1- frontal bone 2- parietal bone 3- temporal bone 4- occipital bone 5- sphenoid bone 6- lacrimal bone
The head consists of 24 bones, including 8 skulls and 16 faces. Except the mandible, all the other bones are fixed, forming a solid cranial cavity. Above the orbit is the frontal bone, above the frontal bone is the skull, and both sides are connected to the temporal bone backwards. The zygomatic bone is connected with the frontal bone, jaw bone and ear hole. The upper jaw forms the gums, the nasal bone forms the bridge of the nose, the orbit is around the cheekbones, and the nasal bone is on the frontal bone. The mandible is like a horseshoe, and the upper end is connected with the temporal bone. Through the action of masseter, it can move up and down, but the skull itself can't move. The ups and downs of the skull and the changes of its shape are the main parts that show the modeling characteristics, especially the protruding bone points, which are even more important signs of modeling.
Work is a very artistic work. If a hairdresser wants to design a beautiful hairstyle, he must have a deep understanding of his working objects-human head bones, muscles, skin and hair, which is of great help to correct operation and improve technology. The human skeleton is divided into three parts: skull, trunk and limbs. The skull is located above the spine and is divided into the skull and the face skull. The skull is located in the posterior upper part of the skull, also known as the cranium; The facial skull is located in the front and lower part of the skull, forming a facial contour.
The human skull usually consists of 29 bones. Except for the mandible, all the other bones are connected by seams, and only a small amount of movement is allowed.
Eight bones make up the skull, which contains and protects the brain and medulla oblongata; 14 bones constitute the facial skull (also called dirty skull or pharyngeal skull when used in other animals), which supports the face and forms the facial contour; The temporal bone surrounds the six ossicles of the middle ear; The hyoid bone supporting the throat is usually not considered as a part of the skull because it has no joint connection with other bones.
The skull also includes an accessory nasal cavity connecting respiratory epithelial cells with the large trachea. The function of accessory nasal cavity is unknown, which may be to reduce the weight of skull without damaging the strength, or to enhance the sound. Take the elephant as an example, the accessory nasal cavity is very wide. The elephant's skull is very big because it is attached to the muscles of the neck and trunk, but its weight is unexpectedly light. The smaller skull is surrounded by a large accessory nasal cavity, which reduces the weight.
The meninges have three layers, which surround the tissues of the central nervous system. They are dura mater, arachnoid membrane and pia mater.
For humans, the anatomical position of skull is Frankfurt plane, that is, the horizontal plane where the lower edge of orbit and the upper edge of ear canal are located. This position is the position where the subject stands upright and looks straight ahead. For comparison, the Frankfurt plane will also be used to study the skulls of other primates. But this does not mean that this is a natural position.
Bone is usually formed by endochondral ossification and endochondral ossification. The facial skull and the bones at the top and sides of the skull are formed by intramembranous ossification, and the bones supporting the brain (occipital bone, sphenoid bone, temporal bone and ethmoid bone) are mostly formed by endochondral ossification.
(1) Cranium: Pairs: parietal bone and temporal bone; Mismatch: the frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone and occipital bone form a head shape.
(2) Facial skull: paired: maxilla, palatine bone, zygomatic bone, lacrimal bone, inferior turbinate and nasal bone; Mismatch: Plough bone, mandible, hyoid bone, forming facial contour.
The above is the structure of human head and facial bones, but the heads of men, women and children have different characteristics. The top of a man's skull is square, and his forehead leans back slightly. Women's heads are round, their jaws are slightly pointed and their foreheads are straight. The elderly have sunken head, sunken gums, contracted lips and prominent jaws. Because children's mandible is not fully developed, the mandible is adducted and the skull is large. Therefore, when dealing with hairstyles of men, women and children, we should take into account the different shapes of their heads.