At the beginning of the Lening era, it sounded like a paradise full of peace and happiness. However, this is only a superficial prosperity. In fact, people's lives are not happy. Great changes in the economy threaten life.
It's time to reform social organizations. The plan to build the capital has a great influence on people's lives. This is manifested in various fields. The most striking phenomenon is the constant emergence of immigrants and fugitives. In October of the second year of Hetong, the imperial court banned it, and in September of the fourth year of Hetong, it issued relevant letters. This proves the existence of the above facts. Since arrogance, palaces and detached palaces have been built in various places. In particular, the construction of Fujiwara Palace and Lening Palace was mainly promoted by ordinary people.
The total number of people mobilized is very large. Many people come from all over the world to gather in Yamato and Yuanye. As soon as the project was completed, these people went back to their hometown respectively. Those who don't go back to their hometown will hide in farmers' homes in Guinea and by the river. There are many such people. In the third year of Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Tong Tong moved the capital. And the palace wall is not finished yet. The defense in Hyogo and other places is very weak and unsafe. Therefore, the Yuan and Ming emperors hurriedly asked people to build barracks to guard the palace.
However, "the orderly has been working hard and exhausted for days, and fugitives are constantly appearing." Even if someone wants to go home honestly, they will starve to death on the way. As a result, the Japanese central government ordered the State Council to pay for these soldiers. If you starve to death on the way, bury it, write down your name and report the location of your account. Many of these fugitives, road patients and people who died on the road were soldiers, including many porters.
Capital construction projects need not only labor but also materials. The material was collected from all parts of Japan that exceeded the regulations. It takes a lot of people and horses to carry and transport these materials. As a result, such people also suffered the same tragic fate as those engaged in civil engineering. There are two kinds of people who flee from their household registration to make a living in other places: one is "he escapes" and lives in other people's homes without shelter; The second is "he is", that is, parasitic in other people's homes after filing.
The latter is also levied to transfer agents and service corvees; The former wants to avoid paying taxes. Therefore, in order to punish these tax evaders, the court ordered in May of the eighth year of pension: "Any refugee who stays in a place for more than three months can be cut off." . The local government can order it to pay the transfer fee. "Breaking the ground is to conclude that aliens are local residents. This is a very effective measure to punish such tax evaders. The household registration at that time has also been preserved to this day.
Looking up the household registration at that time, we can find that there were many "he escaped" and "he was". For example, Kimimaro, a native of Yuncheng, Li Xia, Aidang County, lost his household registration. But there are 35 good people, 12 men and 23 women mixed with other ingredients, including 30, 7 men and 23 women, who are free from tunes and menial chores.
The account book of Izumo Chen, who lives in the same village, is only a fragment, recording the situation of 33 people. Among these 33 people, the number of fugitives is 1 1 person. There are two men and nine women, accounting for a very high proportion.
Observing these household registrations, we can find that there are many reasons for fleeing from the countryside. In order to build the capital, it is a heavy burden to send people, contribute and produce materials. This is an important reason. But there are other reasons, as follows: (1) The hinterland of Kyrgyzstan is overpopulated, and the people's lives are miserable. In order to open up wasteland in remote areas, people have to migrate; (2) The Japanese imperial court took measures to prevent the decline of surname class.
Of course, there is one reason, two reasons and three reasons. Things are different. (1) In order to evade taxes, some people fled to other places. As mentioned above, in order to deal with this kind of people and spend eight years in copper, the court ordered the adoption of the soil cutting method, stipulating that people who have lived in a certain place for more than three months should pay taxes.
In addition, in terms of household registration, there are two situations: "he escaped" and "he is here". "He is here" moved to other places through proper procedures, so he paid the transfer fee and other taxes at the place where he moved in. But "he escaped" is different, and he left the account without going through the formalities.
The householder was forced to pay taxes for him. These fugitives are not just those who are wandering around and have no jobs. Some fugitives can pay taxes at their place of residence when they are engaged in reclamation in other places. Therefore, people must move their accounts. However, if you move your hukou, it will lead to a decline in the taste of surnames, which is not allowed by the court. If the head of the household where the household registration is located is allowed to pay, the products of the overseas residence will be taxed by the household registration location, and the annual fiscal revenue of the local government in the overseas residence will be reduced.
Therefore, there is a contradiction between the local government of the place of origin and the local government of the place of residence. This is inevitable. So in order to correct this shortcoming, the Japanese central government ordered the ground to be broken. (2) Reclamation near Guinea has a long history. Cultivated land has been reclaimed. However, the population has been increasing, which leads to the deterioration of living conditions. People can't live if they stay in the hukou.
In order to pursue a new life and eat enough, people have to leave their homes to make a living in other places and reclaim barren land. As far as the example of Izumo Chen mentioned by the author is concerned, the 40-year-old younger brother of the householder almost had to flee to saitama in Musashi in the second year of Tong Tong, and has been engaged in land reclamation since then. The head of the household, Shimashima 19-year-old daughter, fled after six years of retirement, married a foreigner and formed a new family. The daughter of another 14-year-old householder really sold things in Gui Ling and fled to Snake Neck Island for three years. She was only four years old when she fled. She should have been taken away.
33-year-old cousin, head of the household, lives in Caoshang Township, Danbodoji County. Ma Lu, a 36-year-old slave, and a 39-year-old handmaiden never sold it that day. Rye, 43, and Sunaimai, 39, are sowing the land with the handmaiden who sells with little feet. After Zi Zumai fled, the handmaiden owned by Zi Zumai followed the handmaiden sold by Xiao Zumai to the broadcasting country. If the pawn buys and marries the elder sister of the head of the household who lives in Zanqi, or because the account is wrong, or for other reasons, the account will be restored.
Due to the need of farming Xintian, the Japanese court moved the naturalized citizens of Baekje, Silla and Koguryo to remote areas to farm fields. In the third year of the emperor's reign, the court liberated 600 maids in Gumalu, Mao Ye, and incorporated them into citizens. In the third year of Dabao, the court released 200 slaves from Anyi, that is, Hiroshima, and sent them back to their domicile, with the aim of reclaiming land and giving them the status of good citizens as a reward.
Social class is of great significance, accompanied by various material privileges. In this era, there is a tendency in society to avoid downgrading surnames. If you leave your registered permanent residence and move to another place, your status will be lowered. If you want to avoid this situation, you can only leave your hukou in the same place and go to other places. Giazzo Ma Lu, who lives in Mignon-rikyo County, belongs to the minister's surname. If his son moves to another place, his family rank will be lowered and he will become an ordinary person.
People don't want this, so they can only choose "he escapes" or "he is". Doing so can maintain the extended family system. The reasons for the phenomenon of rural population flight in Japan are as mentioned above. This means that Japan is constantly changing at the social and economic levels and can no longer maintain peace and tranquility according to the original system. The improvement of living standards, population growth and economic expansion have caused the continuous emergence of fugitives.
At the same time, vagrants increased, thieves appeared, and some people no longer fulfilled their tax obligations. This shows that there is a problem in society. In a sense, this has led to serious class differentiation among the people. The bright side and the dark side constitute two aspects of heian period society. As early as the Lening era, these two levels have already begun to appear.
In the Lening era, people fled Japan in succession, and people's living conditions were worrying. If we want to understand the actual situation, we must understand the family system in Japan. The Lening era inherited the legacy of the Asuka era, but at the same time destroyed the old clan system and regarded the people as an organic factor of the country.
This is the characteristic of the LeNing era. However, tradition and habit cannot achieve such an ideal. People are still groaning under the weight of class. The extended family system is the remnant of the clan system, and people are deprived of their freedom of life because of the bondage of the extended family system.