English name: Grape (Grape)
Alias: Pu Tao, Cao Longzhu, Mountain Gourd, Li Tao, etc.
Family name: Vitaceae.
Morphological characteristics of grapes Grapes are the fruits of Vitaceae. It is a deciduous vine and one of the oldest plants in the world. Originated in Europe, America and Central Asia, it is produced in the north of the Yangtze River Basin in China, mainly distributed in Xinjiang, Gansu, Shanxi, Hebei and other places. The stem and vine are as long as 10 ~ 20m. Simple leaves, alternate. Flowers are small and yellow-green, forming panicles. Berries are round or oval, and the fruits have different colors, such as white, blue, red, brown, purple and black. The maturity period is from August to 10. Grapes have been cultivated in China for more than 2,000 years, which is said to have been introduced from Zhang Qian in Han Dynasty.
There are many varieties of grapes, about 60 in the world, including about 25 in China. There are two major cultivated varieties in the world: European varieties and fox grapes. According to their different origins, they can be divided into oriental strains and European strains. Longan, seedless white, milk and black-bone chicken heart cultivated for a long time in China belong to the oriental variety group. "Rose fragrance" and "Galini" belong to European varieties. Fresh use or dry in the shade.
Grape is the oldest fruit. According to paleontologists, the fossils of grape leaves and seeds were found in Cenozoic tertiary strata, which proved that grapes existed more than 6.5 million years ago. Some scholars believe that there were plants similar to grapes 230 million to 67 million years ago.
Nutritional value of nutritional analysis;
1. The sugar in grapes is mainly glucose, which can be quickly absorbed by the human body. When hypoglycemia occurs in human body, if you drink grape juice in time, you can quickly relieve the symptoms;
2. French scientists found that grapes can prevent thrombosis better than aspirin, and can lower the level of human serum cholesterol and reduce the cohesion of platelets, which has a certain effect on preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases;
3. Flavonoids contained in grapes are powerful antioxidants, which can resist aging and scavenge free radicals in the body;
Grape contains an anticancer trace element (resveratrol), which can prevent healthy cells from becoming cancerous and prevent cancer cells from spreading. Grape juice can help organ transplant patients reduce rejection and promote early recovery.
Nutritional components:
The sugar content of grapes is as high as 10%-30%, mainly glucose. A large amount of fruit acid in grapes helps digestion. Eating more grapes properly can strengthen the spleen and stomach. Grape contains minerals such as calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, vitamins B 1, B2, B6, C, P, etc., and also contains many amino acids needed by human body. Eating grapes regularly is of great benefit to neurasthenia and fatigue. After grapes are made into raisins, the content of sugar and iron will be higher, which is a good tonic for women, children and people with weakness and anemia. Medical books and records in ancient China all discussed the medicinal use of grapes. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that grapes are sweet and slightly sour, and have the effects of nourishing liver and kidney, benefiting qi and blood, appetizing and promoting fluid production, and diuresis. Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica says: Grape is the master of "dryness and dampness of bones and muscles, benefiting qi, strengthening ambition, making people fat and healthy, and resisting hunger and cold". If you eat for a long time, you won't get old. Grape not only has a wide range of medicinal value, but also can be used for dietotherapy: when dizziness, palpitation and cerebral anemia occur, drinking proper amount of wine 2-3 times a day has a certain therapeutic effect; 15g dry grapevine can be decocted in water to treat poor pregnancy. "Household necessities" also records that grape juice has the function of relieving boredom and quenching thirst. Modern medical research shows that grapes also have anti-cancer and anticancer effects. Grape has a high ornamental value, and people make it into various bonsai and put it indoors, which is elegant and beautiful. Or planted in front of and behind the house, with vines winding and delicate fragrance, it is a leader in beautifying the environment. But the great economic value of grapes mainly lies in wine making, and 80% of grapes in the world are used for wine making. However, with the enhancement of people's health awareness and the change of consumption concept, more and more grapes are made into juice and become delicious multifunctional nutritious and health-care fruits. Not only can it treat many diseases, but drinking grape juice directly also has antiviral effect.
Nutritional components: The sugar content of grapes is 8% ~ 10%, vitamins A, B 1, B2, C, protein, potassium, phosphorus, iron and other minerals, and it also contains many substances with physiological functions.
[Edit this paragraph] Grape effect
Eating more grapes can invigorate qi, nourish blood and strengthen the heart. "Records of Famous Doctors" said: Drive away water and facilitate urination. From the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine, grapes have the functions of relaxing muscles and promoting blood circulation, stimulating appetite and strengthening the spleen, and helping digestion. They are rich in iron, so they enrich the blood. In hot summer, people with poor appetite often eat it to help them increase their appetite. Grape has high nutritional value, and grape juice is praised as "plant milk" by scientists. The sugar content of grapes is about 10%-25%, and the highest is about 30. Most of the sugar contained in grapes is glucose that can be directly absorbed by human body, so grapes become an ideal fruit with weak digestive ability. Grapes contain more tartaric acid, which is more helpful for digestion. Eating more grapes properly can strengthen the spleen and stomach, which is of great benefit to the body. Medical research has proved that grape juice is the best food for patients with inflammation, which can reduce the contents of protein and sodium chloride in blood. Grape juice plays an auxiliary role in the rehabilitation of weak patients, arteriosclerosis patients and nephritis patients, and the incidence of cancer is also significantly reduced in places where grapes are planted and eaten more. Grape is the fruit with the most complex iron element, and it is a nutritious food for anemia patients. Eating grapes regularly is beneficial to neurasthenia and fatigue. After the grapes are dried in the sun, the contents of sugar and iron are relatively increased, which is a good tonic for children, women and people with physical weakness and anemia.
Grape seed is 95% proanthocyanidins, and its antioxidant effect is 18 times higher than that of vitamin C and 50 times higher than that of vitamin E, so grape seed can be said to be a real antioxidant superstar. Antioxidants are a way of aging, so grape seeds can keep you young forever.
Grape, written as peach blossom in Han dynasty, can make wine enter the hole and make the drinker drunk, hence the name. The round one is called dragon ball, the old one is called mare's milk grape, the white one is called crystal grape, and the black one is called purple grape. It is said in the Han Dynasty that Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, which is the only reason. However, there are grapes in Shennong Herbal Classic, but they were old in Longxi before the Han Dynasty, but they did not enter the customs. So we know that the grapes cultivated in China are very old and there are many varieties. . Grape production accounts for almost a quarter of the world's fruit production. Grape is the second largest fruit that people like to eat in the world today. In the fruit production all over the world, the yield and cultivation area of grapes have always been in the first place. Its fruit can be not only eaten fresh, but also used to make wine, grape juice, raisins and canned food.
Grapes are not only delicious, but also have high nutritional value. Mature berries contain 15%-25% glucose and a variety of minerals and vitamins beneficial to human body.
Grape is a tonic, which has the effect of tonifying deficiency and strengthening stomach. People who are weak and malnourished should eat more grapes or raisins, which will help to restore their health, because grapes contain many nutrients such as protein, amino acids, lecithin, vitamins and minerals, especially sugar, mainly glucose, which is easily absorbed by the human body.
The elderly have weak stomach qi and insufficient stomach yin; Or people with chronic gastritis and poor appetite, chewing 6-9 grams of raisins before each meal can stimulate appetite and supplement weakness. For patients with vomiting due to stomach deficiency, you can take a small glass of grape juice and a little ginger juice to stop vomiting.
For patients with hoarseness, a cup of grape juice and a cup of sugarcane juice can be mixed evenly and swallowed slowly, several times a day, which also has a certain auxiliary treatment effect. For patients with hypertension, grape juice and a cup of celery juice can be taken with boiling water, 2-3 times a day, 15 days as a course of treatment.
30 grams of Vitis amurensis root is decocted in water, which is used to treat vomiting and edema during pregnancy, and has the effects of stopping vomiting, diuresis and detumescence. Some people drink 30 grams of fresh grape root decoction to treat icteric hepatitis; It can be used as an adjuvant therapy.
Grape leaves can be used to treat infantile diarrhea. Take a proper amount of grape leaves, wash them, add water and decoct them twice, remove residues and concentrate them into paste, add half flour and half sugar, mix well, make them into soft granules, and then dry them in the sun or dry them in the sun. For people over the age of L, take 3-6g each time, 2-3 times a day; /kloc-under 0/year-old, reduce or exempt as appropriate.
Grapes are flat and sweet, and enter the lung, spleen and kidney meridians;
Has the effects of invigorating qi and blood, benefiting liver and kidney, promoting fluid production to quench thirst, strengthening bones and muscles, relieving cough and vexation, invigorating qi and blood, and promoting diuresis;
Indications: deficiency of qi and blood, cough due to lung deficiency, palpitation, night sweats, rheumatic joint pain, stranguria, edema, etc. It can also be used for adjuvant treatment of spleen deficiency, qi deficiency, shortness of breath, edema, dysuria and other diseases.
[Edit this paragraph] Edible
Ordinary people can eat grapes.
The following people are especially suitable for eating:
1. Patients with nephritis, hypertension, edema, children, pregnant women, anemia, neurasthenia, fatigue, fatigue, premature senility, cough due to lung deficiency, night sweats, rheumatoid arthritis, pain in limbs and bones, especially cancer patients;
The following people are not suitable for eating:
1. Diabetic patients and constipation patients should not eat more; People with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold should not eat more, which will make people diarrhea.
Grape dietotherapy formula
Grape formula for treating chronic nephritis
Formula: Mulberry 60g, Coix seed 40g, grape 30g, and appropriate amount of rice.
Method: Add appropriate amount of water to the above three ingredients and cook porridge.
Take 1 ~ 2 times a day.
Formula for treat hyperlipidemia with grape leaves
Formula grape leaves, hawthorn and Polygonum multiflorum each 10g.
The method is to add appropriate amount of water to the above three herbs and decoct them in soup.
Take the decoction, 1 ~ 2 times a day, 1 time.
[Edit this paragraph] Grape use
1. Grapes are widely used. Besides being eaten raw, they can also be dried, brewed, juiced, canned and jam-made.
2. As a cooking material, it requires large particles, crisp meat, seedless and good flavor; Raisins are used as accessories for snacks;
3. Eating too much is easy to get angry or have diarrhea.
[Edit this paragraph] Grapes and raisins
Grapes and raisins are essentially grapes. Only in the process of commodity circulation, markets in Hong Kong, Shanghai and other places usually refer to Eurasian grapes with large particles, thick skin, little juice, high quality, difficult separation of skin and flesh, and storage and transportation resistance as raisins, and according to different colors, they refer to bright red grapes as red grapes, purple-black grapes as black grapes, and yellow-green grapes as green grapes. The fruit with large grain, soft quality, juicy and easy peeling is called grape, which forms two names. Generally speaking, all imported grapes are classified into small categories.
When you pinch grapes by hand, the skin and meat are easy to separate, while the red skin is thin, so it is difficult to separate the skin and meat. Judging from the shape of the mountain, raisins and grapes have different brownish-red degrees. Red raisins are deep red, with consistent fruit shape and uniform size. Generally, it is a whole string, which is not easy to spread out and difficult to hold in your hand. Moreover, the taste of red raisins is crisp and sweet and can be preserved for a long time. Under normal circumstances (without taking any measures), it can be stored for about 15 days.
In recent years, all imported hard-fleshed grapes are called "raisins", and some fruit farmers are competing for development regardless of regional differences and quality; They also prefer foreign varieties to domestic varieties.
[Edit this paragraph] Grape cultivation methods
(1) temperature
Different grape groups have different requirements for temperature at different growth stages. For example, when the average temperature in early spring reaches about 10℃ and the soil temperature of 30cm underground is 7- 10℃, hybrids from Europe, Asia, Europe and America begin to germinate; Vitis amurensis and its hybrids can germinate when the soil temperature is 5-7℃. With the increase of temperature, the germinated new buds will accelerate their growth, and the most suitable temperature for the growth of new buds and flower buds is 25-38℃. When the temperature is lower than 14℃, it is not conducive to flowering and pollination. The optimum temperature for berry ripening is 28-32℃. When the temperature is lower than 16℃ or higher than 38℃, it is not conducive to the development and maturity of berries and the quality is reduced. The temperature at which roots start to move is 7- 10℃, and the fastest growth is at 25-30℃. Varieties with different maturity need effective accumulated temperature. For example, the effective accumulated temperature of early-maturing variety Saba Pearl needs 2 100℃, the middle-maturing variety Vineyard Queen needs 2500℃, and the late-maturing variety Longan needs 3300℃ to fully mature.
The tolerance of grapes to low temperature varies with different groups and organs, such as Eurasian species and European and American hybrids, which can tolerate low temperature of -3 to -4℃ when buds germinate; Young leaves, young leaves and inflorescences were frozen at-65438 0℃ and 0℃ respectively. During the dormant period, the winter buds of mature branches of Eurasian varieties can tolerate-16℃ to-17℃, and perennial lianas are frozen at -20℃. The cold resistance of root system is weak. The roots of longan, rose fragrance and vineyard queen in Eurasia were slightly frozen at -4℃ to -5℃, and froze to death for two days at around -6℃. Using Vitis amurensis or Vitis amurensis as rootstock in northern China can improve the cold resistance of root system, and its root system can tolerate low temperatures of-16℃ and-1℃, and the critical lethal temperatures are-18℃ and-14℃ respectively, which can reduce the cold resistance in winter.
(2) Lighting
Grapes are light-loving plants and need high light. The length of illumination time has a great influence on the growth, yield and quality of grapes. When the light is insufficient, the new shoots grow thin, the leaves are thin, the leaves are pale, the ears are small, flowers and fruits fall off in large numbers, the yield is low, the quality is poor, and the winter buds are poorly differentiated. Therefore, when building a garden, it is required to choose a place with good light, pay attention to improving the wind and light conditions on the shelf surface, correctly design the row direction and row spacing, and adopt reasonable shaping and pruning techniques.
(3) Moisture
Water plays an important role in the life activities of grapes, and nutrients are transported to various organs after being dissolved in water, so water is the carrier of nutrients, which can regulate the body temperature of trees and promote the absorption of water and fertilizer through water transpiration. If the soil is too dry, it is difficult for the roots to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and photosynthesis is weakened, which is easy to make old leaves turn yellow and fall off, and even plants wither and die. However, excessive water is harmful to growth, and flooding in flood season generally does not exceed 1 week, and it can still grow as usual after water infiltration; Flooding for more than 10 days will suffocate the roots, and also cause yellowing and shedding of leaves, insufficient new shoots, poor flower bud differentiation and even plant death. Grapes have different water requirements in different phenological periods. Early spring germination, new shoot growth period and young fruit expansion period need sufficient water supply. Generally, it is appropriate to irrigate every 7- 10 day/time, so that the soil water content can reach about 70%. It is better that the soil moisture content reaches about 60% before and after berry ripening. However, in the case of excessive rainfall, attention should be paid to timely drainage to avoid excessive humidity affecting the quality of berries and prone to diseases. If there is too little rain, irrigate 1 time every 10 day, otherwise it will easily crack fruit and cause economic losses if it rains for a long time.
(4) Soil
Grape has strong adaptability to soil, and all kinds of soil can be cultivated except swamp and heavy saline-alkali land, and fertile sandy loam is the most suitable. Different soils have different effects on the growth, filling and quality of grapes. In unsuitable areas, soil improvement and planting can be carried out through agricultural engineering and cultivation techniques. For example, in the saline-alkali area of Panjin, Liaoning, the soil content is above 0.3%, so it is impossible to survive by directly planting grapes. However, after 2-3 years, the soil salinity can be reduced to below 0.2%, and grapes can be planted by digging ditches and terraces, irrigating and washing salt, replacing soil with green manure or local soil, and selecting salt-tolerant rootstock varieties.
(5) Others
In grape cultivation, we should not only consider the requirements of grapes for suitable climatic conditions, but also pay attention to avoiding and protecting disastrous climate, such as long drought, flood, severe frost, strong wind and hail. All these may cause great losses to grape production. For example, strong winds in the growing season often break new buds, scrape off fruit ears and even destroy vines. Hail in summer often damages branches and leaves and ears, which seriously affects the yield and quality of grapes. Therefore, the frequency and intensity of a certain disaster factor should be taken into account when building a garden, and the location of the garden should be reasonably selected, the suitable direction should be determined, the shelterbelt should be built, and other corresponding protective measures should be taken.
(6) Soilless grape cultivation techniques
Now I will provide you with the technical points of soilless cultivation of grapes in protected areas, hoping to help you.
1, culture form and matrix formula
The formula of grape soilless culture substrate must be a mixed substrate with organic substrate as the main substrate. The substrates used are peat, organic fertilizer and plant straw, each accounting for 1/3, and 5% river sand and 5% vermiculite are added. The cultivation form is geosyncline. First dig a planting ditch with a depth of 60cm and a width of 100cm, and lay stones at the bottom of 10cm for underground drainage, which is connected with one end of the ditch and the waist ditch. The upper part of 50cm is a substrate layer. Peat, organic fertilizer and river sand are mixed in the substrate layer, plant straws and vermiculite are spread on it, and water is poured to leach the substrate, and then grape seedlings are planted.
2. Management technology
The fertilization method is mainly solid inorganic fertilizer. According to the needs of grape growth and development, topdressing urea for 3 times (2 times less than soil culture) in the first year of planting, 50 grams per plant each time; The ternary compound fertilizer is applied twice, each time100g/plant, and 9 kg of urea and 12 kg of ternary compound fertilizer are applied per mu throughout the year, which are 1/5 and 1/4 of the top dressing amount per mu of soil cultivation respectively. Supplementing trace elements by foliar spraying, combined with spraying for 2-3 times throughout the year.
Because of the vigorous growth and huge root system of grapes cultivated in substrate, the ability to resist pests and diseases is greatly improved. The drug was used 3~4 times in the first year of planting, and as a result, it was used less than 5 times in the growing season that year.
The trellis for soilless cultivation of grapes is better than the hedge trellis. Because the hedge frame is short and the grapes grow vigorously, the fruit is not as good as the trellis. From the test results, it is easy to produce high yield and improve quality in the early stage by using flat shed small X plastic surgery.
3. Output and quality
Because the vines cultivated in soilless substrate grow vigorously (its growth is 2~3 times that of soil cultivation), the crown forms quickly and the second yield is high (but the yield should be controlled). When the yield is equivalent to that of soil culture, the glucose level is higher than that of soil culture 1~2 degrees (soluble solids). If Odia is seedless, soil culture is generally 15~ 16 degrees, soilless culture is 18~ 19 degrees, and Kyoho is also 18~ 19 degrees. In order to ensure the quality of grapes, the yield of grape soilless substrate cultivation should be strictly controlled. The young trees planted in 2004 were preserved by varieties until 2005-750 kg/mu for early-maturing varieties (August and Audiat seedless) and 0/000 kg/mu for middle-maturing varieties (Jufeng and Rizamat).
[Edit this paragraph] Grape pest control
First, grape white rot
Symptom recognition
Harm to fruits, early ears, branches and leaves; Among them, the trunnion is the most susceptible part. The onset of otopathy begins with the ear stalk or small fruit near the ground. Light brown water-stained lesions appeared in the affected area. Later, it gradually spread to the ear fruit. The whole ear is hung on the vine, so it is not easy to fall off. Many gray-white spots suddenly change from light brown to dark brown, and soft rotten fruits are easy to fall off. But some of them shrink into stiff fruits with obvious edges and corners, which are not easy to fall off when hanging on vines. When the weather is wet after the rain, black mucus flows out from the diseased fruit particles.
(2) Prevention and control measures
(1) The key period for the prevention and treatment of this disease is from mid-August to mid-August, and spraying drugs after flowering in rainy season. Can spray 1000×50% carbendazim, 800×50% bactericide or 1: 0.5: 180 times Bordeaux mixture. Spray every 10- 15 days/time, 3-4 times (add 650 1 adhesive or washing powder when spraying).
(2) Practice has proved that diseased branches are completely cut off, old skins are scraped off, and diseased fruits, diseased leaves and diseased vines are removed in time. Eliminating pathogenic bacteria is also an important measure to reduce the incidence.
(3) During the growth period, the lower fruit is tied and hung, and the ear of the fruit is guaranteed to be above 20-30 cm from the ground, which can also reduce the incidence.
Second, grape black pox (black eye disease, scab disease)
Symptom recognition
Harm to fruits, fruit stems, leaves and new shoots. After infection of young leaves, polygonal lesions appear, and the affected parts of veins stop growing, resulting in atrophy and even deformation of leaves. When the leaves are sick, there are pale yellow spots on the main veins that gradually turn gray, and the diseased leaves are dry and perforated. Young fruits suffer from brown spots, and then turn gray, slightly concave, with red or purple edges, showing a "bird's eye". Later, the spots cracked and the diseased fruit was small and sour. Sometimes the axis appears, which leads to the stunting and even death of the whole ear.
(2) Prevention and control measures
(1) The key to control the disease is to take medicine twice before flowering and defoliation. Spray 1: 0.5: 180 times bordeaux mixture or 800×50% bacitracin or 600×75% chlorothalonil.
(2) Spraying 5-degree stone sulfur agent before germination.
(3) When pruning in winter, completely cut off the diseased vines and remove the dead leaves.
Third, grape downy mildew
Symptom recognition
It mainly harms leaves and new shoots, and young fruits will also get sick. At the onset of leaf disease, translucent water-stained irregular spots appear on the front, which are light green or light yellow, and finally the spots become yellowish brown or reddish brown and dry. Adjacent lesions are connected to form polygonal large spots. At the same time, gray downy mildew appeared on the back of the leaves. After the shoots are killed, their growth stagnates, twists and even dies. When young fruit is infected, gray downy mildew occurs on the surface of the fruit, the growth stops, and the fruit cracks or falls off.
(2) Prevention and control measures
(1) Spray 1 times 1: 0.5: 1.80 times bordeaux mixture every half month from the initial stage to the peak stage. Or 65,438+0,000 × 25% toxic mold or 250×40% aluminum hexaphosphate.
(2) Remove the dead leaves from the orchard and burn them centrally.
Four, grape anthracnose (late rot, bitter rot)
Symptom recognition
It mainly harms colored fruits. The ear tip near the ground is the earliest onset. After the fruit was infected, gray-purple patches appeared on the surface, gradually darkened in the middle, shallowed in the edge, and had wheel marks. In the future, a few small black spots can be faintly seen in the lesion. With the expansion of the disease, the number of small black spots is increasing, which is arranged like a back. When the air is humid, the little black spots will emit pink mucus. The diseased fruits are soft and rotten quickly, and finally become stiff and easy to fall off.
(2) Prevention and control methods
(1) July-August is the peak period, and1times 1: 0.5: 180 times bordeaux solution or 500×50% bacitracin should be sprayed every half month (650 1 adhesive or washing powder should be added when taking medicine).
(2) Remove the diseased fruits before harvesting and bury them in time: after harvesting, clean the diseased fruits on branches and vines and bury them deeply.
Five, nodule aphids
(1) Hazard and insect identification
It is mainly harmful to the roots. After the root was killed, a tumor was born. At first, it was bright yellow, and then it gradually turned brown and rotted, which made the leaves of the above-ground plants turn yellow, the fruits became smaller, the tree was weak, the yield and quality decreased obviously, and in severe cases, the whole plant died. This worm is soft and looks like an aphid, but its abdomen has no abdominal tube.
(2) Prevention and control methods
(1) This insect is one of the important quarantine objects at home and abroad. When buying seedlings and cuttings from suspicious areas, they must be strictly disinfected. The method is to take 10-20 as a bundle and soak it in 1500×50% phoxim 1 min. (2) Remove the diseased plants in time and burn them.
Six, two-star leafhopper (small leafhopper, grape dust)
(1) Hazard and insect identification
Hurt the leaves. There are small green spots on the damaged leaves, which will turn into white spots later. In severe cases, the leaves will turn white and fall off, and the branches will not mature easily.
Worms are pale yellow and 3-3.5 mm long. There are two black spots on the top of the head, and the wings are yellow and translucent. Insects mostly stay on the back of leaves.
(2) Prevention and control methods
(1) Spraying 3000×80% dichlorvos or 1500×40% dimethoate or 5000×20% metronidazole during the adult or nymph occurrence period.
(2) Clean the orchard in autumn and winter, burn the fallen leaves and eliminate the overwintering adults.
Seven, grape red spider
(1) harmfulness
Damage to leaves and ears. After the leaves are damaged, there are many dark brown stripes, which will scorch and fall off in severe cases. After ear injury, the ear stalk is black, fragile and easily broken. The fruit rusted after being damaged. The skin is rough and sometimes cracked, which affects the growth and coloring of fruit.
(2) Prevention and control methods
(1) Spraying 3-degree lime-sulfur mixture and 0.3% washing powder during spring germination.
(2) Spraying 3000×73% propargite or 1000×40% dicofol in July and August.
(3) When buried in the ground to prevent cold, peel off the rough skin on branches and vines and burn them centrally.
Eight-star or ten-star beetle
(1) Hazard and insect identification
Hurt leaves and buds. The leaves are bitten into holes, and in severe cases, all mesophyll is eaten, leaving only veins and some membranes.
The adult is Sclerotinia elliptica, which is12mm long and 8mm wide. Hard wings are yellow with 10 black spots. The larvae are flat and yellow.
Larvae often focus on harm when they hatch, and disperse when they grow up. Adults often feed on leaves, but once they are touched, they will secrete a yellow liquid, which smells bad and play dead on the ground.
(2) Prevention and control methods
(1) Spraying 1200×90% trichlorfon or 5000×20% metronidazole.
(2) Kill the larvae or shake off the adults and kill them collectively.
Nine, latent ticks (rust ticks, carpet disease)
(1) Hazard and insect identification.
Hurt the leaves. After the grape leaves are unfolded, white spots appear on the surface of the injured leaves, and then the injured parts are raised, and the back is depressed with fluff. The fluff is gray at first, then brown, and finally the most brown. The leaves contract unevenly.
Adults are shaped like Hu Bubai. There are four feet at the front end of the head.
(2) Prevention and control methods
(1) When grape buds germinate in spring and a few buds are exposed to green, spray 0.5 degree lime-sulfur mixture.
(2) The branches and leaves cut down in winter are burned centrally.
Grape tiger moth (grape tiger moth)
(1) Hazard and insect identification
Hurt the leaves. Larvae eat tender leaves, and in severe cases, they will eat all the tender leaves above.
Mature larvae are about 40 mm long. The head and tail are yellow, the back is light green, and there are black spots on each node with long white hair on it.
(2) Prevention and control methods
Spraying 1200× trichlorfon or 1000×520% dichlorvos or 5000×20% methomyl in larval stage.
(2) In early spring, near the roots of grapes, combined with soil preparation, insect pupae (insect kidney: reddish brown, 20 mm long and neat tail) were dug out.
[Edit this paragraph] Simple storage method of grapes
I. Pre-storage treatment
(1) Spraying before picking. Spraying gibberellin with the concentration of 1× 10-6 and chlormequat chloride with the concentration of 1000 times in full bloom, and collecting.
Spraying 1500 times of thiophanate methyl 20 days before fruit harvesting, and spraying 10000 times of liquid naphthylacetic acid 3-5 days before fruit harvesting.
Prevent fruit from cracking and falling off, improve fruit coloring, increase sugar, and prevent fruiting body, scab and white rot.
(2) fruit harvesting. Choose late-maturing and storable products, such as red soil, black mention, black lotus seed, black Olin, Dabao and Kyoho.
Kindness The fruit should be fully mature, with good color, rich fruit powder, thick skin, strong toughness, high sugar content, strong fragrance and storage resistance.
Harvest the dew when it dries. Pick and store carefully to avoid breaking fruit particles and wiping off fruit powder.
(3) cooling and precooling. Remove damaged fruits, pests and diseases, and trim irregular ear tips and auxiliary ears.
After cutting off the fruit stalks with melted wax, spread it on a straw mat in a cool room with good ventilation and heat dissipation for 2 ~ 3 days.
Precooling before storage.
Second, the storage method
(1) cold storage. 3-4 layers of soft paper are lined around the bottom plate and the fruit box, and 0.04-0.0 is added.
6 mm thick film was pressed into storage bags, filled with precooled spikes, each bag was 10 kg ~ 15 kg, and put into the bags.
1 tablet of sulfur dioxide preservative, seal the bag mouth, and then put the fruit box into the warehouse. It can also be erected on the vertical column of the library, and each frame
Wear a pole every 30 cm, with a thin bamboo curtain or grass on it.
Mat, put the ear on the curtain, and put a layer of ear on each layer to avoid crushing the fruit.
(2) cellar storage. The cellar building is the same as the apple cellar. Clean the cellar first and spray 1000 times of liquid bacteria.
Detoxification and disinfection. Erect a bamboo stick on the fruit box every 12 ~ 15 cm, hang the ear on the bamboo stick one by one, and then move it.
Stack it in a cellar, preferably three stories high, and then seal the cellar. You can also erect columns on both sides of the wine cellar, and put poles layer by layer, with spacing between layers.
30-35 cm, the spacing between rods is15-20 cm,
Hang the ears on the pole, with the ear spacing of 4 ~ 5 cm, preferably 4 layers.
(3) storage in film bags. 0.04-0.06 mm thick polyethylene film is pressed to grow to 40 cm,
In a small bag with a width of 30cm, each bag contains 1.5kg ~ 2kg of fruit, the mouth of the bag is tightly tied, and the bottom of the bag is 4 ~ 5cm.
Shallow boxes made of rice-thick sawdust or broken straw, with only one layer of fruit in each box, are placed in the cold room or storage room. Inspection period
You can move the wooden box, but you can't open the bag. Don't open the bag even if there are 1 ~ 2 rotten fruits. Once the bag is opened, the oxygen in the bag will suddenly burst.
However, with the increase, it is difficult to continue the storage tank.
(4) Tile storage. Use a crock with a height of 70 cm and a waist diameter of 60 ~ 70 cm. After washing, the cylinder mouth is facing down.
Spread 3 layers of clean soft paper on the stem and bottom, put 2 ~ 3 layers of ear with a thickness of about 25 cm, and then put them in a tic-tac-toe wooden frame for pasting.
The cylinder waist is covered with film or soft paper on the frame, and for convenience, a small hole with the size of 1 cm is punched every 8 ~ 10 cm.
Breathable, put 1 ~ 2 layers on the membrane, with the height of 15 ~ 20cm, and put the cylinder into the refrigeration room, which is not sealed in the early stage.
1 month later, seal and cover with paper. When the weather gets warmer, close the vents and windows during the day and open them at night to lower the room temperature.
It can be kept until the Spring Festival of the following year. After opening the cylinder, it must be treated once, and the cylinder must never be sealed again to avoid the increase of oxygen in the cylinder.
Quality.
Third, post-storage management.
(a) regular inspection. Check every 15 ~ 20 days/time, and adjust the temperature and humidity to ensure that the temperature and humidity are stored separately.
Keeping it at 0 ~ 3℃ and 85% ~ 90%, too high or too low, too dry or too wet, is not conducive to storage.
(2) Burning sulfur for anticorrosion. The storage capacity of the storage room (room) burns 20 grams of sulfur per cubic meter and once every 10 day.
Second, sterilization and antisepsis.
Growth habit
The most suitable climate and sunshine: too little sunshine will be sour, too much will be too sweet. When grapes germinate in spring, they like the temperature of 7~ 12 degrees, so there can be no frost and hail. When the grape branches grow, the temperature is preferably between 20-25 degrees, neither too hot nor too cold, but also sunny; In autumn, grapes begin to ripen, and the ideal temperature is 20~25 degrees, which is cool and pleasant. It must not rain at this time. In places that are too cold, the vines are very sad in winter. In these areas, the temperature is not high in summer, and it is difficult for grapes to mature. If the temperature often exceeds 10 degrees in winter, the grape roots will continue to supply nutrients to the dead branches slowly, and the grapes will be malnourished when they germinate in the second year.