Personality refers to the relatively stable unique behavior or internal behavior tendency formed by the interaction between individuals and acquired environment on the basis of genetic quality. This uniqueness embodies the stable and unified psychological behavior mode that individuals are different from others.

1, the formation of personality is inseparable from the individual's genetic quality.

2. The ultimate achievement of personality will also be influenced by the acquired environment.

3. The individual's unique personality is not only reflected in the external behavior pattern, but also in the internal psychological tendency, such as the internal values, which is also an important part of personality.

4. Individual personality has adaptive function to its acquired environment.

Second, personality characteristics

1. Integrity of personality: It means that although personality is composed of many elements, these elements are not isolated, but integrated and coordinated with each other. The integrity of personality is the basic feature of personality.

2. The uniqueness of personality: it means that everyone's personality characteristics are always different from others, but show their own characteristics and patterns.

3. Stability of personality: Once an individual's personality is formed, it will remain consistent in a wider range of scenes for a long time. The stability of personality does not mean that once personality is formed, it will never change.

First of all, the stability of personality is mainly aimed at the core personality characteristics and behavior patterns of individuals, and the stability of some secondary characteristics may not be obvious. Secondly, stable personality characteristics and patterns are also likely to be reshaped and reshaped when encountering major life events, otherwise our personality adaptation function will be lost.

4. Sociality of personality: refers to the cultivation of personality, which occurs in the process of individual socialization and has strong social constraints. The sociality of personality makes the individual's personality performance restricted by social situation, showing some complexity.

Third, the elements of personality.

1, personality tendency: the stable difference in the dynamic system of psychological and behavioral activities is simply that everyone has some psychological and behavioral reasons, which may be different.

2. Personality characteristics: the characteristics of psychological and behavioral activities and the stable differences of the system, in short, the patterns, characteristics, styles and ways of psychology or behavior may also be different.

Human characteristics include individual temperament characteristics, personality characteristics and ability characteristics. Personality tendency system and personality characteristic system are interrelated. The system that integrates and coordinates them is called self-regulation system, and these three systems constitute a complete personality.

3. Self-regulation: The self-regulation system of personality refers to our self-awareness, including self-knowledge, self-experience and self-control.

Fourth, self-awareness: as a personality control system, it plays a leading role in the integration of individual personality.

1, the meaning of self-cognition: In short, self-cognition is your own cognition of yourself. Psychology defines self-consciousness as self-consciousness, which is an individual's consciousness and adjustment of his own existence.

2. The structure of self-awareness: self-awareness includes three interrelated components, self-knowledge, self-experience and self-control.

1. Self-knowledge is the cognitive embodiment of self-awareness, which answers questions such as "What kind of person am I", "What kind of person can I be in the future" and "What advantages and disadvantages do I have";

Self-knowledge is the insight and understanding of oneself, including self-cognition and self-evaluation, and it is to carry out various cognitive activities with oneself as the cognitive object to obtain the cognitive results of one's current situation;

Self-awareness refers to the perception and understanding of one's own psychological activities and behaviors. Self-evaluation refers to judging and evaluating one's perceived self-status quo according to certain standards.

② Self-experience is the embodiment of self-awareness in emotions and emotions. It answered questions such as "Do I like myself" and "Am I satisfied with myself".

Self-experience is an emotion that comes from taking oneself as the object of emotion and emotional activities, and self-experience is accompanied by self-cognition.

③ Self-control refers to planning, adjusting and controlling one's own behavior, which is the embodiment of self-awareness in action. It answers questions such as "should I control myself from getting angry" and "can I get up on time as promised to myself". Self-control includes self-monitoring, self-motivation and self-education.

3. Content of self-awareness: Our self-awareness contains rich content about ourselves, including clothes appearance, manners, inner feelings and so on.

① Physical self, psychological self and social self.

② Realistic self, ideal self and projected self.

Fourthly, the regulation mechanism of self-consciousness: self-concept and self-esteem.

The adjustment mechanism of self-consciousness to personality system is realized through self-concept and self-esteem. Self-concept is a dynamic psychological structure, and it is a general belief model for oneself after processing the relevant memory information through self-schema. Self-concept is the core system of self-knowledge. Self-esteem is a self-experience based on self-concept, and it is a subjective emotional feeling of whether an individual is satisfied with himself or not.

The function of verb (verb's abbreviation) self-awareness.

1, keep the internal consistency of individual personality.

2. Provide a basis for individual behavior choice and empirical explanation.

3. Promote self-monitoring and self-education.

6. Summary: Personality refers to the relatively stable unique behavior and internal behavior tendency formed by the interaction between environment and environment on the basis of genetic quality. This uniqueness embodies the stable and unified psychological behavior mode that individuals are different from others.

Personality has the characteristics of integrity, uniqueness, stability and sociality. Personality system consists of personality tendency system, personality characteristic system and personality adjustment system. Self-awareness is the control system of personality, including self-knowledge, self-experience and self-control. Through self-concept and self-esteem, the personality system is integrated into a stable whole.

First, an overview of personality tendencies

1, personality tendency refers to a person's relatively stable consciousness tendency, which is the basic power system for individuals to choose and engage in certain activities, and it determines people's stable attitude and behavior direction towards objective things.

① Personality tendency is dynamic.

② Personality tendency is relatively stable.

③ Personality tendency is closely related to behavior duration and activity efficiency.

2. Personality tendency mainly includes needs, motives, interests and beliefs.

Second, need

1, need is the basis of personality tendency. Demand is constantly developing. Need is the unbalanced state of physiology and psychology caused by individual's feeling of some kind of deficiency in life, the stable requirement of internal and external living conditions, and the fundamental power source of individual's psychology and behavior. It needs to be based on the distance between the individual's awareness of his own state and the conditions for achieving physiological and social balance.

2. Demand type

① Biological needs and social needs

② Material needs and spiritual needs.

3, the required structure

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory: physiological needs, security needs, belonging and love needs, respect needs and self-realization needs. The relationship between these five basic needs is that the needs of the lower level have priority to meet the needs of the upper level, and the needs of the upper level can only be generated after the needs of the lower level are relatively met.

Third, motivation.

1, motivation refers to the internal force that directly promotes a person's behavior. If you need to add objects, there will be movement.

2. Functions of motivation: activation function, guidance function, maintenance and adjustment function.

3. Motivation and behavioral efficiency: motivation and behavioral choice, motivation and behavioral consequences, motivation and behavioral efficiency.

Fourthly, incentive theory.

1, reinforcement theory: it is believed that reinforcement is the key to establishing or changing behavior.

2. Self-efficacy theory: People's behavior is not only influenced by external reinforcement, but also by the expectation of results and self-ability formed by individual cognitive factors.

3. Expectation-value theory: the intensity of an individual's motivation to engage in a certain behavior is determined by two forces: expectation and value. Expectation refers to an individual's subjective estimation of the probability that he can successfully complete a task. The more relaxed you feel, the higher your expectations. The more difficult the task, the lower the expectation.

Value refers to an individual's subjective estimation of how much benefit he can bring if his behavior is successful. The benefits that a thing can bring to itself are also considered important and irreplaceable by individuals, so the higher the value of this thing; If the benefits of this matter are considered by individuals to be small, then its value is low.

4. Achievement motivation theory: The individual's achievement motivation consists of two parts: the motivation to pursue success and the motivation to avoid failure. The former shows the yearning and pursuit of success, which stimulates the behavior of moving towards the goal, while the latter shows the escape of unexpected failure results.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) abstract

Personality tendency refers to a person's relatively stable consciousness tendency, which is the basic power system for individuals to choose and engage in certain activities, and it determines people's stable attitude and behavior direction towards objective things.

Personal tendencies mainly include needs, motives, interests, hobbies, beliefs and so on. Need is the physiological or psychological imbalance caused by the individual's feeling of some kind of deficiency in life, the requirement for the stability of internal and external living conditions, and the fundamental source of motivation for individual psychology and behavior.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, people's five basic needs-physiological needs, security needs, belonging and love needs, respect needs and self-realization needs-can form a stepped pyramid structure. Motivation is an internal force that needs to be stimulated to directly promote behavior. There is a complex relationship between motivation and behavior, and the relationship between motivation and behavior efficiency is affected by the difficulty of the task. The main motivation theories are reinforcement theory, self-efficacy theory, expectation theory and achievement motivation theory, which explain the factors affecting motivation level and their relationships from different aspects.

First, temperament

Temperament refers to the dynamic characteristics of people's psychological activities, including the speed, intensity, agility, flexibility and directionality of psychological activities.

2. Temperament theory: body fluid theory, body shape theory and advanced nervous system activity theory.

(1) Body fluid theory was first put forward by Hippocrates, a famous ancient Greek doctor, and developed into temperament theory by Galen, a famous ancient Roman doctor. Humor theory holds that individual temperament differences are mainly determined by the proportion of their internal experience types. There are four kinds of body fluids in human body, which are blood from heart, mucus from brain, yellow bile from liver and black bile from stomach. Different human bodies have different mixing ratios of these four body fluids, showing different temperament types. They are biliary, sanguine, mucinous and depressive.

② The somatotype theory comes from the clinical observation of German psychiatrist Krickmir. He found that people's temperament is related to their body shape. Obese people are emotional, sociable, optimistic and prone to manic depression. Slender people are introverted and silent, and are prone to schizophrenia; Strong people are more stubborn, more serious and more prone to epilepsy.

③ Advanced nervous system activity theory The neural process in the cerebral cortex has three basic characteristics: strength, flexibility and balance. According to the combination of these three basic characteristics, we can find four basic temperament types and corresponding behavioral style characteristics: excitement, liveliness, quietness and introversion.

3. Temperament type: Modern psychological research on temperament types shows that the intensity, flexibility and balance of individual higher nervous system activities are manifested in the behavioral level of temperament: the intensity characteristics are mainly sensitivity and tolerance; Flexibility is mainly manifested in quick response, plasticity and emotional excitement; The characteristics of balance are mainly the directionality of psychology and behavior.

(1) bile. Strong-unbalanced, low sensitivity-high tolerance-high responsiveness-strong plasticity-high emotional excitement-high extroversion. The main characteristics of his behavior are impatience, enthusiasm, high excitement, strong aggression and emotional exposure. Typical characters such as Li Kui jy, the black whirlwind in Water Margin.

② sanguine. Strong-balanced-flexible, low sensitivity-high tolerance-high responsiveness-strong plasticity-high emotional excitement-high extroversion, and its behavioral characteristics are lively, flexible, sociable and easy to accept new things. Wang Xifeng and other typical figures in A Dream of Red Mansions.

③ Mucous substance. Strong-balanced-inflexible, low sensitivity-high tolerance-low responsiveness-weak plasticity-low emotional excitement-relatively introverted. Its behavioral characteristics are sedate, quiet, slow, gentle and unsociable. Typical characters such as Lin Chong in Water Margin.

4 depression. Weak type, high sensitivity-low tolerance-low responsiveness-weak plasticity-high emotional excitement-introversion. Its behavioral characteristics are withdrawn, withdrawn, sensitive, profound and lasting emotional experience, and sentimental. Typical figures include Lin Daiyu in A Dream of Red Mansions.

Second, personality.

1. Personality refers to the sum of an individual's stable attitude towards reality and his known habitual behavior tendency.

2. Relationship between personality and temperament: There are differences and connections between personality and temperament. Temperament is one of the foundations of character formation, which affects the development and formation of character; Temperament endows personality with a special style; Personality plays a leading and transforming role in temperament.

3. Analysis of personality characteristics: the attitude characteristics of personality refer to a person's stable attitude towards all aspects of real life; The rational characteristics of personality refer to the stable tendency and style of individuals in cognitive activities; The emotional characteristics of personality refer to the stable tendency and style of individuals in emotional activities; The will characteristics of personality are the stable tendency and style of individuals in will activities. All aspects of personality are interrelated and show certain internal consistency.

4. Personality type analysis

①T-type personality. This is an analytical method to classify personality types with a single standard. T-type personality is a personality characteristic that likes adventure and excitement.

② Cognitive style types: impulsive and contemplative, field-independent and field-dependent, simultaneous processing and serial processing.

③ Personality types of Sprange and Holland: theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, power and religious.

④ Jung's personality type: Jung divided personality into introversion and extroversion according to the tendency of individual psychological activities. Extroverts project their psychological activities on external stimuli, and are enthusiastic, cheerful, sociable, independent, quick-acting and impulsive; Introverts are more keen on the experience and analysis of inner feelings, self-experience and self-analysis, easy to doubt, more cautious and sensitive, and less sociable.

⑤ Type A personality and Type B personality: Type A personality refers to the personality that strives for strength and success, and strives for results. This kind of person has a strong sense of time urgency, always wants to do several things at the same time, and it is easy to put himself in a state of tension and anxiety. Type B character refers to the carefree, leisurely, uncompromising, tolerant and patient character.

5. Personality analysis

(1) allport's theory of personality traits: * * identical traits and personal traits.

② Cattell's 16 personality theory (omitted ~ ~ ~)

③ Big Five personality theory: emotional stability, extroversion, openness, easygoing and cautious.

Third, summary:

Temperament is a dynamic feature of people's psychological activities, including the speed, intensity, agility, flexibility and directionality of psychological activities. It is the response of the types and characteristics of individual higher nervous system activities in behavioral dynamic style. There is no difference between good and bad temperament, only high stability. Typical temperament types are sanguine, mucinous, choleric and depressive. Personality is the synthesis of individual's stable attitude and tendency to reality and the stable behavior pattern that adapts to it. Personality can be divided into different types according to different standards. Such as introversion-extroversion; Impulse-meditation; Simultaneous processing type-series processing type; Field dependence-field independence; Type a-type b-type c, etc.