, and introduced' Single Apricot' plum blossoms from Qingdao, which enriched the varieties of plum blossoms wintering in Beijing. This is a simple introduction and training. Through this method of introduction and domestication, new varieties with relatively cold resistance and drought resistance have been cultivated, such as' Xiaomei' and' Beijing Yudie'. These plums can generally overwinter in the open air in winter and bloom in spring.
Second, plant selection or bud mutation selection: by selecting excellent plants or finding bud mutation (whole plant or branch), and then by asexual propagation (cutting, grafting, etc.). ) fixation, excellent new varieties can stand out. For example, in the early 1980s, Moshan Botanical Garden in Wuhan East Lake Scenic Area bred a new variety of' Zaoningxin' from' Ningxin'.
3. Seedling selection: collect the seeds produced by natural pollination from the robust mother tree, and select better new varieties from the seedlings after sowing. This is a quick and economical way to select seeds.
Interspecific hybridization: correctly select parents, arrange hybrid combinations, artificially emasculate, pollinate and bag. The female parent should choose varieties and plants with high intensity and have many excellent characters; The male parent needs more pollen, strong germination, no big shortcomings, and the special advantages are just complementary to the female parent.
In gardens (including scenic spots), plum blossoms can be planted by solitary planting, cluster planting, group planting and forest planting. Or single or several plants can be planted in front of houses, slopes, rocks, roadsides, ponds or patios. It is always appropriate to plant them in high, dry and sunny places. It is best to use green evergreen trees or dark buildings as the background to set off the beauty of plum blossoms. For example, when pine, bamboo and plum are collocated, pine is the background, bamboo is the guest scene, and plum blossom is the main scene between two evergreen trees-this is really a relatively stable artificial plant community, and it is also a picture of "Three Friends in Ancient Cold" that complements each other.
Different plum blossom types and varieties can also be used to plant characteristic gardens, such as Meihuashan, Sanyou Road, Meiling, Mei Feng, Meiyuan, Meixi, Meijing and Meiwu. Plum blossoms can also be used as cut flowers, or for potted plants and bonsai. Some fruits can be processed and eaten, such as preserved plum, green plum, sour plum, dried plum, plum paste and Pei-Mui Chan. In addition, plums can also be made into plum wine and plum vinegar with special flavor. Mume is a famous medicine made of green, yellow and plum. Plum blossoms can also be used as medicine after drying. Meimu is tough and elastic, which is an ideal material for sewing walking sticks, carving and other carpentry. (* _ _ *) Hee hee ...