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Golden marble, scientific name Diospyros armata, alias vase orchid, thorn persimmon, vase orchid and persimmon are semi-evergreen or evergreen shrubs. Golden marble stems are tall and straight, naturally curved, and the color is like iron, which is suitable for making stump bonsai. Golden marbles have pale yellow flowers in April, which look like bottles and taste like orchids, so they are also called "vase orchids". Fruit bearing in May after flowering, after 10 months, the olive turns orange red or orange yellow, which looks like a projectile, so it is called "golden marble", and it will not bear fruit for a long time in the following spring; Dark green leaves, shiny leather: for ornamental flowers, fruits, flowers and leaves are beautiful. Golden marble stump bonsai has high economic value.
Cultivation techniques of golden marble
1, sowing and breeding
After the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, the ripe fruits are picked, the seeds are washed and dried, soaked in hot water at about 30℃ for 48 hours in early April, then picked up and put in a container that can leak water, covered with double gauze, and watered with clear water once a day like long bean sprouts until the seeds germinate, and then planted on the prepared seedbed. After routine management, the seedlings can be made into small bonsai after three years.
2. Cutting with female branches
Both new branches and old branches can be inserted alive. The key to living is to pay attention to the season, which is the middle of April every year. Secondly, it is necessary to ensure that the transplanting environment is moist and the cuttings are fresh. If possible, the transplanting bed can be placed in a sunny place, sprayed during the day and stopped at night. If there are no conditions, you can put the slotted bed in a bright, ventilated, semi-cloudy and semi-sunny place and spray it with a sprayer four times a day to ensure the survival of marble cutting skills. Small bonsai made of cuttings will bear fruit in three years.
3. Shan Ye excavated old piles.
1 1 month to April of next year. On the premise of protecting the natural ecological environment, professionals can dig in the mountains in a planned way. Soak the old pile down the mountain in clear water for two hours, then bury the pile head with sand about 1/2, and then pour the root water thoroughly. As long as the environment is kept moist in the future, the branches can grow to one meter in that year, and the pots can be dug, trimmed and shaped in March of the following year. In three or four years, it has become a basically formed stump bonsai.
4. Daily maintenance management
The shape of gold marbles can be shaped with metal wires as the main trunk and branches. In the future, pruning will be given priority to, supplemented by hanging and tying. The upper basin can be made of river sand, humus soil and loess in a ratio of 4:4:2. After planting, you can water it once, maintain it in the shade for half a month, and then you can manage it normally. After the new shoots are released, they can be watered once a month, and the ratio of fertilizer to water is 1- 10, so as to apply more fertilizer in spring and autumn and less fertilizer in summer and winter. Water the basin with moist soil, and water it every night in summer. Spring, autumn and winter, if you don't do it, you will fall completely.
5. Fruit hanging cultivation
Because the golden marbles are dioecious, in the flowering period of the golden marbles, it is necessary to let the male plants bloom next to the female plants as much as possible, so as to naturally pollinate and improve the fruit setting rate. If there is no male plant flowering next to the female plant, artificial pollination can be carried out. When the female plant falls, the fruit hangs on the pedicel. At this time, 1:800 potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed twice every half month to improve the fruit setting rate. In September of the lunar calendar, you can spray 1:600 urea water twice, which will make the fruit big and shiny. The golden marbles cultivated and managed by this method are flourishing from 10 to February of the following year, which can give people a feeling of harvest, joy, peace and beauty. [2]
6. Matters needing attention
Before germination in spring, control moisture and keep it dry to prevent the leaves from overstretching. As a bonsai tree species, golden marbles are not only loved by local people, but also by bonsai lovers all over the world. The reason why the golden marble is widely admired is not only because of its small leaves, bright oil, green flowers, good skin and black piles, but also because of its easy planting and strong patience, especially because of its long life, which can be passed down from generation to generation. Its strong endurance and long life span are rare for other bonsai trees. The roots and trunk of the stump can take root when they contact the soil, and a small amount of fibrous roots can gradually feed the huge stem. Strong resistance to negative. The balcony grows well, and the indoor air release can reach 1-2. Long-term wet immersion is not life-threatening.
Pruning has several key times, one is before germination in spring, and the other is before March, when new buds are easily sprouted on the pruned branches. The other is to cut off the branches that grow too long in spring in summer and keep a good proportion. After pruning, the viewing period is long, the autumn buds shrink and the branches are compact. Third, after the autumn branches are thickened and pruned, spring buds are bred, and autumn pruning should pay attention to retaining the fruiting branchlets to facilitate the fruiting of female plants. Grasping the key time of three pruning can make the branches compact and perfect. The cold-type gold marbles germinate mainly in spring every year, and must be cut before the Mid-Autumn Festival, so that it is easy to breed new buds for the winter and flourish in spring.
Golden marbles are dioecious, with diverse varieties and mixed sexes. Male plants do not bear fruit, but some well-developed individuals can produce some renaturated inflorescences. Male flowers produce 1 female flower, which can bear fruit and grow autumn flowers and fruits.
Golden marble wood is hard, and the trunk cortex with strong growth potential is damaged. After wood is exposed to sunlight and air, its surface will turn black, harden and carbonize. This phenomenon is rare for other tree species, and this property of golden marble can be used for trunk carving and modeling.
Gold marble is barren-resistant and has sufficient fertilizer. The leaves are thick, dark green and shiny. If there is too much fertilizer, the leaves will curl and wrinkle, and the degree of wrinkling can show the use of fertilizer. Golden marble has strong drought resistance and absorbs a lot of evaporated water. After water loss, the leaves are weak, the leaves are black and lose luster, and the leaves droop when there is serious water shortage. Through observation, it is found that timely watering can restore vitality. If the leaves fall off seriously, they can germinate again. If the leaves do not fall off, it is a symptom of dehydration and death.
Management technology of golden marble bonsai
Golden marble likes warm, humid and sunny environment, and has a little tolerance to semi-shade, drought and cold. Because golden marbles are dioecious plants, attention should be paid to the collocation of female and male plants when planting, so as to pollinate and bear fruit. Although male plants can't bear fruit, their roots are gorgeous, their leaves are dark green and bright, their colors are elegant and their fragrance is rich, so they are often used as bonsai.
During the growing period, it should be maintained in a sunny and well-ventilated place outdoors. Insufficient light will affect the fruit setting, so water it often to keep the basin soil moist, but it is not suitable for long time to accumulate water. When the weather is hot or the air is dry, water should also be sprinkled to increase the air humidity, which is beneficial to plant growth. Apply decomposed dilute liquid fertilizer once a month, pay attention to the reasonable collocation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the fertilizer solution, and topdressing organic liquid fertilizer mainly composed of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer twice a year from July to August to promote fruit expansion and bright color.
Golden marbles have strong germination ability, and new branches and buds sprouted on the roots can be pulled out at any time during the growth period, so as not to affect the tree shape and consume too much nutrients. Overwintering in outdoor shelter from wind and sun in southern areas, and overwintering in cold rooms above 0℃ in northern areas, with proper watering control. At the beginning of March every year, after all the fruits are picked, the plants are pruned and reshaped, and the dead branches, disease and insect branches, twigs, over-dense branches, overlapping branches and messy branches that affect the tree shape are shortened to keep the bonsai beautiful and facilitate the germination and growth of new buds. Change the pot every 2 to 3 years, mostly in spring. When changing pots, remove the permanent soil of 1/2, cut off rotten roots and long old roots to promote the growth of new roots, and plant with new culture soil. Potted soil should be neutral or slightly acidic soil with rich humus, loose fertility and good drainage and air permeability. Put some decomposed cake fertilizer, livestock manure or broken bones at the bottom of the pot.
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One is grafting. On the fruiting female plant, select the fruiting branches or buds with robust growth, no pests and diseases and full buds, and graft them on the unfruitful male plants to cultivate new fruiting branches to make them bear fruit. Generally, there are two ways: docking with wood or budding. Docking can be carried out all year round, and the joint length should be 4 times the diameter of the scion. Bud grafting with wood is usually carried out in spring or late July every year, when the sap flows most vigorously. 1 ]/ q* n% f* \+ H( S/ D$ J0？ 8 volts
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The second is fertilization. The main nitrogen fertilizers in spring are ammonium sulfate, human excrement and cake fertilizer. It can promote the growth of branches, attract more new branches and prepare for cultivating new fruiting branches. In the flower bud differentiation stage, phosphate fertilizer is mainly used to promote flower bud differentiation. From half a month before flower bud differentiation to the end of differentiation, phosphate fertilizer, such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate and calcium superphosphate leaching solution, should be applied once a week. Potassium fertilizer is mainly used in the late growth stage of branches, and potassium nitrate and plant ash are commonly used. Combined with the slow growth period, the pot is turned over or the soil is changed locally, and cake fertilizer, bone powder fertilizer, hoof horn piece and so on are added at the same time. 8 g% nitrogen (M3 o & h7 z
The third is pruning. Mainly thinning branches, supplemented by light cutting, combined with germination and coring. Focus on cutting off lumen branches, overlapping branches, upright branches, cross branches, disease and insect branches, etc. For long branches, prosperous trees should not be kept, and old and weak trees or some parts can be kept when they are short of branches. When it grows to a certain height, it can be picked and kept as a preparatory branch. From the fruit-setting stage to the young fruit expansion stage, the new shoot germination was controlled by the method of removing the heart to avoid fruit dropping due to unbalanced nutritional growth. In that year, the buds below the fruiting node should be thinned, and the buds above the fruiting node should be counted from the fruiting node, leaving 4 leaves for coring. (t9 o* V: O. Q8 Y* \
The fourth is water and light. In the stage of flower bud differentiation, water should be strictly controlled, mainly drying, and watering should be done as soon as it is dry. Combined with watering, appropriate amount of quick-acting fertilizer can be applied, but the concentration should not be too high. Golden marble likes humid and semi-cloudy environment, so it should not be placed indoors for too long to prevent the whole leaf from falling off due to insufficient light, which will affect the fruit. 0 h _$ m！ ].}7 N5 [！ c) ]2 T. M
Fifth, artificial pollination is used to thin flowers and fruits. Artificial pollination can be carried out when female flowers are few. If placed in an environment with male plants and pollinated by bees and butterflies, normal fruits can also be produced. The lack of fruit of golden marbles is often related to the age and growth of trees. Can be combined with pruning to remove some flower buds, remove abnormal flowers, pests and diseases, abnormal fruits and pests. Generally, the ratio of leaves to flowers is 3: 1, and the ratio of leaves to fruits is 15: 1.