Planting method of nantu 1 Two options
1. 1 Select varieties with large fruits, high quality, strong adaptability and harvesting in summer and autumn.
At present, there are many varieties and strains of Ficus carica cultivated in South China. Peach powder, Blank, Xuan Ning, Tanigawa and other varieties have better comprehensive characters.
1 Marcy? Peach powder, with reddish brown peel and pink flesh, Xia Guo weighs 65,438+000 ~ 65,438+040 grams, autumn fruit weighs 60 ~ 90 grams, and sugar content is 65,438+06% ~ 65,438+08%. It is sweet in taste, good in quality, resistant to storage, suitable for fresh food and processing, and trees grow vigorously and are cold-resistant.
(2) Branrick, with yellow-brown skin and light pink flesh, Xia Guo weight 100 ~ 120g, autumn fruit weight about 40g, and sugar content of 20%. It tastes sweet and has good quality, but it is not resistant to storage and the trees are flourishing.
③ Xuan Ning, with yellow-green peel and purplish red pulp, Xia Guo weighs about 90g, autumn fruit weighs about 50g, and sugar content is 22%. It is sweet, good in quality, good in storability, vigorous in tree vigor and strong in cold resistance.
(4) Tanigawa, with golden peel and red pulp, Xia Guo weighs about 70g, autumn fruit weighs 50g, and sugar content is 20%. Sweet taste, good quality, storage resistance, vigorous tree growth and strong cold resistance.
1.2 Choose loam without environmental pollution for planting.
Figs are very adaptable. The areas with annual average 15℃, average maximum temperature of 25℃ in summer, average minimum temperature of 8℃ in winter, and accumulated biological temperature of 4,800℃ above 5℃ throughout the year are most favorable for the growth and fruiting of figs. Ficus carica is not strict with rainfall, and the area with annual rainfall of 400~800mm is suitable for the growth of Ficus carica. To develop the commodity production of Ficus carica, we should follow the production standard of pollution-free agricultural products and build gardens in areas far from pollution. Garden environment (such as atmospheric environment, irrigation water quality, harmful heavy metal content in soil, etc.). ) should be within the allowable standard limits. Therefore, attention should be paid to avoiding pollution sources when building gardens. Three wastes? Emissions) and indirect pollution sources (upstream and upstream water pollution). Around the orchard, a shelterbelt network should be established to prevent wind and dust. The park is required to be free of dust and acid rain, and industrial wastewater irrigation is prohibited. Figs have a wide adaptability to soil, but loam grows best. According to 3-year-old Marcy? According to the observation of young peach trees, the average annual growth (stem length, total weight of aboveground parts and total roots of underground parts) from sandy soil to loam soil is obviously larger than that of clay and sandy soil, and the ratio of crown to root is about smaller than that of clay and sandy soil (see table). At the same time, the pH value is 7~7.5.
2. Two kinds of rationality
2. 1 Rational planting
Ficus carica has fast growth, fast crown expansion and early fruiting period, so it is not suitable for over-dense planting. Planting density should be determined according to the branch characteristics and pruning methods of varieties. Marcy? Taofen low crown, press? x？ Font trimming, 3m spacing between plants? 3m is suitable, press? v？ You can reshape and trim the shape by pressing 3m? 1m close planting; The planting density of Blank and Xuan Ning can be reduced appropriately. In order to adhere to the principle of changing soil before planting seedlings, we must change soil before planting seedlings. In the planning garden, dig an artificial ditch with a width of 1m and a depth of about 0.8m in the north-south direction, and the length of the ditch is the same as that of the plot; When planting in mountainous areas and hills, planting ditches should be dug in order to build terraces and do a good job in soil and water conservation projects. The topsoil is backfilled into the planting ditch, combined with the fill, and the crop straw and weed green manure are layered and buried in the ditch. The backfill soil in the middle and upper part of the ditch should be mixed with organic fertilizers such as decomposed compost, manure and livestock manure 100kg/ plant, and calcium superphosphate and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (2kg/ plant). Flat land or paddy field should be drained first according to its groundwater level. When digging a planting ditch, the bottom of the ditch should be sloped along the direction of water flow in the drainage system to prevent water accumulation in the planting ditch. On the flat land with high underground water level, planting ridges with a height of 50cm and a width of about 3m can be erected in a turtle-back shape, and trees can be planted on the ridges.
Before planting, flatten the injured root system, put the seedlings straight, let the root system stretch naturally, cover the root system with topsoil in layers, properly compact it, and pour enough root water. Because the fig root system is shallow, when planting seedlings with large branches, 1 bamboo poles should be inserted as columns, and the trunk should be tied to the columns to prevent the seedlings from toppling over.
2.2 Reasonable plastic trimming
Figs should be dwarfed because of their shallow roots. If the trunk is set very high, the center of gravity of the tree will move up and it will be easily blown down by the wind. Marcy? Taofen is more suitable? x？ Shape shaping and pruning, stem height 30~40cm, four main branches horizontal? x？ The shape extends outward, and the main branch is shortened to 60~80cm every year during plastic surgery. On the main branch, the bearing branch group was selected according to the ipsilateral branch spacing of 40cm, and 1~2 buds were repeatedly cut off every year to maintain the growth balance among branches. After pruning for two years, the main branches are no longer shortened from the third year, and the weak buds are the top, which inhibits growth. During the growing season, the branches on the main branches should be picked in time, so that the height of the bearing mother branches should be kept on a plane as far as possible, and the height of the trees should be controlled at1.5 ~ 2.0m. Its tree shape can last about 15 years. It should be noted that the main branches should be tied with bamboo sticks during plastic surgery to guide the main branches to extend and grow in the required direction to prevent the plants from lodging. Brunswick can use multi-trunk pruning, planting 10~20cm short trunk in the same year to promote basal branching; In the second year, 3~5 branches were selected as the main branches for culture. Form a cluster state without trunk, and cultivate side branches and fruiting branches on the main branches in turn.
Figs planted in the south have the characteristics of vigorous growth, and the new shoots can reach 1.5 ~ 2.0m in that year. In the growing season, the tips should be picked at each leaf stage of new shoots, and the leaf length should generally not exceed 20 leaves, or paclobutrazol (PP333) should be used to control the flourishing length of branches.
3. Two enhancements
3. 1 Strengthen the management of soil, fertilizer and water.
Fig has shallow root distribution and short crown shape. Weeds in the garden have a great influence on trees. It is necessary to loosen the soil and weed in time to prevent soil hardening. Herbicides can also be used to control weeds, such as glyphosate, paraquat, gaicaoneng, thatch and Dahuili. Covering the garden with grass can not only keep moisture and prevent drought, but also inhibit the growth of weeds. The roots of Ficus carica need high soil permeability. In order to prevent soil hardening, moderate deep tillage should be carried out year by year in rotation orientation, and the application of organic fertilizer should be increased to improve the soil and minimize the damage to the root system during deep tillage.
According to the experimental observation, it is more appropriate to postpone the application of base fertilizer until the beginning of February in order not to affect the winter dormancy of figs in the warm climate of southern winter. The main types of fertilizers are organic fertilizers, such as livestock manure (especially chicken manure), compost, rapeseed cake and so on. From late May to early July, the inflorescence differentiation and shoot growth of Ficus carica reached its peak, which required a lot of fertilizers. It can be topdressing 1 time in early June and early July respectively, with nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer as the main treatments. The early August to the middle of 10 is the mature harvest period of fruit (autumn fruit). During this period, the nutrient supply was sufficient, the trees were strong, the fruits were large and the yield was high. Young trees can be topdressing 1 time in mid-August, and adult trees should be topdressing 1 time in mid-August and September respectively. In mid-June, fruit harvesting ended in 5438+ 10, the growth of aboveground branches and shoots basically stopped, the underground roots entered a period of vigorous nutrient absorption, and the trees turned into nutrient accumulation. At this time, fertilizer can be properly supplemented to increase nutrient accumulation and restore tree vigor, laying a foundation for next year's growth and development. However, the fertilization amount should not be too large and the fertilization time should not be too late, so as not to cause the secondary elongation of autumn shoots.
Ficus carica has limited drought tolerance. In March-April in spring, May-July in summer and 8- 10 in autumn, water should be used appropriately to prevent drought and keep the soil moist. Ficus carica requires high oxygen content in soil, so it is forbidden to soak the soil. Pay attention to ditching and drainage after rainy season or heavy rain.
According to observation, if figs are not properly treated in summer and autumn, and the fertilizer and water are not properly controlled in autumn, it is easy to cause the flower bud differentiation at the top node of branches not to stop in time, and to bear some late autumn fruits (which can't expand and mature normally, and have no economic value), and seriously lose the flower buds in the following summer, which is extremely unfavorable to the yield of Xia Guo in the following year. Therefore, fertilizer and water should be properly controlled in autumn and winter. It takes about 70~80 days for fig fruit to ripen normally, so it can be inferred whether the fruit produced by late flowers can ripen, and the fruit that cannot ripen normally in late autumn should be erased as soon as possible to reduce the ineffective consumption of nutrients.
3.2 Strengthen the comprehensive prevention and control of diseases, insects and birds.
The pests and diseases of figs are relatively light. In comprehensive control measures, seedlings should be disinfected to prevent the introduction of pests and diseases. Prevention and control should be strengthened in the fruitless period of winter and spring. During the growing period, it is necessary to stagger the mature harvest period of fruits and apply pesticides allowed in the production of pollution-free agricultural products. In the prevention and control of bird damage, it is necessary to set up protective nets, erect scarecrows, play tapes with threats such as bird calls, and drive away birds, so as not to poison or catch them.
Planting methods and techniques of fig tree cutting in southern China. Lamian Noodles. Layering propagation, especially cutting propagation.
breeding method
cutting
In the middle and late March, select robust branches of 1 ~ 3 years old with short internodes and branch thickness of 1~ 1.5cm from excellent mother plants, cut them into cuttings with a length of 30~50cm, furrow them at a row spacing of 50cm, and insert them obliquely into two-thirds of the soil to expose the remaining soil. Cutting in summer can be done with semi-lignified green branches. Rooting takes place about 1 month after cutting. Cultivation 1 year can be transplanted. also
Indian dessert made of figs
Cuttings can be stored in wet sand for 1 month, and then cut after callus formation. Propagation by ramets: Plant by ramets in February-March, with the plant spacing of (3-4) m? (3~4) meters are planted with holes. Prune before planting, remove dense branches or dead branches, and plant before sap flows or leaves appear.
Field planting
Can be potted or cultivated in barren slopes, fields and courtyards. When farming in barren hillsides, fields, courtyards, etc. The planting density can be increased appropriately. 1? 2 meters, planting single pit depth of 50-70 cm. With a diameter of 40-60 cm, mixed fertilizers containing phosphorus and potassium (such as human and animal manure, green manure, cake fertilizer, chemical compound fertilizer, etc.) are used as base fertilizers, and the suitable planting period should be around Qingming Festival in North China, around Grain Rain in Northeast China, and after autumn defoliation in South China, but the flowering and fruiting period should be avoided.
Management and maintenance
Plastic trimming
The pruning of figs is relatively simple, and the technical requirements for pruning and shaping are not high. Generally, the pruning method of natural happiness with multiple main branches is adopted, but the whole plant should be kept at 3? There are 5 main branches without side branches, and the main branch group is directly planted on the main branch. In the young tree period, we should focus on cultivating the main branches, pay attention to improving the angle of the main branches, promote multiple branches, and achieve the goal of rapid crown expansion. After entering the first fruit stage, special attention should be paid to cultivating more branches to promote the formation of a certain yield. Pay attention to cultivating backbone branches, renewing large and medium branches, and cutting and shrinking weak branches during the full fruit period. For trees with aging or serious diseases and insect pests, the main branches and branches can be re-cultivated by using budding branches or hidden buds on the base or branches. Figs began to ripen in mid-July, and gradually reached165438+1October. The picking of figs should generally be carried out in sunny morning or evening. When there is a small hole at the top of the ripe fruit and the peel appears the color of the inherent variety (red and yellow varieties), pick it. Over-ripe fruits are not resistant to storage and transportation after harvesting.
Tiantuan management
After the plants survive, loosen the soil and weed. In June and July, apply human excrement and urine or ammonium sulfate 1 time again. After planting, it is necessary to cultivate the crown to form a non-layered tree or a natural happiness tree. There are many main technologies. Generally, the trunk can be fixed at the height of 50crn, leaving 5~7 main branches, and appropriately selecting side branches to fill the gap. After the trunk is shaped, it should be trimmed every year to remove dense branches, pests and dead branches. The thinning potential is mainly light shearing. If the fruit is mainly harvested in autumn, 2~3 buds can be cut short on the fruiting branches. If the fruit is mainly harvested in Xia Guo, it should not be cut.
In the growth period of young fig trees, if the base fertilizer is insufficient, it should be fertilized. The method is to apply about 5 kg of decomposed miscellaneous fertilizer to the plant at a distance of about 40 cm from the main root; Potting should be applied at least 1 kg. Mature trees should be applied with decomposed farmyard manure about 1.5kg, basal fertilizer before and after defoliation, and topdressing should be in the period of vigorous new shoots and rapid fruit expansion. Ficus carica is a fruit tree, which is more tolerant to fertilizers, but more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied. Generally, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 0.5: 1: 1. Because it is drought-resistant and waterlogging-resistant, it needs a lot of water during the growth of new shoots and fruit expansion. However, long-term waterlogging or heavy ponding environment is likely to cause flowers, fruits, leaves and even death, and attention should be paid to drainage. Potted plants should also pay attention to drainage, especially in the rainy season after heavy rain or rainstorm, and pay attention to shelter from rain or control water.
control of insect
Figs are not prone to pests and diseases. During the fruit growing period, it emits a special smell to the surrounding area, which is easy to cause harm to mulberry cattle; Fruits are easily attacked by birds when they are ripe. In addition to artificially catching mulberry cattle and driving away birds, eggs can also be killed manually or by drugs. You can also insert plastic colored strips tied by scarecrows in the fields to drive away birds.
Key points of fig planting in South China Ficus carica is easy to cultivate and survive, and it is generally cultivated by cutting. The best time to collect cuttings is after defoliation in autumn or before germination in spring. After collecting branches, soak them in clear water for one day and insert them into fertile soil to keep the soil moist. It usually takes a month to take root.
After fig planting, it is necessary to regularly check whether the soil is short of water, pay attention to cold protection at seedling stage, and beware of birds pecking at seedlings. Give a certain base fertilizer according to the branches and leaves. Generally, fertilization is not required.
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