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Plum bonsai must contain enough fertility in limited pot soil to maintain the growth and fruit of plums. Generally, 4 parts of rotten leaves, 2 parts of rotten manure, 2 parts of broken bones and 4 parts of garden soil are mixed, and a small amount of calcium superphosphate and diammonium phosphate are properly mixed to increase soil fertility. Mix the basin soil fully and evenly, grind and sieve. The culture soil should be disinfected by spraying 1.5% formalin solution before use. When planting, let the roots stretch, soil up and compact, so as to achieve "three buries, two steps and one seedling raising", water the bottom and put it in the shade to slow down the seedlings. ? [4]?

Dump the soil and change the basin.

The nutrients in the basin soil are gradually washed away by frequent watering. After 2 ~ 3 years, the soil fertility in the basin is insufficient and the physical structure becomes worse. It is necessary to pour pots in time and replenish new culture soil. Stop watering before pouring the basin, and let the soil shrink and separate from the basin wall, so as to pour out the basin soil. After the soil is inverted, cut off the old roots with a thickness of 2 to 3 cm around the pot soil, mix the organic fertilizer with the soil, and sieve to fill the bottom. Then bring the soil to the basin, add fertile soil around it, and water it 1 time. Because the root system of plum blossom bonsai grows rapidly, after 1 to 2 years, the root system will curl along the basin wall and the old roots will be densely covered, which will affect the growth of new roots. Therefore, when changing pots, cutting off curly roots and thinning crowded old roots is beneficial to the growth of new roots and improving the ability to absorb water and nutrients. ? [4]?

Plastic trimming

The tree shape of plum blossom bonsai should not only be beneficial to the result, but also have aesthetic effect and improve the ornamental value. Usually, it is mainly natural round head and tower shape, and it can also be shaped into cliff-like, curved-dry and other favorite trees according to personal hobbies. After planting, we should make full use of the measures of supporting and dividing plants, open branches within 1 ~ 2 years, and bear fruit early. ? [4]?

When pruning, moderately prune the annual branches to stimulate the germination of the branches and form a small crown tree with compact results. When selecting, retaining and cultivating the main lateral branches of young plum trees and completing the shaping task, it is necessary to balance the tree potential, maintain the master-slave relationship of the backbone branches at all levels, and appropriately prune the backbone branches that grow too fast. The trees that bear fruit for the first time are mainly short fruit branches and bouquets. After entering the fruit, according to the strength of its growth, leave 2 ~ 3 full buds at the base for further cutting. For long branches, it can be reduced to biennial branches, so that the middle and small branches in the whole crown are densely distributed. ? [4]?

Overwintering and cold prevention

In the absence of freezing injury in winter, it is generally not appropriate to overwinter indoors, and let it overwinter naturally outdoors to improve the ability of trees to resist various natural disasters. In order to prevent freezing injury, you can choose to pour 1 time soil before freezing in sunny days, wrap the whole container with straw bags after the water seeps down, tie it tightly with ropes, or dig trenches and bury it in the leeward and sunny places. ? [4]?

Tiantuan management

Enlarge the pit, improve the soil and apply heavy fertilizer deeply. Topdressing should be based on the principle of diligent application and thin application, and more application should be made at the tip stage. Fertilizer should be diluted first and then concentrated, and the dosage will increase with the expansion of trees. Pay attention to shaping and controlling branches to cultivate high-yield tree species. In summer, the long branches are mainly picked or cut short, and the long branches growing on the trunk and main branches are thinned. In winter, dead branches, diseased branches and drooping branches are mainly cut off. ? [2]?

Fertilizer and water management

After the planted seedlings survive, they are made into terraces with shallow ditches with a width of 20 cm and a depth of 5 cm. The terraces are used for drainage, irrigation and fertilization in summer. Topdressing once every 10 day in the early growth stage, applying 25 kilograms of ammonium bicarbonate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate per mu from germination to flowering stage, and applying 25 kilograms of urea, diammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate per mu from young fruit stage to mature stage. Fertilize the fruits underground in time during the vegetative growth period, with ammonium bicarbonate or urea of 0/50 kg per mu/kloc, and apply organic fertilizer in the border or tree tray in September every year, mainly with decomposed chicken manure and circulating fertilizer. Apply 3000 kg of high-quality coarse fertilizer, 30 kg of diammonium phosphate, 30 kg of potassium sulfate and 30 kg of urea per mu, and water once after each fertilization. In the whole production process, except watering after fertilization, water 1 ~2 times according to soil moisture, and intertillage and loosen the soil at any time after irrigation. ? [2]?

Temperature and humidity control

1. Temperature control, the dormancy period of plums is 40-50 days, which requires 0℃-7℃ 1000 hours-1500 hours,1early October1kloc-0/,when plums fall, The temperature control after heating is realized by opening and closing the vent and adjusting the size of the ventilation belt. The temperature control indexes of each phenological period in the protected plum growing season are: 13℃~ 15℃ during the day and 3℃ ~ 5℃ at night; During the flowering period, the daytime temperature should be controlled at 18℃~20℃, and the maximum temperature should not exceed 22℃, and at night it should be 6℃ ~ 8℃. During the fruit growing period, the daytime temperature is 25℃~28℃ and the nighttime temperature is 10℃ ~ 12℃. The maximum coloring period of fruits should not exceed 30℃ during the day and 10℃~ 15℃ at night. When the outdoor temperature is 10℃~ 12℃ at night, the plastic film can be removed.

2. Humidity control: from plastic film mulching to germination, the relative humidity of air is about 70%, the relative humidity of flowering period is 50%, the humidity of fruit expansion period is 60%~70%, and the humidity of fruit coloring period is 50%. Humidity control can be adjusted by irrigation. ? [2]?

control of insect

Anthracnose is harmful to leaves. Before germination in early spring, spray 5-degree sulfur mixture or 1: 1: 100 bordeaux mixture. Gum flow does not represent gum disease, but is harmful to the bark of trunk and branch. In summer and autumn, 800 times mancozeb or 800 times thiophanate were sprayed on the diseased trees to scrape off the diseased parts. For aphids, in order to harm new shoots, tobacco leaf extract can be sprayed continuously for 2-3 times, every 7- 10d/time. ? [2]?

The main diseases and insect pests of plum trees are moth eater, red spider, leaf curl moth, thorn moth and so on. Spraying chlorpyrifos 0/000 times of/kloc-or 40% dimethoate 0/500 times of/kloc-can control pests. The main diseases are bacterial perforation, brown spot, powdery mildew and verticillium wilt. Bordeaux mixture containing 0.5% lime can be sprayed 1 time at the end of April or early May, and then sprayed 2 ~ 3 times every half month. When bacterial perforation occurs, 72% agricultural streptomycin soluble powder can be sprayed on the leaves 3000 times.

Medicinal plum (16)

1. It is suitable for patients with liver disease to get rid of fatigue and heat between joints. Dry and eat, remove the fire and adjust. You can't eat it often, or it will make people have a fever. Eating plums before drinking water can cause phlegm malaria. You can't eat it with sparrow meat. Eating with honey will damage the five internal organs. Plums that don't sink in water are poisonous and harmful to people and can't be eaten.

2. Fracture, bone pain and blood stasis caused by falls. Make people's skin good, treat women's abdominal swelling, benefit the small intestine, remove moisture, edema and black spots on the face.

3, children's high fever does not retreat, epilepsy caused by malaria, and then decoction to wash the body, the effect is good.

4, eyes, analgesia and swelling.

5, make the face tail, make people look moist, acne black spots.

6, diabetes insipidus caused by thirst, dizziness caused by abdominal gas upwelling. Treat children's high fever and erysipelas. Decoct water and gargle to treat toothache. Drink decoction to cure red and white dysentery. Bake it yellow, fry the soup and drink it the next day, so that the woman will bring the red and white down at once.

7. Lowering blood pressure, stopping diarrhea and relieving cough: Plum kernels contain amygdalin and a lot of fatty oil. Pharmacology has proved that it has obvious diuretic and antihypertensive effects, can accelerate intestinal peristalsis, promote the discharge of dry stool, and also has the functions of relieving cough and eliminating phlegm. ? [5]?

Additional prescription

1. Treat children's fever for two or three days: Li Gen 18 baht, Guixin 18 baht, mirabilite 18 baht, licorice and Ophiopogon japonicus. Take five flavors, finely cut, take three liters of water, boil one liter, and take five servings. (Qian Jin Fang Li Gen Soup)? [6]?

2. Treating children's urine furnace pills, starting from the first two rays, those who take the umbilical yin head are all red: burn Li Gen to ashes, and apply it with flowing water in the field. (Qian Jin Fang)? [6]?

3, cure bone steaming, or quench thirst and drink: fresh plums are chilled with juice. (Quanzhou materia medica)? [7]?

4, treat liver swelling and ascites: fresh plums. (Quanzhou materia medica)? [7]?

5. Treatment of flatulence, chest pain, cold and fever in dolphins: licorice, Ligusticum chuanxiong, angelica, Pinellia ternata, Scutellaria baicalensis, pueraria lobata, Paeonia lactiflora, ginger and one liter of white bark of Liguan root. Take nine flavors, boil five liters in two buckets of water, warm one liter, and take it for three days and one night. (running dolphin soup in synopsis of the golden chamber)? [8]?

6, cure throat congestion: blow your nose with the end of Gleditsia sinensis, still use plum tree near the root skin, grind water to coat your throat. (Garden Miscellanies)? [8]?

7. Promote digestion: Plums can promote the secretion of gastric acid and digestive enzymes and increase gastrointestinal peristalsis. Therefore, eating Li Neng can promote digestion and increase appetite. It is a good food for people with gastric acid deficiency, fullness after eating and constipation. ? [5]?

1. "Erya": "In the land of five crops, the wood is plum."

2. "Yuefu Poetry Collection Ancient Words Gentleman Tour": "Gua Tian does not accept shoes, Li Xia does not crown."

3. Shen Liang Southern Yue. "Mai Shili": "The Jade Crown and the West Sea are surrounded by green stones. Turn it into a garden, and it becomes a road scale. After the first expensive, small invitation is difficult to surpass. The color of the room is green and the taste is cold water. I want to offer, but I still eat and linger. "

folk

"Peach raises people, apricot hurts people, and plum tree hangs people." It is said that plums should not be eaten more. ? [2]?

Plum ash: ash is plum, which belongs to Bozhou dialect. According to legend, when I was born, I took Li Zishu as my surname, so I called Li Er, also known as Plum. Bozhou people are taboo, thinking that eating plums means eating Laozi. When they see that plums are gray when they are ripe, they are called gray. ? [2]?

Carry the dead under the plum tree

Peach educates people, apricot hurts people, and plum trees kill people. The truth that "apricots hurt people and plum trees lift people to death" has been proved. Peach, apricot and plum are all seasonal fresh fruits in summer, and they are all traditional Chinese medicines with the same origin of medicine and food. ? [2]?

It is said that "peach nourishes people", so it is called "longevity peach" because the benefits of peach are well known: peach has the effects of tonifying the middle energizer, nourishing yin and promoting fluid production, moistening the intestines and relaxing bowels, and is especially suitable for people with symptoms such as deficiency of both qi and blood, sallow complexion, shortness of breath, constipation, amenorrhea, congestion and swelling. ? [2]?

Why do you say "apricots hurt people"? The Book of Food says: "It tastes sour and spicy", "Don't eat too much, you will get sores and hurt your health.

And die. In spring, leaves begin to sprout. From May to July, the leaves are dark green and grow faster. Germination basically stops in winter, and leaves turn red and yellow. If the leaves are dehydrated and turn green due to cold, they will dry up.

moisture

Drought tolerance is strong, but growth and development still need a certain amount of water. It can grow in areas with annual rainfall of 500-2800mm, and the most suitable area is 1000- 1500mm, which is evenly distributed. The annual rainfall in China is above 1000mm, mostly concentrated in April-August, which basically meets the water demand. When the soil is short of water, pineapple plants have the function of self-regulation, which can reduce transpiration intensity, slow down breathing and save water stored in leaves to maintain life activities. When there is serious water shortage, the leaves are red and yellow, so irrigation should be done in time to prevent dryness; Too much rain and high soil moisture will cause root rot and plant heart rot or wilt. Therefore, it is necessary to drain water in time after heavy rain or rainstorm.

illuminate

Pineapple was originally grown in semi-shady tropical rain forest, and it is more tolerant to shade. Due to long-term artificial cultivation and domestication, the demand for light increases, and it grows well with high sugar content and good quality under sufficient light. Insufficient light leads to slow growth, high acid content and poor quality of fruits. The light decreased by 20%, and the yield decreased by 10%. But if the light is too strong and the temperature is too high, the leaves will turn red and yellow, and the fruit will be easily burned.

land

Pineapple has extensive adaptability to soil. Sandy loam or mountain red soil with shallow roots and aerobic, loose, well-drained and rich in organic matter, with a pH value of 5~5.5, is better, while poor, sticky and poorly drained soil and high groundwater level are not conducive to pineapple growth.

wind

Pineapple is short, and the direct impact of wind disaster is small. Winds below level 3 are also good for breathing. Strong typhoons and strong winds will also blow down plants, break fruit stalks and distort leaves, affecting normal growth and development; The cold wind and rain in winter will cause people to rot.

Pineapple plants have strong adaptability, barren tolerance, drought tolerance and less pests and diseases. They are important pioneer crops in newly reclaimed mountainous areas, easy to cultivate, with high yield and intercropping and interplanting. They are good tree species for developing rural economy and making farmers rich in the southeast hills. ? [5]?

breeding method

Planting 3800 ~ 4000 pineapples per mu requires a large number of seedlings. There are three commonly used methods, including plastic germination, asexual reproduction and tissue culture.

Time and method of accelerating germination: Choose plants with 40 cm green leaves from May to165438+1October, including 40 Cayenne and 35 Philippines. Each plant was irrigated with mixed solution of 250 mg/L ethephon and 25ml 1% urea and 0.5% potassium chloride to accelerate germination. On the 5th and 2nd day after treatment, 25 ml of plastic solution with the times of 1200 ~ 1500 and 600 ~ 750 were used to irrigate the roots respectively.

Asexual propagation, common seedling raising, that is, using small terminal buds, small supporting buds, small sucking buds and fruit tumor buds in the field, after being cultivated in the nursery, they will enter the country by classification and go abroad. The small buds left on the fruit stalk after fruit picking are used for growth and seedling raising, and the old stems are used for cutting propagation.

Tissue culture seedlings were cultured in Ms medium at room temperature of 30℃, illumination of 65438±02h or natural illumination.

Cultivation management

Key points of pineapple quality and high yield technology;

First, choose a good garden and choose a place facing south, with abundant sunshine, rich water resources and convenient transportation as a commodity production base.

Second, scientific planting, improving poor soil before planting and applying sufficient base fertilizer; Choose strong seedlings for planting. Density: 3000 ~ 4000 plants of Kane and 4000 ~ 5000 plants of Queen.

Thirdly, the management of fertilizer and water should be strengthened after planting. The amount of fertilizer applied per mu in Guangxi is 42.2kg of nitrogen, 26.8kg of phosphorus and 38.5kg of potassium, with n ∶ P2O5 ∶ K2O =1∶ 0.62 ∶ 0.9; Fertilization period, generally from June 65438+February to February of the following year, apply bud-promoting fertilizer before bud picking, and apply strong bud fertilizer from July to August after fruit picking; Applying a strong fruit and bud promoting fertilizer between the bud promoting fertilizer and the strong bud promoting fertilizer; Apply foliar fertilizer once a year in April, June, July and September, and topdressing twice a year in May and August, with 1% urea and 0.5% potassium sulfate solution; Apply base fertilizer after fruit picking.

1, double row, common furrow *** 150cm wide, double row single plant layout. Its advantages are: the border furrow is wide, the fibrous roots can expand outward, the row spacing of plants on the border furrow is uniform, the stems and bases are pressed against each other, and the leaves are stretched into hemispheres, which can make full use of sunlight, and it is easy to form a "self-shading" environment between rows, reduce weeds in the border furrow and facilitate management. The pineapple planted in this way generally has a ditch width of100-10 cm, a small row spacing of 40-50cm, and the plant spacing varies with the density. If 3500-4000 plants are planted every 667㎡, the plant spacing is 20cm, and 4500 plants are planted every 667㎡, the plant spacing is about 15cm.

2. The width of furrow and border arranged in three rows of single plants is *** 170cm, in which the width of border is 120cm, the small row spacing is 35-40cm, and the plant spacing varies with the density, generally between 20-25cm. In this way, the individual nutritional area of plants is uniform.

3. Four-row type: Generally, the border is 200cm wide, planted in wide and narrow rows, with a width of 100cm (including 50cm of groove width) and a narrow row of 50cm (including 20cm of groove width). The molded frame is planted with a row spacing of 25cm, and 4500-5000 plants are planted every 667m2. Its advantages are: there is a ditch at the boundary, which can not only drain water but also retain water after the plant is closed, which is beneficial to root growth; Wide row spacing, convenient for pedestrians to operate. There is less man-made damage to the leaves on both sides of the narrow row, and the damage to the leaves during frost is greatly reduced. Most big fruits are obtained in the middle of these two rows. Water conservancy management should be timely irrigation and drainage, flood control and drought relief.

4, do other management, if it does not affect the growth and development of the fruit, it should be appropriate to remove buds and buds; To promote flowers, we must promote flowers; In order to improve the weight and quality of the fruit, after all the florets withered, the fruit was sprayed with 50 mg/L gibberellin and 0.5% urea solution, and sprayed again 20 days later, and then sprayed with 70 mg/L gibberellin and 0.3% urea solution. In order to make the fruit mature evenly, when the fruit reaches the seventh maturity, 300 mg/L ethephon is used to accelerate the fruit ripening. ? [5]?

control of insect

The common diseases of pineapple are Fusarium wilt, black rot and seedling heart rot.

Wilt disease: after the disease, the leaves become soft and droop, the leaves are light green to red, the base rot, and finally the whole plant dies. This disease is caused by the harm of scale insects.

Prevention and control methods: First, strict attention should be paid to the propagation of disease-free seedlings. Secondly, it is necessary to put out the scale insects in time, soak the head with 500 times dimethoate solution when planting, and plant it upside down and dry it. If scale insects are found to be harmful after planting, dimethoate should be sprayed 500 times or 25% zhongkemeiling 1500 times in time. Moreover, if a diseased plant is found in the pineapple garden, it should be dug up in time to prevent its spread.

Black rot: the core of the damaged fruit turns black and gradually spreads to the whole fruit rot. Pathogens mostly invade from bud picking and fruit stalk wounds.

Prevention and control methods: be careful not to pick the heart and fruit in rainy days to reduce the chance of pathogen invasion. The disease is also the main disease of pineapple fresh fruit storage.

Miao heart rot: Miao heart rot to death. It is mainly caused by accumulated heat or water.

Prevention and control methods: avoid long-term stacking of seedlings, especially during long-distance transportation, and avoid heating and injury to seedlings due to high temperature, high humidity or sealing. Spread it out immediately after delivery to the destination and plant it in the sun 1 day to 2 days. Avoid planting in rainy days and pay attention to deep ploughing and shallow planting. ? [5]?

Pineapple is flat, sweet, slightly sour, slightly astringent and slightly cold. It has the effects of relieving summer heat, quenching thirst, promoting digestion, relieving diarrhea, invigorating spleen and stomach, strengthening vitality, invigorating qi and blood, promoting digestion, eliminating dampness, beautifying and slimming. It is a seasonal fruit for both medicine and food in summer, but it is not advisable to eat too much at a time. (Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica)

Pineapple contains a substance called bromelain, which can decompose protein, help digestion, dissolve fibrin and blood clots blocked in tissues, improve local blood circulation, dilute blood lipids, eliminate inflammation and edema, and promote blood circulation. Especially after eating meat and greasy food, eating pineapple is more suitable to prevent fat deposition.

Bromelain can effectively decompose protein in food and increase gastrointestinal peristalsis. This enzyme can decompose protein in the stomach, supplement the deficiency of human digestive enzymes, and restore the normal digestive function of patients with dyspepsia. This substance can prevent gel aggregation and can be used to make milk sour or soften other fruits, but this property will be weakened when cooking.

In addition, the sugar and enzymes contained in pineapple have a certain diuretic effect, which is beneficial to nephritis and hypertension, and also has an auxiliary effect on bronchitis. Because of the function of cellulose, it also has a certain effect on the treatment of constipation. When you have indigestion, eating pineapple can stimulate appetite, relieve greasy, help digestion and relieve constipation. In addition, pineapple is rich in vitamin B 1, which can promote metabolism and eliminate fatigue. ? [7]?

Pineapple juice has a cooling effect and can effectively prevent bronchitis, but it is best not to have a fever. According to medical research, since ancient times, human beings often rely on bromelain contained in pineapples to relieve the symptoms of sore throat and cough. Pineapple peel is rich in bromelain and has rich medicinal value. According to the experiments of foreign experts for more than 20 years, the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes is obviously reduced after long-term consumption of pineapple peel, and it has certain anti-cancer effect. It also contains an enzyme that can decompose protein.

Edible

Pineapples (4)

As a fresh food, pineapple is golden in color, rich in fragrance, sweet and sour, crisp and juicy. Pineapple fruit is mostly used for canning except fresh food, and is widely loved because it can keep its original flavor. Canned pineapple is known as "international canned fruit" and can also be made into a variety of processed products, which are widely welcomed by consumers.

Pineapple, like some fruits, can make some people allergic, and the allergic reaction can appear within 15 minutes at the earliest. This symptom is called "pineapple disease" or "pineapple poisoning". For example, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, skin flushing, itching all over the body, numbness of limbs, mouth and tongue, dyspnea, shock and other serious allergic reactions.

Before eating, the pineapple is soaked in salt water, and some organic acids contained in it can be decomposed in salt water to remove the sour taste and make the pineapple taste sweeter. You can also scald it with boiling water before eating. Bromelain began to denature at 45℃~50℃, and more than 90% was destroyed at 100℃. Glycosides can also be destroyed and eliminated at the same time; Serotonin is soluble in water. After cooking, the taste is also improved. Don't eat too many pineapples at a time. Excessive consumption is harmful to the stomach.

The flower language and symbol of pineapple flower mean: perfection. Pineapple flowers germinate, grow and bloom brilliantly. No distractions, no boundaries, even places, we must go deep into the essence. This belief in pursuing perfection has always been accompanied by pineapple flowers. There are many small flowers densely clustered on the stem, forming a thick spike, and the bracts at the top of the spike extend radially. Every little flower is a star. Flowers are yellow, light green, pink and white. Pineapple is a very beautiful indoor potted flower, which can enjoy flowers and leaves. With its rosette-like plant type, bright ear color and long flowering period, it has gradually become the "darling" of the New Year flower market.